Udindo wa tsankho la algorithmic: ndani ali ndi udindo motsatira malamulo a Dutch ndi EU?

Bungwe lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito makina odziyimira pawokha limakhala ndi mlandu pa zotsatira za tsankho zomwe limabweretsa, kaya linapanga chitsanzocho kapena ayi komanso ngati wina aliyense adafuna zotsatira zake. Ku Netherlands udindo umenewo umadalira lamulo la milandu (Nkhani 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code, BW), malamulo ofanana ndi GDPR; malamulo oopsa a EU AI Act okhudza kulemba anthu ntchito, ngongole ndi inshuwaransi amagwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Disembala 2027.

Mu lamulo la tsankho la ku Netherlands, zotsatira za chisankho zimawerengedwa, osati chifukwa. Fyuluta yolembera anthu ntchito, chitsanzo cha ngongole kapena chiwopsezo chachinyengo chomwe chimawononga gulu lotetezedwa chingayambitse mlandu wa anthu, madandaulo ku Netherlands Institute for Human Rights ndi kafukufuku wa Dutch Data Protection Authority, zonse pa mfundo zomwezo.

Kodi tsankho la algorithmic ndi chiyani ndipo limachokera kuti?

Tsankho la algorithm limachitika pamene dongosolo limachitira anthu ofanana mosiyana pa malo otetezedwa, kapena pa muyezo womwe umagwira ntchito m'malo mwa wina. Chifukwa chitsanzo chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo pa fayilo iliyonse, chitsanzo chokondera chimagwira ntchito ngati mfundo osati chochitika.

• Deta yophunzitsira: chitsanzo chophunzitsidwa pa zisankho zakale chimabwerezanso machitidwe omwe ali mkati mwake.
• Zosintha: chinthu chooneka ngati chosalowerera ndale monga postcode chingathe kuyimira fuko ndipo chingayambitse tsankho losalunjika.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zake: chigoli chomwe chili chovomerezeka ngati upangiri chingakhale chosaloledwa ngati chifukwa chokhacho chokana pempho.
• Kusowa kwa kuwunika: chitsanzo chomwe chinali chogwirizana pakusintha kwa deta pamene deta ikusintha.

Kusankhana mwachindunji kumagwiritsa ntchito malo otetezedwa poyera. Kusankhana mwachindunji, komwe njira yosalowerera ndale imaipitsa gulu lotetezedwa, kungalungamitsidwe pokhapokha ngati cholingacho chili chovomerezeka ndipo njira zake zili zoyenera komanso zofunikira, ndipo bungwe liyenera kutsimikizira zimenezo.

Kodi bungwe limakhala ndi udindo liti malinga ndi malamulo aku Dutch?

Mabungwe awiri a malamulo aku Dutch amachita ntchito yambiri. Lamulo la kuzunza anthu likufunsa ngati bungweli linachita zinthu mosasamala ndipo linapangitsa kuti anthu awonongeke; lamulo la kuchitira anthu mofanana likufunsa ngati zotsatira zake zinali zosiyana ndi zomwe zinali zoletsedwa.

Cholakwika: kutumizidwa mosasamala

Malinga ndi Article 6:162 BW, chipani chili ndi mlandu pa chochita chosaloledwa (onrechtmatige daad) chomwe chimayambitsa kuwonongeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe sinayesedwe, kutsimikiziridwa kapena kuyang'aniridwa kungakhale khalidwe losasamala. Wopemphayo ayenera kutsimikizira chochita chosaloledwa, kugawa, kuwonongeka ndi ulalo wa chifukwa.

Kugula dongosololi kuchokera kwa wogulitsa sikuchotsa udindo wa bungwe lotumiza katundu pa ntchito imeneyi. Likhoza kukhala ndi mlandu wosiyana motsutsana ndi wogulitsa chifukwa chosagwira ntchito bwino (Nkhani 6:74 BW), koma zimenezo sizikhudza mlandu wa wopempha wokanidwayo.

Lamulo lokhudza nkhanza zofanana ndi udindo wopereka umboni

Lamulo la General Equal Treatment Act (Algemene wet gelijke behandeling, AWGB), lamulo losiyanitsa zaka (WGBL) ndi lamulo loletsa kulemala ndi matenda osatha (WGBH/CZ) limaletsa kusiyanitsa mwachindunji ndi kwina pazifukwa zotetezedwa; pantchito, Nkhani 7:646 BW imawonjezera malamulo okhudza jenda. Wopemphayo akapereka mfundo zomwe zikusonyeza tsankho, bungweli liyenera kutsimikizira kuti silinasankhe.

Bungwe lomwe silingathe kusonyeza zomwe chitsanzo chake chinayesa, deta yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mayeso omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito, silingathe kuthana ndi vutoli. Madandaulo angapitenso ku Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens), omwe malingaliro awo sali omangika koma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni m'milandu yotsatira ya khothi.

Kodi GDPR imafuna chiyani pa zisankho zodziyimira payokha?

Nkhani 22 ya GDPR imapatsa munthu ufulu woti asapatsidwe chisankho chokhazikika pa ntchito yodzipangira yokha yomwe ili ndi zotsatirapo zalamulo kapena zofanana. Zisankho zolembera anthu ntchito, ngongole ndi maubwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyenera.

Kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu kumatenga chisankho kunja kwa Nkhani 22 pokhapokha ngati chili ndi tanthauzo: munthu amene ali ndi mphamvu komanso chidziwitso chosankha mosiyana, osati munthu amene akutsimikizira zomwe chinsalucho chikuwonetsa. Mfundo yachilungamo mu Nkhani 5(1)(a) imagwira ntchito mulimonsemo, ndipo Nkhani 35 imafuna kuwunika momwe chitetezo cha deta chimakhudzira musanagwiritse ntchito njira zowopsa monga kupanga mbiri mwadongosolo. Malinga ndi Nkhani 83(5) GDPR, zilango zimatha kufika €20 miliyoni kapena 4% ya ndalama zomwe zatuluka pachaka padziko lonse lapansi, chilichonse chomwe chili chokwera. Onani mwachidule za chinsinsi cha data, GDPR, AI ndi big data.

Kodi lamulo la AI likufuna chiyani tsopano, ndipo nchiyani chimayamba pambuyo pake?

Lamulo la AI, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Ogasiti 2024 ndipo limagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono. Machitidwe oletsedwa mu Article 5 akugwira ntchito kuyambira 2 February 2025; maudindo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakulemba anthu ntchito, ngongole ndi inshuwaransi amagwira ntchito kuyambira 2 December 2027.

Maudindo a mitundu yonse ya AI ndi zilango zikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Ogasiti 2025. Digital Omnibus on AI, Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 27 Julayi 2026, yaimitsa kaye dongosolo la chiopsezo chachikulu: machitidwe omwe alembedwa mu Annex III, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba anthu ntchito, kukwezedwa pantchito ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito, kuyenerera ngongole ndi kuwunika zoopsa za inshuwaransi, akutsatira pa 2 Disembala 2027, ndi machitidwe oopsa kwambiri pazinthu zolamulidwa (Annex I) pa 2 Ogasiti 2028. Omnibus idachepetsanso udindo wa AI mu Article 4 kukhala udindo wothandizira luso la AI pakati pa ogwira ntchito.

Ndondomeko yokhudza chiopsezo chachikulu ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, imafuna deta yophunzitsira yoyimira ndi yowunikidwa, zolemba zaukadaulo, kulemba zolemba, kuwonekera poyera, kuyang'anira anthu ndi kuwunika kogwirizana ndi malamulo. Otumiza ali ndi ntchito zawozawo, monga kusunga zolemba ndi kupereka oyang'anira kwa ogwira ntchito oyenerera. Zilango zimafika pa €35 miliyoni kapena 7% ya ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha machitidwe oletsedwa ndi €15 miliyoni kapena 3% chifukwa chophwanya maudindo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Malangizo a AI Liability omwe akuperekedwa achotsedwa, kotero pempho la kuwonongeka ku Netherlands likadali pempho pansi pa lamulo la Dutch. Zambiri pa izi mu chitsogozo chathu cha mbali yalamulo ya luntha lochita kupanga ndi EU AI Act.

Kodi makhothi ndi oyang'anira milandu ku Netherlands asankha chiyani?

Pa 5 February 2020, Khoti Lalikulu la The Hague linagamula kuti lamulo lomwe linali kumbuyo kwa SyRI, njira ya boma yopezera chiopsezo chachinyengo, linaswa Nkhani 8 ya Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chifukwa silinali lowonekera bwino komanso lotsimikizika (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:865). Chitsanzo cha chiopsezo kapena zizindikiro sizinaululidwe, kotero palibe amene akanatha kuwunika zotsatira za tsankho.

Mu nkhani yokhudza ubwino wa chisamaliro cha ana (toeslagenaffaire), oyang'anira misonkho adagwiritsa ntchito kusankha zoopsa komwe dziko la anthu awiri limawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro chachinyengo. Bungwe la Dutch Data Protection Authority linapeza kuti kuchita izi kunali kosaloledwa komanso kosankhana ndipo linalipira chindapusa oyang'anira misonkho. Phunziro kwa mabungwe achinsinsi: dongosolo lomwe palibe amene angalifotokoze silingathe kutetezedwa, ndipo kusankha kuliyendetsa ndi lamulo lomwe limaweruzidwa.

Ndani ali ndi udindo: wogulitsa kapena wogwiritsa ntchito?

Munthuyo adavulaza zomwe bungwe lomwe lidapanga chisankhocho lidanena, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala loyambitsa. Malinga ndi lamulo la AI, wopereka chithandizo ndi woyambitsa aliyense ali ndi ntchito zake.

Pangano ndi wogulitsa likhoza kugawa zotsatira zachuma ndikuteteza chidziwitso chomwe mukufuna kuti muteteze mlandu, koma silingachotse chindapusa cha malamulo kapena udindo wovomerezeka ndi lamulo. Nkhani yathu yokhudza yemwe ali ndi mlandu pa zolakwika zopangidwa ndi luntha lochita kupanga ikufotokoza za kugawa kumeneko.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati bungwe pogwiritsa ntchito AI?

• Kodi mwayesa kuchuluka kwa zotsatira m'magulu otetezedwa musanagwiritse ntchito ndipo mwayang'ana zosintha za ma proxies?
• Kodi mumapitiriza kuyesa pambuyo poti makinawo ayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo kodi munthu wodziwika bwino ali ndi mphamvu zoyimitsa makinawo?
• Kodi kuwunika kwa anthu kuli ndi tanthauzo pamene Article 22 GDPR ikugwira ntchito, ndipo kodi kuwunika kwa zotsatira zake kunachitika asanayambe kugwira ntchito?
• Kodi bungwe la ntchito lili ndi ufulu wovomereza malinga ndi Nkhani 27 ya Works Councils Act (WOR), mwachitsanzo machitidwe omwe amawunika antchito?
• Kodi mgwirizano wa ogulitsa umakupatsirani mwayi wopeza zikalata, zotsatira za mayeso ndi zolemba, komanso ma audit eti?
• Kodi mungathe kufotokoza chisankho chilichonse kwa munthu amene wakhudzidwa m'mawu osavuta?

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wofunsira ntchito kapena wantchito amene wakhudzidwa ndi chisankho?

• Kodi chisankhocho chinapangidwa popanda anthu kutenga nawo mbali? Kenako mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Article 22 GDPR.
• Kodi mwapempha kuti mupeze deta yanu ndi kufotokozera mfundo zomwe zikukhudzidwa (Article 15 GDPR)?
• Kodi pali mfundo zosonyeza kuti malo otetezedwa kapena woimira wina adatenga nawo gawo? Udindo wopereka umboni umasinthasintha.
• Kodi maganizo (oordeel) ochokera ku Netherlands Institute for Human Rights ndi okwanira, kapena mukufuna kuti mupemphe chindapusa kukhothi?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi vuto la algorithmic bias?

Maloya athu a IT amalangiza makampani pankhani ya malamulo pankhani yopanga zisankho zokha.

• Timayesa momwe mukukhudzidwira ndi milandu ya ku Dutch, malamulo okhudza kufanana kwa anthu komanso GDPR kuti mudziwe njira inayake.
• Tikuwunikanso momwe mukuonera zotsatira za ntchito yanu komanso momwe mukuyendetsera ntchito yanu pa Nkhani 22 GDPR.
• Timakonzekera kutsatira kwanu AI Act kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira zolembera anthu ntchito, ngongole ndi inshuwaransi zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
• Timakambirana za mapangano a ogulitsa zinthu pa nkhani yokhudza zolemba, ufulu wowerengera ndalama, ndi udindo.
• Timasamalira madandaulo, njira zoyendetsera bungwe, madandaulo ndi kufufuza malamulo.

Chidule

• Bungwe lotumiza anthu limakhala ndi mlandu pa zotsatira za tsankho, ngakhale patakhala njira yovomerezeka.
• Ngati mfundo zikusonyeza tsankho, bungweli liyenera kutsimikizira kuti silinasankhe tsankho.
• Nkhani 22 ya GDPR imaletsa zisankho zokha zokha; kuwunika kwa anthu kuyenera kukhala koona.
• Ntchito zoika anthu ntchito pa ngozi zazikulu pa ntchito yolemba anthu ntchito, ngongole ndi inshuwaransi zikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Disembala 2027.
• Kulemba zikalata zoyesera ndi kuyang'anira ndiye maziko a chitetezo chilichonse.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI