Mkangano wa eni masheya mu Dutch BV umathetsedwa m'njira zinayi: mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndi zolemba za mgwirizano, kukambirana kapena kuyimira pakati, malamulo a mkangano wovomerezeka wokhudza kugula kapena kutuluka mokakamizidwa, ndi zochitika zofufuza pamaso pa Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer). Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025, Enterprise Chamber imamva malamulo a mkangano wovomerezeka ndi kafukufuku, zomwe zapangitsa kusankha pakati pa njira zimenezo kukhala nkhani ya njira osati ya forum.
Njira yoyenera imadalira zenizeni, zomwe zikalata za mgwirizano zimanena komanso ngati ubale wa ogwira ntchito ungakonzedwebe. Mikangano ya eni masheya nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi mkangano; imayamba ndi njira ya zisankho zomwe zimachitika popanda kufunsana, chidziwitso chomwe sichigawidwanso, kapena phindu lomwe limasamutsidwa mwakachetechete ku kampani yomwe ikulamulidwa ndi ambiri. Udindo walamulo wa eni masheya ochepa umafooka pamene njirayo ikupitirira, chifukwa chisankho chilichonse chowonjezera chimakhala chovuta kuthetsa.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira iliyonse, maziko a malamulo ndi malire omwe ayenera kutsatiridwa. Kuti mudziwe malamulo oyambira mwatsatanetsatane, kuphatikizapo kukakamiza anthu kuti achotsedwe, kuchotsa mokakamiza ndi njira zofufuzira, onani buku lathu lotsogolera ku mkangano wa eni masheya mu Dutch BV , ndi chidule chathu cha malamulo amakampani aku Dutch.
Muyezo womwe umagwira ntchito pakati pa eni masheya
Nkhani 2:8 ya Dutch Civil Code (DCC) imafuna kuti kampaniyo, owongolera ake, owongolera ake oyang'anira ndi omwe ali ndi magawo ake azichitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi kulondola komanso chilungamo. Imeneyo si mfundo yoyambira. Ndi muyezo womwe ntchito zodziwitsa, kuyitana ndi kuchita misonkhano yayikulu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zovota ndi ambiri zimayesedwa, ndipo ndichifukwa chake ambiri sangangochita zomwe akufuna chifukwa amakhala ndi mavoti.
Chigamulo choperekedwa mophwanya muyezo umenewo, kapena mophwanya lamulo lokhudza kupanga zigamulo, sichingatheke malinga ndi Nkhani 2:15 DCC. Chigamulo chimenecho chimapita ku khoti lachigawo wamba, osati ku Bungwe la Makampani, ndipo chimakhala ndi nthawi yochepera chaka chimodzi kuyambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chinadziwika kwa wodandaulayo. Chigamulo choperekedwa mophwanya lamulo lakuti lamulo limapangitsa kuti lamulo likhale lopanda ntchito, monga chisankho cha bungwe lomwe silinathe kuchitenga, sichingatheke malinga ndi Nkhani 2:14 DCC.
Yambani ndi mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndi nkhani
Pasanapite njira iliyonse, mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndi zolemba za mgwirizano ziyenera kuwerengedwa motsutsana ndi zenizeni. Zigawo zinayi nthawi zambiri zimasankha mawonekedwe a mkangano. Chigawo chothetsa mkangano chingapangitse maguluwo kuyesa kuyanjana kapena kuweruza milandu khothi lisanapite, ndipo kunyalanyaza kungapangitse wopemphayo kutaya mlandu wake pakuvomerezedwa. Chigawo chokhazikika chimalamulira zomwe zimachitika mavoti akamafanana ndipo kampaniyo singathenso kupanga zisankho. Zosankha za Put and call zimapatsa chipani ufulu wogulitsa kapena kugula, nthawi zambiri pamtengo wokhazikitsidwa ndi wowerengera wodziyimira pawokha. Ufulu wa chidziwitso umatsimikiza zomwe eni masheya ali ndi ufulu wowona kupitirira maakaunti apachaka.
Ufulu wa mgwirizano umenewo ndi wofunika chifukwa nthawi zambiri umapitirira malire ofunikira omwe amaperekedwa ndi lamulo. Wogawana nawo omwe si director alibe ufulu wopezeka pa kayendetsedwe ka kampaniyo motsatira malamulo aku Dutch; zomwe wogawana nawo angafune kunja kwa msonkhano waukulu nthawi zambiri zimatsatira mgwirizano, zolemba, kapena Article 2:8 DCC yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitikazo. Kukhazikitsa maziko amenewo nthawi zambiri ndi komwe kumasintha kukana kukhala kutsatira malamulo popanda milandu.
Kukambirana ndi kuyimira pakati
Pamene ubale wantchito ungakonzedwebe, mgwirizano wokambirana umakhalabe njira yachangu kwambiri ndipo yokhayo yomwe ingapereke zotsatira zomwe khothi silingathe kuziyika. Kapangidwe kosinthidwa ka magawo, kugula ndi ndalama, dongosolo latsopano la kayendetsedwe ka boma kapena maudindo ogwirizana a malipoti ndi nkhani za magulu onse, osati za woweruza amene ali ndi malire pa njira zomwe lamulo limalola.
Kuthetsa mkangano sikoyenera nthawi zonse. Pamene chidziwitso chomwe chili chovomerezeka mwalamulo kapena mwa mgwirizano sichinasungidwe, pamene katundu akuchotsedwa mu kampani, kapena pamene mapangano akale sanatsatidwe mobwerezabwereza, njira yodzifunira nthawi zambiri imagula nthawi ina. Muzochitika zimenezo, Bungwe la Makampani si njira yomaliza koma ndi chida choyamba choyenera, chifukwa ndi malo okhawo omwe angalowererepo asanaganizidwe kuti ndi olondola.
Malamulo a mkangano wovomerezeka ndi lamulo: kugula mokakamiza ndi kutuluka mokakamiza
Malamulo a mkangano omwe ali mu Nkhani 2:335 mpaka 2:343c DCC amapereka njira ziwiri zothetsera mavuto. Wogawana nawo magawo omwe khalidwe lake limawononga chidwi cha kampaniyo mpaka kufika poti umembala wake wopitilira sungathe kuloledwanso bwino akhoza kukakamizika kusamutsa magawo ake motsatira Nkhani 2:336a DCC. Wogawana nawo magawo omwe ufulu wawo kapena zofuna zawo zikusokonezedwa kwambiri ndi khalidwe la eni masheya m'modzi kapena angapo kotero kuti umembala wake wopitilira sungathenso kufunikira mokwanira angapangitse eni masheyawo kutenga magawo ake motsatira Nkhani 2:343 DCC.
Wagevoe, yomwe idagwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025, idasintha momwe madandaulo awa amabweretsedwera. Zonsezi tsopano ndi milandu yopempha ku Enterprise Chamber osati milandu yolembedwa kukhothi lachigawo, zimamvedwa pamilandu imodzi yokha yoona ndipo pambuyo pake Khothi Lalikulu limatsegulidwa, ndipo zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi pempho lofufuza. Zimenezi zinachotsa chitsutso chachikulu pa ulamuliro wakale, chomwe chinali chakuti kugula kungatenge zaka zitatu pamene kampaniyo ikupitirirabe kuwonongeka.
Kuwerengera mtengo wa magawo akadali gawo lovuta. Khothi limasankha katswiri m'modzi kapena angapo kuti aziwerengera mtengo wa magawo pokhapokha ngati maguluwo avomerezana mosiyana, ndipo mtengowo umakhazikika pa tsiku lomwe khothi limasankha. Ngati khalidwe lomwe ladandauliridwalo lachepetsa mtengo wake, khothi lingaganizire zimenezo, ndichifukwa chake kulemba khalidwelo ndi momwe limakhudzira ziwerengerozo kuli kofunikira mofanana ndi mfundo zalamulo.
Zochitika zofufuza pamaso pa Bungwe la Makampani
Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber ndi gawo lapadera la Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo lomwe limamva mikangano yamakampani. Pa kafukufuku limafufuza ngati pali zifukwa zokayikira mfundo kapena momwe zinthu zilili mkati mwa kampaniyo, ndipo ngati zili choncho likhoza kulamula kuti pachitike kafukufuku. Nkhani 2:350(1) DCC imayesa: pempholi limavomerezedwa pokhapokha ngati zikuwoneka kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikira mfundo yoyenera kapena njira yoyenera yochitira zinthu.
Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber limavomereza pempholi pokhapokha ngati zikuwoneka kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikira mfundo zoyenera kapena njira yoyenera yochitira zinthu.
Nkhani 2:350(1) DCC
Nkhaniyi imachitika m'magawo awiri. Choyamba chimatha ndi kusankha wofufuza ndi lipoti; chachiwiri, ngati pempho lina liperekedwa, ndi pomwe Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber lingapeze kusayendetsedwa bwino ndikupereka njira zothetsera mavuto zomwe zalembedwa mokwanira mu Article 2:356 DCC, monga kuyimitsa kapena kuthetsa chigamulo, kuyimitsa kapena kuchotsa director, kusankha director wakanthawi kapena kusamutsa magawo kudzera mu utsogoleri. Kusamutsa kudzera mu utsogoleri ndi dongosolo lakanthawi, osati kusintha kwa umwini.
Mfundo ziwiri zovomerezeka zimasankha milandu yambiri isanafike mfundo zoyenera. Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:349 DCC, zotsutsa ziyenera kukhala zitaperekedwa koyamba ku bungwe ndipo, ngati pali imodzi, bungwe loyang'anira, ndi nthawi yoyenera yoyankha. Ndipo malinga ndi Nkhani 2:346 DCC, mwini masheya ayenera kupereka pempholi ngati ali ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa kapena magawo omwe ali ndi mtengo wochepera 225,000 euro, kapena ndalama zochepa monga momwe nkhanizo zimaperekera. Kwa makampani omwe ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa zimaposa 22.5 miliyoni euro, malire ake ndi gawo limodzi mwa zana la ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa, kapena, kwa makampani omwe alembedwa, mtengo wamsika wa osachepera 20 miliyoni euro. Chofunikira ndi njira ina, osati yosonkhanitsa, ndipo eni masheya akhoza kuwonjezera zomwe ali nazo kuti akwaniritse.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za forum yokha, kapangidwe kake ndi momwe pempho limakonzedwera, onani nkhani yathu yokhudza Enterprise Chamber ku Netherlands.
Zopereka zomwe zilipo nthawi yomweyo ngati mtengo uli pachiwopsezo
Chida chomwe chimapangitsa kuti Bungwe la Makampani likhale losiyana ndi zomwe zili mu Article 2:349a DCC. Pa pempho lokhudzana ndi kafukufuku, komanso m'njira iliyonse yomwe yachitika, Bungwe la Makampani lingapereke lamulo lotere ngati udindo wa kampaniyo kapena chidwi cha kafukufukuyo chikufunikira. Likhoza kusankha director wakanthawi wokhala ndi voti yosankha, kuyimitsa director, kapena kuyika magawo pansi pa ulamuliro kuti mphamvu yovotera isasokonezeke pamene mfundo zikutsimikizika.
Palibe nthawi yokhazikika yokhazikika ya pempho lotere, koma limathetsedwa mwachangu ndipo nthawi zambiri kumvetsera kumalembedwa mkati mwa milungu ingapo. Kuthamanga kumeneku ndi chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri gawo loyamba lomwe katundu akusunthidwa, mwayi wolowera kubanki ukutsekedwa, kapena msonkhano waukulu ukutenga chisankho chomwe sichingasinthidwe. Ndi gawo lovuta, chifukwa pempholi liyenera kupangitsa kukayikira komwe kulipo kukhala koona pa zikalata osati pa zomwe zalembedwa.
Kugwira director payekha
Ngati director wapangitsa kampaniyo kutayika, Article 2:9 DCC imapereka udindo wamkati, koma pokhapokha ngati director angaimbidwe mlandu waukulu chifukwa chosagwira bwino ntchito zake. Umenewo ndi udindo waukulu, ndipo umawunikidwa malinga ndi zochitika zonse, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa zochitikazo, zoopsa zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso chomwe chilipo panthawiyo. Udindo kwa mwini masheya kapena munthu wachitatu umayendetsedwa ndi lamulo lathunthu pa mlandu womwe uli mu Article 6:162 DCC, ndipo pameneponso kunyozedwa kwakukulu kwa munthu payekha nthawi zambiri kumafunika.
Mikangano ya zofuna iyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana chifukwa imachitika kawirikawiri m'mikangano iyi. Malinga ndi Article 2:239(6) DCC, director wa BV yemwe ali ndi chidwi chaumwini kapena chosagwirizana ndi zofuna za kampaniyo sangalowe nawo pakukambirana ndi kupanga zisankho. Ngati chifukwa chake palibe chisankho chomwe chingachitike ndi bungweli, chisankhocho chimagwera m'manja mwa bungwe loyang'anira kapena, ngati palibe, pamsonkhano waukulu. Chigamulo choperekedwa mophwanya lamuloli chimawonetsedwa kuti chingathetsedwe malinga ndi Article 2:15 DCC.
Kusankha njira
Mafunso anayi nthawi zambiri amayankha chisankhocho. Kodi ubale wantchito ungakonzedwebe, pomwe kuyimira pakati kumakhala koyenera ndipo kumawononga nthawi yochepa? Kodi phindu likutayika pakali pano, pomwe lamulo lachangu limabwera patsogolo pa china chilichonse? Kodi cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa ubalewo kapena kuukonza, chifukwa kutuluka mokakamizidwa motsatira Article 2:343 DCC kumayankha yoyamba ndipo kafukufuku amayankha yachiwiri. Ndipo mgwirizano wa omwe ali ndi magawo umati chiyani, popeza gawo lothetsera mikangano likhoza kulamula dongosolo la masitepe ndipo nkhanizo zitha kukhazikitsa malire otsika kuposa lamulo.
Mayankho nthawi zambiri samakhala okha. Pempho lofufuza ndi pempho loletsa mlandu zingagwirizane, ndipo popeza Wagevoe pempho logula mlandu lingaphatikizidwe ndi pempho lofufuza mlandu lomwelo. Chofunika ndichakuti ndondomekoyi isankhidwe mwadala, chifukwa chikalata choyamba chimakhazikitsa tanthauzo la zonse zomwe zikutsatira.
Zoyenera kuchita tsopano
Sungani zikalatazo musanakhazikitse maudindo: mgwirizano wa eni masheya, nkhani, mphindi ndi zidziwitso za misonkhano yayikulu, maakaunti apachaka ndi ziwerengero zilizonse zanthawi yochepa, ndi makalata omwe mapempho a chidziwitso adaperekedwa ndikukanidwa. Lembani mapemphowo ndikukhazikitsa nthawi yoyenera yoyankhira, chifukwa Nkhani 2:349 DCC pambuyo pake idzakufunsani kuti muwonetse kuti zotsutsazo zidaperekedwa ndi bungwe kaye.
Law and More Amalangiza eni masheya ndi makampani pa mikangano ya eni masheya, kuyambira pempho loyamba la chidziwitso mpaka zochitika zomwe zachitika ku Enterprise Chamber. Timawunika momwe mgwirizano ulili, njira zomwe zilipo komanso momwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, ndipo timachita zinthu m'malo mwa eni masheya aku Dutch ndi apadziko lonse lapansi mu Chidatchi ndi Chingerezi. Chonde musazengereze kutilankhulana nafe kuti mukambirane za vuto lanu.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Kodi Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber lingachite chiyani?
Mu kafukufukuyu, bungwe la OK lili ndi mphamvu zazikulu: kusankha wotsogolera kwakanthawi kapena membala wa bungwe loyang'anira, kuyimitsa mamembala a bungwe, ndi kusamutsa magawo kwakanthawi kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka bungwe (Article 2:356 DCC). Izi ndi njira zakanthawi - osati kusamutsa umwini komaliza. Kuthetsa zisankho zosaloledwa sikuchitika kudzera mu bungwe la OK, koma kudzera mu pempho lomwe lidaperekedwa kukhothi wamba motsatira Article 2:15 DCC. Njira zonse ziwiri zitha kuyenda limodzi.
Kodi ufulu wanga monga mwini masheya ochepa ndi wotani?
Mwachidule, muli ndi ufulu wopeza ziwerengero za pachaka ndi zikalata zamisonkhano, komanso ufulu wotsutsa zisankho zomwe zimasemphana ndi kuyenerera komanso chilungamo (Nkhani 2:8 ndi 2:15 DCC). Pazofufuza, Nkhani 2:346 DCC imafuna gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa kapena magawo omwe ali ndi mtengo wochepera 225,000 euro, kapena ndalama zochepa monga momwe zolembazo zimaperekera; malire ena amagwira ntchito kumakampani omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa komanso kumakampani omwe alembedwa. Chofunikira ndi njira ina, ndipo zinthu zomwe zili nazo zitha kuwonjezeredwa pamodzi. Ufulu wowonjezera nthawi zambiri umayikidwa mu SHA ndi zolemba za mgwirizano.
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kuyimira pakati, kuweruza milandu ndi OK ndi kotani?
Kuthetsa mkangano ndi kodzifunira — onse awiri ayenera kugwirizana pa zotsatira zake. Kuthetsa mkangano kumabweretsa chisankho chomangika ndi woweruza milandu payekha, kunja kwa makhothi. Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber ndi bungwe loweruza milandu lomwe, ngati lipempha — ngakhale popanda mgwirizano wa chipani china — lingatenge njira kwakanthawi ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikira mfundo kapena momwe zinthu zilili.
Kodi ndingathe kuimbidwa mlandu ndi director?
Inde, koma malire ake ndi okwera. Malinga ndi Article 2:9 DCC, udindo wamkati ndi wotheka pamene director sanachite bwino ntchito zake ndipo akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu waukulu. Kunja izi zitha kuchitika kudzera mu Article 6:162 DCC ngati khalidwe lake lili ngati mlandu. Pankhani yodzidalira, chinyengo kapena kukondera makampani ake, iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri - komanso ngati njira yokakamiza kuti agwirizane.
Kodi inunso mumachita zinthu m'malo mwa eni masheya akunja?
Inde. Law & More ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu ndi eni masheya apadziko lonse lapansi komanso owongolera mu Dutch BVs ndi NVs. Timachita zochitika mu Chingerezi ndipo timagwira ntchito limodzi ndi alangizi akunja pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zinthu zodutsa malire.
Ponena za wolemba
Tom Meevis ndi Woyang'anira Mnzanu ku Law & More in Eindhoven ndi AmsterdamAmalangiza makampani aku Dutch ndi apadziko lonse lapansi pa mikangano ya eni masheya, milandu yamakampani ndi zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ku Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer).
Ngati muli ndi mkangano pakati pa eni masheya, kapena mukuganiza kuti ufulu wanu ukunyalanyazidwa, tidzawunika malowo ndikulongosola njira zomwe zili zotseguka kwa inu ndi dongosolo lomwe mungagwiritse ntchito bwino.
Tom Meevis · +31 40 369 06 80 · info@lawandmore.nl
