Zogwiritsira ntchito polimbana ndi ndalama komanso njira zopezera ndalama zachigawenga ku The Netherlands ndi ku Ukraine
Introduction
Mu dziko lathu lomwe likusintha mwachangu pa digito, zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kutsuka ndalama ndi ndalama za zigawenga zikuchulukirachulukira. Kwa mabungwe ndikofunikira kudziwa zoopsa izi. Mabungwe ayenera kukhala olondola kwambiri potsatira malamulo. Ku Netherlands, izi zikugwira ntchito makamaka ku mabungwe omwe ali ndi maudindo omwe amachokera ku Lamulo la Dutch loletsa kutsuka ndalama ndi ndalama za zigawenga (Wwft).
Maudindowa amaikidwa kuti athe kuzindikira ndi kuthana ndi kubetcha kwa ndalama komanso kuthandizira zigawenga. Kuti mumve zambiri pazaudindo zomwe zimachokera ku lamuloli, tikulozera ku nkhani yathu yapitayi 'Kutsata gawo lazamalamulo la Dutch'. Ngati mabungwe azachuma satsatira izi, izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa. Umboni wa izi ukuwonetsedwa mu chigamulo chaposachedwapa cha Dutch Commission for Appeal for business and industry (17 January 2018, ECLI:NL:CBB:2018: 6).
Chiweruzo cha Dutch Commission for Appeal for bizinesi ndi mafakitale
Mlanduwu ndi wokhudza kampani yodalirika yomwe imapereka chithandizo kwa anthu achilengedwe komanso mabungwe azovomerezeka. Kampani yodalirika idapereka ntchito zake kwa munthu wachilengedwe yemwe anali ndi malo ku Ukraine (munthu A). Malowa anali ofunika USD 10,000,000. Munthu A adapereka ziphaso za malo ogulitsa nyumba ku bungwe lovomerezeka (bungwe B). Magawo a bungwe B anali ndi omwe adasankhidwa kukhala nzika zaku Ukraine (munthu C). Chifukwa chake, munthu C ndiye anali mwini wake wopindula kwambiri ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba. Panthawi ina, munthu C adasamutsa magawo ake kwa munthu wina (munthu D).
Munthu C sanalandire kalikonse pobwezera magawowa, adasinthidwa kukhala munthu D kwaulere. Munthu A adadziwitsa kampani yodalirika za kusamutsidwa kwa magawo ndipo kampani ya trust idasankha munthu D kukhala mwiniwake watsopano wopindula ndi malowo. Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, kampani yodalirika inauza Dutch Financial Investigation Unit za zochitika zingapo, kuphatikizapo kusamutsidwa kwa magawo omwe tawatchula kale. Apa m’pamene mavuto anayamba. Pambuyo podziwitsidwa za kusamutsidwa kwa magawo kuchokera kwa munthu C kupita kwa munthu D, Dutch National Bank inapereka chindapusa cha EUR 40,000 pakampani yodalirika. Chifukwa chake chinali kulephera kutsatira Wwft.
Malingana ndi Dutch National Bank, kampani yodalirika iyenera kukayikira kuti kusamutsidwa kwa magawo kungakhale kokhudzana ndi ndalama zowonongeka kapena ndalama zauchigawenga, popeza magawowa adasamutsidwa kwaulere pamene malo ogulitsa nyumba anali ofunika ndalama zambiri. Chifukwa chake, kampani yodalirika iyenera kuti idanenanso za izi mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi, zomwe zimachokera ku Wwft. Mlanduwu nthawi zambiri amalangidwa ndi chindapusa cha EUR 500,000. Komabe, Dutch National Bank yawongolera chindapusachi kufika pa EUR 40,000 chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa cholakwacho komanso mbiri ya kampani yodalirika.
Kampani ya trust idatengera mlanduwu kukhoti chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti chindapusacho chidaperekedwa mosaloledwa. Kampani ya trust idanena kuti kugulitsako sikunali kochita monga momwe tafotokozera mu Wwft, popeza kugulitsako sikunali kochita m'malo mwa munthu A. Komabe, Commission ikuganiza mosiyana. Mapangidwe pakati pa munthu A, bungwe B ndi munthu C adamangidwa kuti apewe kusonkhetsa misonkho kuchokera ku boma la Ukraine. Munthu A adathandizira kwambiri pomanga izi.
Komanso, mwiniwake wopindulitsa kwambiri wa malowo anasintha ndi kusamutsa magawo kuchokera kwa munthu C kupita kwa munthu D. Izi zinakhudzanso kusintha kwa malo a munthu A, popeza munthu A sakhalanso ndi malo enieni a munthu C koma munthu D. Munthu A adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malondawo ndipo chifukwa chake malondawo anali m'malo mwa munthu A. Popeza munthu A ndi kasitomala wa kampani yodalirika ayenera kulengeza kampani yodalirika, kampani yodalirika. Kuphatikiza apo, Commission idati kusamutsidwa kwa magawowa ndizochitika zachilendo.
Izi zili mukuti magawowa adasamutsidwa kwaulere, pomwe mtengo wanyumbayo umayimira USD 10,000,000. Komanso, mtengo wa nyumbayo unali wodabwitsa kwambiri pamodzi ndi katundu wina wa munthu C. Pomaliza, mmodzi wa otsogolera ofesi ya trust adanena kuti ntchitoyo inali 'yachilendo kwambiri', yomwe imavomereza zachilendo za malondawo. Chifukwa chake ntchitoyo imayamba kukayikira za kuba ndalama kapena ndalama zauchigawenga ndipo zikanayenera kunenedwa mosazengereza. Choncho chindapusacho chinaperekedwa mwalamulo.
Chiweruzo chonse chikupezeka kudzera pa ulalowu.
Njira zotsutsana ndi ndalama komanso zotsutsana ndi zigawenga ku Ukraine
Mlandu womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa ukuwonetsa kuti kampani yaku Dutch trust ikhoza kulipitsidwa chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika ku Ukraine. Lamulo lachi Dutch lingagwiritsenso ntchito ku mabungwe omwe amagwira ntchito m'mayiko ena, malinga ngati pali chiyanjano ndi Netherlands. Dziko la Netherlands lachitapo kanthu kuti lizindikire ndi kuthana ndi kubera kwa ndalama komanso kuthandizira zigawenga. Kwa mabungwe aku Ukraine omwe akufuna kugwira ntchito mkati mwa Netherlands kapena kwa amalonda aku Ukraine omwe akufuna kuyambitsa bizinesi ku Netherlands, kutsatira malamulo achi Dutch kungakhale kovuta.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti dziko la Ukraine lili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zothanirana ndi kubera ndalama komanso kupereka ndalama zauchigawenga ndipo silinagwiritsebe ntchito njira zokulirapo ngati Netherlands. Komabe, kuthana ndi kuwononga ndalama ndi ndalama zauchigawenga kwakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri ku Ukraine. Idakhalanso mutu weniweni, kotero kuti Council of Europe idaganiza zoyambitsa kafukufuku wokhudza kubera ndalama komanso ndalama zachigawenga ku Ukraine.
Mu 2017, Council of Europe yachita kafukufuku wotsutsana ndi ndalama zowononga ndalama komanso njira zothandizira zigawenga ku Ukraine. Kafukufukuyu wachitidwa ndi komiti yosankhidwa mwapadera, yomwe ndi Komiti ya Akatswiri pa Kuwunika Njira Zotsutsana ndi Kuwononga Ndalama ndi Kupereka Ndalama Zachigawenga (MONEYVAL). Komitiyi idapereka lipoti la zomwe idapeza mu Disembala 2017.
Lipotili likupereka chidule cha njira zolimbana ndi kuba ndalama ndi zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika ku Ukraine. Imasanthula kuchuluka kwa kutsatira malangizo a Financial Action Task Force 40 komanso kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a njira yolimbana ndi kuwononga ndalama ku Ukraine komanso njira yothanirana ndi zigawenga. Lipotilo limaperekanso malingaliro a momwe dongosololi lingalimbikitsire.
Zotsatira zazikulu pakufufuza
Komiti yafotokoza zofunikira zingapo zomwe zafufuzidwa, zomwe zafotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa:
- Ziphuphu zimabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu pankhani yazachinyengo ku Ukraine. Ziphuphu zimabweretsa zochuluka zachiwawa ndipo zimawononga magwiridwe antchito aboma ndi mabungwe azamalamulo. Akuluakulu akudziwa mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha ziphuphu ndipo akukhazikitsa njira zochepetsera ngozizi. Komabe, kukhazikitsa malamulo pazolimbana ndi katangale pakangoyamba kumene.
- Ukraine imamvetsetsa bwino za kuwononga ndalama komanso kuwononga ndalama zauchigawenga. Komabe, kumvetsetsa zoopsa izi kumatha kulimbikitsidwa m'malo ena, monga kuwoloka malire, omwe siopanga phindu komanso anthu alamulo. Ukraine yafalitsa njira yolumikizira mayiko ndi kupanga mfundo kuti athane ndi zoopsazi, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Kuchita bizinesi zongopeka, chuma chamithunzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zikuyenerabe kuthana nazo, chifukwa zimabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu chobera ndalama.
- Chiyukireniya Finance Intelligence Unit (UFIU) imapanga nzeru zandalama zapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zimayambitsa kafukufuku. Oyang'anira zamalamulo amafunanso nzeru kuchokera ku UFIU kuti athandizire pakuwunika kwawo. Komabe, IT system ya UFIU ikutha ntchito ndipo magwiridwe antchito satha kuthana ndi ntchito yayikulu. Komabe, Ukraine yachitapo kanthu kuti zikwaniritse malipoti.
- Kubera ndalama ku Ukraine kumawonekerabe ngati njira yowonjezera milandu ina. Amaganiziridwa kuti kubedwa ndalama kumatha kupita nawo ku khothi ataweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Zilango zakubera ndalama ndizocheperanso poyerekeza ndi zolakwa zomwe zimachitika. Akuluakulu aku Ukraine ayamba kuchitapo kanthu kuti alande ndalama zina. Komabe, izi sizikuwoneka kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse.
- Kuyambira 2014 Ukraine yakhala ikuganizira za zotsatira za uchigawenga wapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zidachitika makamaka chifukwa choopsezedwa ndi Islamic State (IS). Kafukufuku wazachuma amachitika mofanana ndi kafukufuku aliyense wokhudzana ndi uchigawenga. Ngakhale mbali zina zadongosolo lothandiza zikuwonetsedwa, dongosolo lazamalamulo silikugwirizana kwathunthu ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.
- Banki Yadziko Lonse ku Ukraine (NBU) imamvetsetsa bwino za zoopsa ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito njira zowopsa zowayang'anira mabanki. Kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwachitika pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso kuchotsa zigawenga m'manja mwa mabanki. NBU yagwiritsira ntchito zilango zosiyanasiyana kumabanki. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zodzitetezera. Komabe, olamulira ena amafuna kusintha kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito zawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera.
- Mabungwe ambiri azinsinsi ku Ukraine amadalira pa Unified State Register kuti atsimikizire kukhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi kasitomala wawo. Komabe, Wolembetsa samawonetsetsa kuti zomwe amapatsidwa ndi anthu alamulo ndizolondola kapena zapano. Izi zimaonedwa ngati nkhani yakuthupi.
- Ukraine yakhala ikuchita zambiri popereka ndi kufunafuna kuthandizana mwalamulo. Komabe, zinthu monga ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa zimakhudza mphamvu zothandizirana mwalamulo. Mphamvu yaku Ukraine yothandizira imasokonezedwanso chifukwa chakuwonekera pang'ono kwa anthu ovomerezeka.
Mapeto a lipotilo
Kutengera ndi lipotilo, titha kudziwa kuti Ukraine ikukumana ndi zoopsa zowononga ndalama. Ziphuphu ndi zochitika zachuma zosaloledwa ndizowopseza ndalama zambiri. Kuyenda kwa ndalama ku Ukraine ndikokwera ndipo kumawonjezera chuma cha mthunzi ku Ukraine. Chuma chamthunzi ichi chimawopseza kwambiri dongosolo lazachuma komanso chitetezo chachuma mdzikolo. Ponena za chiwopsezo cha ndalama zauchigawenga, Ukraine imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dziko loyenda kwa iwo omwe akufuna kulowa nawo omenyera nkhondo ku IS. Gawo lopanda phindu limakhala pachiwopsezo chazandalama. Gawoli lagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika popereka ndalama kwa zigawenga komanso mabungwe azigawenga.
Komabe, Ukraine yatengapo gawo pothana ndi kubedwa ndalama komanso ndalama zauchigawenga. Lamulo latsopanoli lotsutsa ndalama / ndalama zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga lidakhazikitsidwa mu 2014. Lamuloli limafuna kuti olamulira azitha kuwunika zoopsa kuti athe kuzindikira zoopsa ndikufotokozera njira zopewera kapena kuchepetsa zoopsazi. Zosintha zidachitikanso mu Code of Criminal Procedure ndi Criminal Code. Kuphatikiza apo, akuluakulu aku Ukraine amamvetsetsa zowopsa zake ndipo amagwira ntchito yolumikizana kunyumba kuti athane ndi kubedwa kwa ndalama komanso ndalama zauchigawenga.
Dziko la Ukraine lachita kale zinthu zazikulu pofuna kuthana ndi kubetcha kwa ndalama komanso kuthandizira zigawenga. Komabe, pali mpata woti tiwongolere. Zolakwika zina ndi zokayikitsa zikadalibe mumayendedwe aukadaulo aku Ukraine. Ndondomekoyi iyeneranso kubweretsedwa mogwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kuphatikiza apo, kubera ndalama kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati mlandu wina, osati kungowonjezera ntchito yaupandu. Izi zipangitsa kuti anthu aziyimbidwa milandu komanso kutsutsidwa. Kufufuza kwachuma kuyenera kuchitidwa nthawi zonse ndipo kusanthula ndi kulemba zolemba zachinyengo za ndalama ndi ziwopsezo zopezera ndalama zauchigawenga ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa. Zochita izi zimawonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri ku Ukraine pankhani yowononga ndalama komanso kuthandizira zigawenga.
Ripoti lonse likupezeka kudzera pa ulalowu.
Kutsiliza
Kubera ndalama ndi zigawenga zikupereka chiopsezo chachikulu kwa anthu athu. Chifukwa chake, mitu imeneyi imayankhidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Dziko la Netherlands layamba kale kuchitapo kanthu kuti lizindikire ndi kuthana ndi kubera kwa ndalama komanso kuthandizira zigawenga. Njirazi sizofunikira kokha kwa mabungwe achi Dutch, komanso zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumakampani omwe ali ndi ntchito zodutsa malire. Wwft imagwira ntchito ngati pali ulalo wopita ku Netherlands, monga zikuwonekera pachigamulo chomwe tatchula pamwambapa.
Kwa mabungwe omwe amagwera pansi pa Wwft, ndikofunikira kudziwa omwe makasitomala awo ali, kuti atsatire malamulo achi Dutch. Udindowu ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito ku mabungwe aku Ukraine. Izi zitha kukhala zovuta, chifukwa dziko la Ukraine silinakhazikitsebe njira zothana ndi zigawenga zotsutsana ndi zigawenga monga momwe Netherlands idachitira.
Komabe, lipoti la MONEYVAL likuwonetsa kuti dziko la Ukraine likuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuthana ndi kuwononga ndalama ndi zigawenga. Ukraine ili ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo pakuwononga ndalama komanso ngozi zazachigawenga, zomwe ndi gawo loyamba lofunikira. Komabe, dongosolo lazamalamulo likadali ndi zolakwika ndi zosatsimikizika zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri ku Ukraine komanso chuma chambiri chotsatira chikuwopseza kwambiri anthu aku Ukraine.
Dziko la Ukraine lasungitsa patsogolo ndondomeko yake yolimbana ndi kuba ndalama ndi zigawenga, koma pali malo oti asinthe. Malamulo a Netherlands ndi Ukraine akuyandikirana pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zidzapangitsa kuti maphwando a Dutch ndi Ukraine agwirizane. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, ndikofunika kuti maphwando otere adziwe za malamulo a Dutch ndi Ukraine ndi zenizeni, kuti agwirizane ndi zotsutsana ndi ndalama zowononga ndalama komanso zotsutsana ndi zigawenga.
