Masheya angakhale amtengo wapatali, koma sangangothetsedwa: kumbuyo kwa gawo lililonse kuli kampani yokhala ndi zolemba zake, kaundula wa eni masheya ndi ena omwe ali ndi masheya. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza magawo ndi chida champhamvu koma chosavuta. Mu blog iyi mudzawerenga momwe imagwirira ntchito, kuyambira pakuyimitsa chiwongola dzanja mpaka kugulitsa, komanso komwe kuli malire akuthwa.
Zokometsera ziwiri: kuzizira kapena kusonkhanitsa
Kuyika magawo m'magawo kumabwera m'njira ziwiri zomwe zimasokoneza mosavuta. Kuyika magawo m'magawo (conservatoir beslag) ndi kuyimitsa magawo asanayambe chigamulo. Kumaonetsetsa kuti wogawana magawo sangagulitse kapena kulonjeza magawo mwachangu kuti alepheretse kubweza. Kuyika magawo m'magawo (executorial beslag) kumapita patsogolo kwambiri: ndiko kusonkhanitsa, kuthetsa magawo enieni pogwiritsa ntchito udindo wa khothi.
Kawirikawiri mlandu umayamba ndi kuikidwa pasadakhale, kuti pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa mlandu wopambana, usinthe kukhala kukakamiza. Chifukwa chake, kuzizira ndi kusonkhanitsa ndi magawo awiri a njira yomweyo.
Momwe chomangiracho chimaperekedwera
Pa magawo olembetsedwa, omwe ndi ofala kwambiri ndi BV (kampani yachinsinsi) ndi ma NV ambiri (makampani ocheperako a boma), chomangiracho sichimayendetsedwa ndi mwiniwake wa magawo okha koma kudzera mwa kampaniyo. Woyang'anira mabizinesi amalipira chomangiracho mwa kulemba ndi chidziwitso cha kulanda kwa kampaniyo, pambuyo pake chidziwitso chimayikidwa nthawi yomweyo mu kaundula wa eni masheya, chosainidwa m'malo mwa kampaniyo komanso ndi woyang'anira mabizinesi (Article 474c ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure, Rv). Kampaniyo ikuyenera kugwirizana pa izi.
Pa nkhani yokhudza chigamulo chomaliza, chilolezo choyambirira chikufunika kuchokera kwa woweruza wothandiza; chilolezocho chimatenga malo a udindo wokakamizidwa (Article 715 Rv pamodzi ndi Article 474c Rv). Chilolezocho chimabwera ndi nthawi yomaliza yomwe mlandu wa milandu uyenera kuyambitsidwa. Nthawi yomalizayo imayikidwa mu tchuthi ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa. Ngati sichinaperekedwe, chilolezocho chimatha chifukwa cha ntchito ya lamulo. Ndi vuto lakale: chilolezo choyenera chomwe chimalephera chifukwa milandu yayikulu imayamba mochedwa kwambiri.
Ngati pali zitetezo zomwe zalembedwa kapena zolembedwa m'mabuku, udindo wake ndi wosiyana. Chomangiracho sichimaperekedwa ku kampani, koma pansi pa banki kapena bungwe la zitetezo lomwe lili ndi zidazo, kutengera Securities Giro Act (Wet giraal effektenverkeer). Kugulitsa zitetezo zotere kumapangitsanso kuti kugulitsa kukhale kosavuta.
Nthawi yofunika kwambiri: kuyambira pa chiweruzo mpaka pa nthawi yoweruza milandu
Ngati wobwereketsa apambana milandu yayikulu, safunika kulipira ndalama zina. Akakhala ndi udindo woti ugwiritsidwe ntchito ndipo waperekedwa kwa munthu amene akugwiridwa, ndalama zomwe zagwiridwazo zimasanduka ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi lamulo (Article 704 Rv). Pankhani ya ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi munthu wina, ndalamazo ziyeneranso kuperekedwa kwa munthu winayo. Choncho, kupereka chigamulo ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri: pokhapokha ngati kugulitsa kupitirira pamenepo.
Chifukwa chiyani simungagulitse magawo okha
Apa ndi pomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa. Wobwereketsa sangaike magawo omwe ali pamsika yekha. Kugulitsa kumachitika motsogozedwa ndi khothi. Wobwereketsa ayenera, mkati mwa mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene chikalata chogwirizanitsa chikaperekedwa, kupempha khothi kuti lidziwe nthawi yomwe kugulitsa ndi kusamutsa kungapitirire, komanso ngati chogwirizanitsacho chatha (Article 474g Rv). Chifukwa chake si woweruza woyambirira koma khothi la komwe kampaniyo idakhazikitsidwa lomwe limasankha izi, ndipo nthawi yomaliza ya mwezi umodzi ndi yovuta.
Khoti lisanagamule, limaitana anthu omwe akukhudzidwa kuti amvedwe: mkulu wa khoti, wobwereketsa, munthu amene akufunsidwa kuti apereke chigamulo, kampani, ndipo ngati pakufunika, anthu ena okhudzidwa. Kenako khoti limasankha njira ndi mikhalidwe yomwe magawo amagulitsidwira ndikuperekedwa. Pochita izi, lingasankhe kugulitsa kwa anthu onse kapena kwachinsinsi. Ndi magawo, kugulitsa kwachinsinsi nthawi zambiri kumakhala chisankho chanzeru, chifukwa kulibe msika waulere kwa iwo ndipo kugulitsa sikumapereka mtengo weniweni.
Maganizo olakwika ambiri amakhudza kutumiza. Pa kusamutsa magawo olembetsedwa mwachizolowezi, chikalata cha notarial chikufunika, koma pakukakamiza, njira yosiyana yotumizira imagwira ntchito (Article 474h Rv). Gawo lomwe lili m'nkhani zomwe zimanena za kutumiza ndi chikalata cha notarial likhoza kuchotsedwa, monga momwe zililinso ndi milandu yaposachedwa (ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2025:4722). Chifukwa chake sichoncho kuti chikalata china cha notarial chikhale chofunikira nthawi zonse; kukakamiza kumakhala ndi njira yakeyake. Kampaniyo pambuyo pake imalembetsa wogula, yemwe amapeza magawowo popanda chomangira.
Dongosolo loletsa: mfundo yofunika kwambiri
Vuto lalikulu ndi magawo ndi dongosolo loletsa (blokkeringsregeling) lomwe limapezeka m'ma articles ambiri a mgwirizano. Dongosolo lotere limakakamiza wogawana magawo, mwachitsanzo, kuti choyamba apereke magawo ake kwa omwe ali nawo magawo, kapena kuti kusamutsa kumadalira kuvomerezedwa. Poyambira ndikuti zoletsa izi zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi zolemba zimatsatiridwa pakukakamiza (Article 474g ndime 4 Rv).
Kwa magawo a BV khoti lingapatuke pa izi, koma muyezo ndi wokhwima. Khotilo livomereza pempho loti lichotse mgwirizanowu, ngati kuli kofunikira pochotsa Article 474g ndime 4 Rv, pokhapokha ngati zofuna za wopemphayo zikufuna izi ndi zofuna za ena sizikuwonongeka mopitirira muyeso (Article 2:195 ndime 7 ya Dutch Civil Code, BW). Chifukwa chake sizongochitika zokha ndipo sizili ngati mwambo wamba.
Zotsatira zake zimadalira kwambiri mfundo zenizeni. Makonzedwewo satha kupewedwa mosavuta. Chifukwa chake khotilo linagamula kuti wolonjeza ayenera kuganizira kwambiri za kusamutsa magawo oletsedwa, ndipo kuti kungoti kutsatira makonzedwewo kumatenga nthawi komanso mtengo wake sikokwanira kuti kusinthe (ECLI:NL:RBGEL:2025:3204 ndi ECLI:NL:GHARL:2026:1605). Kumbali ina, makonzedwewo amachotsedwa pomwe sapereka chitetezo chenicheni, mwachitsanzo chifukwa wobwereketsa ndiye mwiniwake yekha ndipo palibe ena ogawana nawo omwe angawateteze (ECLI:NL:RBNHO:2024:10714), kapena pamene wobwereketsa ali ndi chiwongola dzanja chachikulu chobweza, zolinga zina zobweza sizikupezeka ndipo wobwereketsayo amakana kuwonekera kulikonse (ECLI:NL:GHMS:2026:16).
Choncho, mfundo yofanana ndi kuwunika kwa mlandu uliwonse, osati njira yokhazikika. Kuyesa kotsimikizika ndikofunikira kwambiri pano, koma chenjezo: palibe njira imodzi yoyesera yofanana, yovomerezeka padziko lonse. Malo oyambira ovomerezeka a kuyesa kwa magawo omwe sanatchulidwe amasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti kudziwa mtengo kukhale nkhani yotsutsana yokha.
Kodi wogawana nawo gawo angachite chiyani?
Munthu amene ali pansi pa mgwirizano sali wopanda mphamvu. Pa pempho loti agulitse, amamvedwa ndipo akhoza kudziteteza, osati kokha motsutsana ndi momwe agulitsidwira komanso milandu yoyenera. Apilo imatsegulidwa motsutsana ndi chisankhocho. Kuphatikiza apo, akhoza kuyambitsa mkangano wokhudza kukakamiza (Article 438 Rv), ngati kuli kofunikira, mwachidule pamaso pa woweruza woyambirira, yemwe angaimitse kukakamiza kapena kuchotsa kukakamiza. Mwachizolowezi, chitetezo chimachitika makamaka ngati chikukhudza mutuwo, kuphwanya nthawi yomaliza kapena momwe dongosolo loletsa limagwirira ntchito.
Kampaniyo yagwidwa pakati
Popeza kuti chomangiracho chimaperekedwa ku kampani, ndi cholumikizira chofunikira mu unyolo ndipo maudindo achangu amakhala pa icho. Iyenera kulemba nthawi yomweyo chomangiracho mu kaundula ndikupatsa mwayi wopeza wosunga ndalama (Article 474c Rv), mkati mwa masiku asanu ndi atatu kuwulula ufulu wakale womwe uli pa magawo (Article 474f Rv), ndikupereka chilengezo chokhudza kugawa ndi maubwino ena, omwe iyenera kupereka kwa wosunga ndalama akafuna (Article 716 Rv). Pomaliza, sizingathandize chilichonse chomwe chimagwira ntchito yovulaza wosunga ndalama.
Milandu yaposachedwa ikuwonetsa momwe izi zimafikira. Makhothi alamula makampani kuti agwirizane ndi njira yoyendetsera malamulo, kupereka deta yowunikira ndi kugulitsa, kugwirizana mosamala komanso kupereka maubwino, onse olimbikitsidwa ndi malipiro a chilango (ECLI:NL:GHMS:2026:16 ndi ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2025:5849). Kampani yomwe sigwirizana nayo imadzipangitsa kukhala chinthu chokakamizidwa ndipo imakhala ndi zoopsa zokhudzana ndi mlandu.
Chida chokhala ndi vuto
Kusunga magawo si njira yokakamiza munthu kuti achite zinthu zosafunikira. Aliyense amene atenga ndalama zomwe akufuna koma zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizoyenera kuchita zinthu mosaloledwa amachita zinthu mosaloledwa ndipo ali ndi mlandu wowononga katunduyo. Ndi magawo omwe angawonongeke kwambiri, ganizirani za malonda omwe agwa kapena mtengo wotsika wogulitsa. Wobwereketsa angapemphenso kuti ndalama zomwe akufuna kugula zichotsedwe (Article 705 Rv), mwachitsanzo chifukwa choti ndalamazo zikuwoneka kuti sizolondola kapena kuti ndalamazo sizofunikira, kapena popereka chitetezo cholowa m'malo mwake. Chifukwa chake, kuyika ndalama zomwe akufuna kugula kumafuna kuganizira mosamala pasadakhale.
Pomaliza
Kuyika magawo m'magawo ndi kothandiza, koma kumafuna kulondola. Kumbukirani nthawi yomaliza yofunikira ya mwezi umodzi yopempha kugulitsa, njira yapadera yoperekera katundu, komanso muyezo wokhwima, wotsatira malamulo oletsa kuletsa. Nthawi yomaliza yomwe yasiyidwa kapena gawo lomwe lanyalanyazidwa m'nkhanizi likhoza kuwononga njira yonse. Aliyense amene akuganiza zoyika ndalama m'magawo, kapena amene akukumana ndi vutolo, angachite bwino kufunsa upangiri wabwino pasadakhale.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kuweruza koyambirira ndi kuyika magawo mu executory?
Kukhazikitsa magawo pasadakhale kumayimitsa magawo asanayambe chigamulo, kotero kuti mwiniwake wa magawo sangathe kuwachotsa. Kukhazikitsa magawo pasadakhale kumatanthauza kuthetsa magawowo potengera udindo. Mwachidule, kukhazikitsa magawo pasadakhale, pambuyo pa mlandu wopambana, kumasintha mwalamulo kukhala gawo lokhazikitsa.
Kodi kuyika magawo olembetsedwa kumalipidwa bwanji?
Osati ndi mwini masheya, koma kudzera mu kampani. Woyang'anira milandu amapereka chikalata pa kampaniyo, chomwe nthawi yomweyo chimalemba zomwe zalembedwa mu kaundula wa eni masheya (Article 474c Rv). Kuti mulandire chigamulo, pamafunika chilolezo chochokera kwa woweruza milandu.
Kodi wobwereketsayo angagulitse magawo olumikizidwa yekha?
Ayi. Kugulitsaku kumachitika motsogozedwa ndi khothi. Khothi likapempha, limasankha ngati, momwe magawowo adzagulitsidwire ndikuperekedwa, komanso mkati mwa nthawi yomwe magawowo adzagulitsidwe ndikuperekedwa, pambuyo poti lamva zomwe zikugwirizana (Article 474g Rv).
Kodi kugulitsa kuyenera kupemphedwa pa nthawi yomaliza iti?
Mkati mwa mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene chikalata chotsimikizira kuti katundu wagulitsidwa, wobwereketsa ayenera kupempha khothi kuti lidziwe ngati katunduyo wagulitsidwa, ngati mtengo wake watha. Nthawi yomaliza imeneyo ndi yovuta ndipo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu malinga ndi milandu.
Kodi dongosolo loletsa limagwiranso ntchito pa kugulitsa kwa executory?
Kwenikweni inde: zoletsa kusamutsa zomwe zili m'nkhanizi zimatsatiridwa pakukakamiza. Khothi likhoza kuzipatula pa magawo a BV, koma pokhapokha ngati zofuna za wopemphayo zikufuna izi komanso zofuna za ena sizikuwonongeka mopitirira muyeso (Nkhani 2:195 ndime 7 BW). Kaya zimenezo zikuyenda bwino zimadalira kwambiri pazochitika zinazake.
Kodi notary nthawi zonse amafunika popereka katundu?
Inde, pa kusamutsa wamba, koma pakukakamiza, njira yosiyana yoperekera katundu imagwiritsidwa ntchito (Article 474h Rv). Chofunika muzinthu zotumizira katundu ndi chikalata cha notarial chingathe kuchotsedwanso pa malonda a executory. Chifukwa chake, chikalata cha notarial chosiyana sichimafunikira nthawi zonse.
Kodi monga shareholder ndingachite chiyani motsutsana ndi kuchotsedwa kapena kugulitsa?
Mumamvedwa muzochitika zogulitsa ndipo mutha kupereka chitetezo pamenepo, kuphatikizapo kutsutsana ndi kukhalapo kwa umwini. Apilo imatsegulidwa motsutsana ndi chisankhocho, ndipo mutha kuyambitsa mkangano wokhudza kukakamiza (Article 438 Rv), ngati kuli kofunikira muzochitika mwachidule ndi pempho loti muyimitsidwe kapena kuchotsedwa.
Kodi ndili pachiwopsezo ngati wobwereketsa wogwirizana?
Inde. Ngati zomwe zanenedwazo zikupezeka kuti sizolondola, kuyikapo ndalamazo sikuloledwa ndipo muli ndi mlandu wowononga. Ndi magawo, kuwonongeka kumeneku kungakhale kwakukulu, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu malonda omwe agwa kapena mtengo wotsika wogulitsa.
