Alimony ku Netherlands: ndani amalipira, ndalama zingati komanso kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Ku Netherlands, makolo onse awiri ayenera kulipira ndalama zothandizira mwana mpaka mwanayo atakwanitsa zaka 21, ndipo mkazi kapena mwamuna wakale kapena mwamuna wolembetsedwa yemwe sangathe kudzisamalira yekha angapereke ndalama zothandizira mwamuna kapena mkazi wake, nthawi zambiri kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu. Ndalamazo zimadalira kokha kufunikira kwa munthu woyenera komanso kuthekera kwa winayo kulipira; amene anachititsa kuti banja lithe, palibe gawo lililonse.

Malamulowa ali mu Buku 1 la Dutch Civil Code (BW) ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makhothi a mabanja. Pansipa tikufotokoza mitundu iwiri ya alimony ( alimentatie ), momwe ndalamazo zimawerengedwera, nthawi yomwe chisamaliro cha mwamuna kapena mkazi chimatenga malinga ndi malamulo omwe akugwira ntchito kuyambira 1 Januware 2020, nthawi yomwe makonzedwe angasinthidwe, ndi zomwe mungachite ngati malipiro asiya.

Ndi mitundu iwiri iti ya alimony yomwe ilipo?

Malamulo aku Dutch amasiyanitsa kusamalira ana ( kinderalimentatie ) ndi kusamalira mkazi kapena mwamuna ( partneralalimentatie ). Zonsezi zimadalira zosowa ndi kuthekera kolipira, koma zili ndi maziko osiyana alamulo, kuwerengera ndi nthawi.

Khoti nthawi zambiri limasankha zonse ziwiri pamilandu yofanana ya chisudzulo. Mwalamulo, ndi maudindo osiyana, ndipo chimodzi chingakhalepo popanda china.

Palibe chisamaliro cha mwamuna kapena mkazi pambuyo poti banja lakhala limodzi osakwatirana, kaya ubalewo ukhale wautali bwanji, pokhapokha mutagwirizana mwanjira ina mu mgwirizano wokhalira limodzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chisamaliro cha mwana chimayenera kulipidwa kaya makolowo anakwatiranapo kapena ayi.

Ndani ayenera kulipira ndalama zothandizira ana?

Makolo onse awiri ayenera kupereka ndalama zothandizira kusamalira ndi kulera ana awo aang'ono, mogwirizana ndi zomwe ali nazo (Nkhani 1:404 BW). Udindowu umachokera ku ubereki, osati ubale wa makolo, ndipo sumatha chifukwa kholo limodzi silimawona mwanayo kawirikawiri.

Kwa achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 21, izi zikupitilira malinga ndi Article 1:395a BW ngati chopereka ku ndalama zogulira zinthu ndi maphunziro. Pa msinkhu umenewo, wachinyamatayo akhoza kutenga choperekacho m'dzina lake.

Kholo lopeza lomwe lakwatirana ndi kholo, kapena lomwe lalembetsa mgwirizano ndi kholo, likhozanso kukhala ndi mlandu malinga ndi Nkhani 1:395 BW, ngati mwanayo ndi wa m'banja lawo logawana. Udindo umenewo umakhalapo malinga ndi ukwati kapena mgwirizano.

Kodi kusamalira mwana kumawerengedwa bwanji?

Makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito malangizo a Expert Group on Maintenance Standards (Expertgroep Alimentatienormen), omwe amafalitsidwa chaka chilichonse ndipo amadziwika kuti Trema standards. Kuwerengeraku kuli ndi magawo atatu.

1. Zosowa za mwana. Poyambira ndi ndalama zonse zomwe banja linkapeza lisanapatukane, zomwe zinkasanduka ndalama zomwe mwana ankalipira pamwezi pogwiritsa ntchito matebulo otengera ziwerengero zochokera ku bungwe la bajeti la dziko lonse la Nibud.
2. Luso la kholo lililonse lolipira. Ndalama zonse zomwe kholo lililonse limapeza zimachepetsedwa ndi ndalama zomwe limalandira pa moyo wake, ndipo gawo lokhazikika la ndalama zomwe zimatsala limawerengedwa ngati kuthekera kolipira. Ndalama zomwe mwana amalipira zimagawidwa malinga ndi luso limenelo.
3. Kuchotsera kwa chisamaliro. Kholo lomwe mwana samakhala nalo nthawi zambiri limalandira kuchotsera kwa chisamaliro (zorgorting): peresenti yochotsedwa pa zopereka zawo, kutengera chiwerengero cha masiku pa sabata omwe mwana amakhala nawo.

Tikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za kuwerengera, ndi chitsanzo, mu bukhu lathu lowerengera kusamalira ana ku Netherlands.

Kodi kusamalira ana kumatha liti?

Ali ndi zaka 21. Zitha kutha msanga ngati mwana adziyimira pawokha pazachuma, ndipo ndalamazo zitha kusinthidwa pakadali pano motsatira Article 1:401 BW ngati ndalama za kholo zisintha kwambiri. Ubale watsopano wa kholo lililonse suthetsa, ngakhale ndalama za mnzanu watsopano zingakhudze mwachindunji kuthekera kolipira.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mukuyenera kulandira chisamaliro cha mwamuna kapena mkazi wanu?

Ngati mulibe ndalama zokwanira zodzisamalira nokha ndipo simungayembekezere kuzipeza, ndipo mnzanu wakale akhoza kulipira (Nkhani 1:157 BW). Ngati pali vuto lililonse, palibe ndalama zolipirira mwamuna kapena mkazi wanu zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa.

Malamulo omwewo amagwiranso ntchito pamene mgwirizano wolembetsedwa utha. Magulu a Anglo-America monga kubwezeretsa kapena kusamalira ana okalamba sapezeka m'malamulo aku Dutch.

Kusowa kwa banja kumayesedwa poyerekeza ndi moyo wa banja, osati malinga ndi ndalama zochepa zomwe munthu amafunikira pa moyo wake. Khoti likuyembekezera kuti pakhale khama lenileni lodzisamalira: mnzanu wakale yemwe angagwire ntchito koma sagwira ntchito angayesedwe malinga ndi ndalama zomwe angapeze.

Kodi kusamalira mkazi kapena mwamuna kumawerengedwa bwanji?

Makhothi nthawi zambiri amaika kufunika kwa wokondedwa wakale pa 60 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zomwe banja linkapeza panthawi ya ukwati, pambuyo pochotsa ndalama za ana. Chiwerengero chimenecho chimayesedwa poyerekeza ndi ndalama za wopemphayo komanso kuthekera kwa wolipira kulipira.

Kusamalira ana nthawi zonse kumakhala kofunikira kuposa kusamalira banja (Article 1:400 BW), kotero kuthekera kwa wolipira kulipira kumawerengedwa pambuyo pa kusamalira mwana. Cheke chomaliza, kuyerekeza ndalama ( jusvergelijking ), kumawonetsetsa kuti wolandirayo sakusiyidwa bwino kuposa wolipira.

Kodi kusamalira mwamuna kapena mkazi kumatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Pa mabanja osudzulana kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2020, lamulo lalikulu ndi theka la nthawi ya ukwati, ndipo nthawi yokwanira ndi zaka zisanu. Izi zikutsatira lamulo la Partner Maintenance Reform Act (Wet herziening partneralalimentatie).

Pali zosiyana zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mawuwa. Ngati pali zambiri zomwe zikugwira ntchito, nthawi yayitali kwambiri imagwiranso ntchito.

• Ana aang'ono. Ngati muli ndi mwana wosakwana zaka 12 limodzi, kusamalira mwamuna kapena mkazi wanu kumapitirira mpaka mwana wamng'ono kwambiri atakwanitsa zaka 12.
• Ukwati wautali pafupi ndi kupuma pantchito. Ngati ukwati kapena mgwirizano wolembetsedwa unatenga zaka zoposa 15 ndipo wolandirayo akafika msinkhu wa penshoni ya boma (AOW) mkati mwa zaka 10, chisamaliro chimapitirira mpaka msinkhu umenewo.
• Ukwati wautali, wolandirayo wobadwa pa 1 Januwale 1970 kapena isanafike. Ngati ukwatiwo unatenga zaka zoposa 15, nthawi yake ndi zaka 10. Lamulo losinthirali limatha ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2027, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuchokera pamene lamuloli linayamba kugwira ntchito.

Kodi mawuwa angawonjezedwe?

Koma pamilandu yapadera yokha. Khothi likhoza kukhazikitsa nthawi yayitali ngati kuthetsa kusamalira pa tsiku lachizolowezi kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kotero kuti kupitiriza kulipira sikungakanidwe mwachilungamo (Nkhani 1:157 BW), mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma, thanzi loipa kapena msinkhu womwe kubwerera kuntchito sikungatheke.

Pempholo liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene nthawi yovomerezeka yatha. Pambuyo pake, ufuluwo umatayika.

Nanga bwanji ngati munasudzulana pasanafike pa 1 Januwale 2020?

Malamulo atsopanowa sagwira ntchito m'mbuyomu. Kusamalira mwamuna kapena mkazi komwe kwakhazikitsidwa kapena kuvomerezedwa pasanafike pa 1 Januwale 2020 kumakhalabe pansi pa malamulo akale: nthawi yokwanira ya zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, kapena kutalika kwa ukwati wa ukwati wopanda mwana wosapitirira zaka zisanu. Tsiku lomaliza lomwelo la miyezi itatu likugwiranso ntchito pa pempho lowonjezera nthawi.

Kodi mungachotse chisamaliro cha mkazi kapena mwamuna mu mgwirizano wa ukwati?

Kawirikawiri, palibe. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:158 BW, okwatirana amatha kupanga mapangano omangirira okhudza kusamalira banja asanakwatirane kapena atasudzulana, koma makhothi savomereza kuchotsedwa mu mgwirizano wa ukwati ( huwelijkse voorwaarden ) womwe sunapangidwe ndi cholinga cha kusudzulana. Mgwirizano wa ukwati umatsimikizira momwe katundu amagawidwira, ndipo izi zimakhudza kufunikira ndi kuthekera kolipira.

Kodi ndalama zolipirira ngongole zimawonjezeka chaka chilichonse?

Inde. Ndalama za alimony zimasinthidwa ndi lamulo pa 1 Januwale chaka chilichonse (Nkhani 1:402a BW), ndi peresenti yomwe imakhazikitsidwa ndi Nduna ya Zachilungamo ndi Chitetezo kutengera kuchuluka kwa malipiro. Peresenti yomwe ilipo pano imafalitsidwa patsamba la boma.

Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumachitika mwadzidzidzi, kaya lamulo la khoti latchula kapena ayi. Njira yokhayo yopewera izi ndikuchotsa indexing mwachindunji mu mgwirizano wosamalira. Mwachidule, gawo lalikulu la ngongole za alimony limaphatikizapo indexing yomwe sinalipiridwepo.

Kodi alimony imalipidwa bwanji msonkho?

Ndalama zothandizira banja zimachotsedwa kwa wolipira ndipo zimaperekedwa msonkho ngati ndalama zomwe amapeza, zonse ziwiri zili m'bokosi 1 la fomu yolipira msonkho. Ndalama zothandizira ana sizichotsedwa; ndalamazo zinachotsedwa pa 1 Januwale 2015.

Kuchotsera kwa wolipira kumangokhala pamlingo wa msonkho woyamba, kotero anthu opeza ndalama zambiri amapeza phindu lochepa kuposa mtengo wawo wapamwamba. Ndalama zonse zomwe zimagula chisamaliro cha mwamuna kapena mkazi zimakhomeredwa msonkho chaka chomwe chimalipidwa ndipo zimatha kukakamiza wolandirayo kukhala ndi mwayi waukulu. Kuti mudziwe udindo wanu pa msonkho, funsani mlangizi wa misonkho.

Kodi mungathe kusintha kapena kuthetsa vuto la alimony?

Inde, ngati zinthu zasintha kotero kuti ndalamazo sizikukwaniritsanso miyezo yalamulo, kapena ngati dongosololi lidakhazikitsidwa pa chidziwitso cholakwika kapena chosakwanira (Nkhani 1:401 BW). Zitsanzo ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito, ntchito yatsopano, matenda, mwana kusamukira kwa kholo lina kapena kubadwa kwa mwana wina.

Kusintha sikochitika mwangozi. Mukufunika chigamulo cha khothi kapena mapangano atsopano olembedwa ndi chipani china; mpaka nthawi imeneyo, ndalama zomwe zilipo zipitirira kulipidwa.

Kodi gawo losasintha ndi chiyani?

Okwatirana akale angavomereze pothetsa ukwati kuti ndalama zomwe mwamuna kapena mkazi angasamalire sizingasinthidwe (Nkhani 1:159 BW). Chiganizo choterechi ndi chomangirira, ndipo ndi chifukwa chofala cha chisoni pambuyo pake.

Khoti lingathe kuletsa gawoli pokhapokha ngati zinthu zasintha kwambiri kotero kuti kuletsa munthu winayo kukhala mbali yake kungakhale kotsutsana ndi nzeru ndi chilungamo (Nkhani 1:159(3) BW). Kutsika kwa ndalama wamba sikukwaniritsa malire amenewo. Gawo losasintha silingavomerezedwe pankhani yosamalira ana.

Kodi kusamalira banja kumatha liti zokha?

Wolandirayo akakwatiranso, akalowa mu mgwirizano wolembetsedwa, kapena akukhala ndi wina ngati kuti anakwatirana kapena mu mgwirizano wolembetsedwa (Nkhani 1:160 BW). Ufuluwo umatha kwamuyaya ndipo suyambiranso ngati ubale watsopanowo utha.

Kukhalira limodzi ndiye chifukwa chomwe chimatsutsidwa kwambiri: lamulo la milandu limafuna ubale wokhalitsa, banja logawana komanso chisamaliro chapamodzi. Kusamalira mwamuna kapena mkazi kumathanso pamene mwamuna kapena mkazi wakale wamwalira, pokhapokha ngati chisudzulo chaperekedwa mwanjira ina.

Kodi mungachite chiyani ngati ndalama zothandizira makolo sizikulipidwa?

Lamulo la khoti la thandizo la ndalama zothandizira ana likhoza kutsatiridwa mwachindunji. Ngati malipiro asiya, woyang'anira khoti akhoza kulanda malipiro, akaunti ya banki kapena katundu wina popanda milandu yatsopano kukhoti.

Mukhozanso kupempha bungwe la National Maintenance Collection Agency ( Landelijk Bureau Inning Onderhoudsbijdragen , LBIO) kuti likutengereni ndalama zothandizira mwana kapena mwamuna kapena mkazi wanu. LBIO ili ndi zofunikira zoti mutengere mlandu, kuphatikizapo zaka zomwe ngongolezo zingakhale nazo, choncho lembani nthawi yomweyo malipiro akatha.

Ngati mumalipira ndipo ndalama zomwe mumapeza zatsikadi, pemphani khothi kuti lisinthe ndalamazo motsatira Article 1:401 BW m'malo mongolipira zochepa. Kuchepetsa malipiro anu nokha sikuchepetsa ngongole; kumangowonjezera ndalama zomwe simunabwezere.

Nanga bwanji ngati alimony yadutsa malire?

Kusamukira kunja sikuthetsa udindo wa alimony. Mu EU, Maintenance Regulation (EC) No 4/2009) imalamulira khothi lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro komanso momwe zisankho zimazindikiridwira ndikutsatiridwa; chisankho chochokera ku dziko limodzi lomwe lili membala chikhoza kutsatiridwa mu lina popanda njira yapakati.

Kawirikawiri, munthu amene ali ndi ufulu wopeza chithandizo akhoza kuyambitsa milandu m'dziko limene amakhala nthawi zonse, ndipo mfundo ya Hague Protocol ya 2007 imasonyeza lamulo la dzikolo. Mafunso awiriwa nthawi zambiri amakhudza ndalamazo kuposa kuwerengera kulikonse. Buku lathu lotsogolera kusudzulana ku Netherlands limafotokoza njira yonse.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mulipira alimony?

Mikangano yambiri yokhudza kulipira imayambira pa kuwerengera ndalama ndi nthawi yomaliza yolembedwa mu Articles 1:157 ndi 1:401 BW.

• Onani ngati ndalama zomwe munali nazo zinawerengedwa mutamaliza kusamalira ana komanso ndalama zomwe munapeza.
• Chongani tsiku lomaliza la chisamaliro cha ukwati: theka la nthawi ya ukwati, zaka zosachepera zisanu, kapena chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe sizinachitike.
• Lipirani indexation ya pachaka kuyambira pa 1 Januwale, ngakhale odayo isatchule.
• Pemphani kuti musinthe ndalama zanu motsatira Article 1:401 BW nthawi yomweyo ndalama zomwe mumapeza zikatsika; musamangolipira zochepa.
• Onani ngati mnzanu wakale anakwatiranso, analembetsa mgwirizano kapena amakhala limodzi ngati okwatirana (Nkhani 1:160 BW).

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mwalandira chithandizo chamankhwala?

Monga wolandira, zoopsa zanu zazikulu ndi indexation yosalipidwa, nthawi yomaliza yolephera komanso gawo losasinthika lomwe simungathe kulisintha.

• Onani ngati kuwerengera kwa 60 peresenti komwe kukufunika kukuwonetsa momwe moyo ulili panthawi ya ukwati.
• Lembani tsiku lomaliza la kusamalira mwamuna kapena mkazi; pempho loti awonjezere nthawi liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene laperekedwa.
• Onani ngati indexation ya pachaka pansi pa Article 1:402a BW yalipidwadi.
• Werengani mosamala gawo lililonse losasintha lomwe laperekedwa musanasayine (Nkhani 1:159 BW).
• Lemberani ku LBIO kapena bailiff nthawi yomweyo malipiro atayimitsidwa.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi alimony?

athu maloya apabanja ndi maloya osudzulana kusamalira ana ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo milandu yapadziko lonse, kuchokera ku Eindhoven ndi Amsterdam.

• Timawerengera chisamaliro cha mwana ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna motsatira miyezo ya Trema yomwe ilipo.
• Timawunikanso ndondomeko yokonzekera kuthetsa ukwati kapena dongosolo lolera ana, kuphatikizapo gawo lililonse losasintha.
• Timapereka pempho lokhazikitsa, kusintha kapena kuthetsa vuto la ndalama zothandizira ana ku khoti la mabanja.
• Tikupereka pempho loti tiwonjezere nthawi yosamalira banja lathu mkati mwa miyezi itatu yomaliza.
• Timasankha khoti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro komanso lamulo lomwe limagwira ntchito pa mlandu wodutsa malire.
• Timalangiza woyang'anira nyumba kuti azisonkhanitsa ndalama zomwe sizinalipidwe, kuphatikizapo indexation yosalipidwa.

Chidule

• Makolo onse awiri ayenera kulipira ndalama zothandizira mwana mpaka mwanayo atakwanitsa zaka 21, kaya anali okwatirana kapena ayi.
• Kusamalira banja kumachitika pokhapokha mutakwatirana kapena mutalembetsa mgwirizano ndipo zimadalira zosowa ndi kuthekera kolipira.
• Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2020, kusamalira banja nthawi zambiri kumatenga theka la nthawi ya ukwati, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatenga zaka zisanu, kutengera zina.
• Ndalama zimalembedwa pa 1 Januwale iliyonse, ndipo kusintha kwa zinthu kungapangitse kuti ndalama zatsopano zipezeke mwa mgwirizano kapena khoti.
• Ngati malipiro asiya, bailiff kapena LBIO akhoza kubweza ndalama zomwe zatsala.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI