Nkhondo ya mafomu pansi pa lamulo la Dutch: ndi mawu ati omwe amapambana?

Pankhondo ya mitundu yozikidwa pa malamulo aku Dutch, nthawi zambiri malamulo oyamba amapambana. Chosiyana kwambiri ndichakuti chipani chachiwiri chingasinthe malamulowo mwa kuwakana momveka bwino, ndipo pogulitsa katundu padziko lonse lapansi, Msonkhano Wogulitsa wa Vienna (CISG) ungapangitse kuti pakhale zotsatira zosiyana.

Lamuloli lili mu nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 ya Dutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW). Pamene chopereka ndi kuvomereza zimatanthauza mawu ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, kutchulidwa kwachiwiri sikukhudza pokhapokha ngati kukananso momveka bwino mawu omwe atchulidwa koyamba. Chifukwa chake, dziko la Netherlands limagwiritsa ntchito lamulo loyamba. Siligwiritsa ntchito lamulo lomaliza lodziwika kuchokera ku machitidwe a Chingerezi ndi aku America, ndipo siligwiritsa ntchito lamulo loletsa kugonja.

Lamulo limenelo limathetsa mikangano yambiri yokhudza kusindikiza pang'ono pakati pa mabizinesi. Komabe, ndi vuto loyamba mwa mavuto atatuwa. Malamulo anu ayeneranso kuti aperekedwa pa nthawi yake, ndipo muyenera kukhala gulu lomwe lingadalire malamulo okhazikitsa kampani.

Kodi nkhondo ya mitundu ndi chiyani?

Mkangano wa mitundu umayamba pamene mbali zonse ziwiri zikufuna kuchita bizinesi pazifukwa zawozawo. Mgwirizano wamalonda ndi womveka bwino; funso ndi lakuti ndi ziganizo ziti zomwe zimalamulira mgwirizanowu.

Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino: wogulitsa amatumiza mtengo wonena za malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zake (algemene voorwaarden). Wogula amayankha ndi lamulo logulira lomwe likunena za malamulo ake. Zikalata zonse ziwiri zimafotokoza zomwezo, koma zimagawa chiopsezo mosiyana. Kusiyana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhudza malire a udindo, nthawi ya chitsimikizo, kusunga umwini, malamulo olipira, zilango, malamulo ogwira ntchito komanso khoti loyenerera.

Kusinthana kumeneku n'kofunika chifukwa chikalata chilichonse ndi chopereka kapena kuvomereza malinga ndi tanthauzo la nkhani 6:217 BW. Pansi pa nkhani 6:225 ndime 1 BW, kuvomereza komwe kumasiyana ndi choperekacho kumawerengedwa ngati kukana chopereka chimenecho komanso ngati chopereka chatsopano. Ngati kupotokako kukukhudza mfundo zazing'ono zokha, nkhani 6:225 ndime 2 BW ikunena kuti panganoli likadali lomalizidwa malinga ndi zomwe zavomerezedwa, pokhapokha woperekayo akatsutsa kusiyanako nthawi yomweyo. Ndime 3 kenako imawonjezera lamulo lenileni la magulu opikisana a mawu wamba.

Palibe nkhondo pamene magulu akambirana pangano lina lopangidwa mwapadera, kapena pamene gulu lina lisayina malamulo a gulu lina popanda kusungitsa. Mapangano ndi ogula nawonso amagwira ntchito mosiyana, chifukwa chitetezo china chofunikira chimagwira ntchito kwa iwo.

Ndi mawu ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW?

Mawu omwe atchulidwa poyamba amagwira ntchito, pokhapokha ngati winayo awakana mwachindunji. Lamuloli ndi losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo ndi lomwe limapangitsa kuti likhale lothandiza.

Ngati wogulitsa atchula mawu ake mu mtengo ndipo wogula atchula mawu ake okha mu dongosolo, mawu a wogula sagwira ntchito. Mawu a wogulitsa amagwira ntchito. Wogula angasinthe zotsatira zake pokhapokha akakana mawu a wogulitsa. Mu Chidatchi izi zimachitika ndi chiganizo chokhazikika chomwe chimanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chipani china kumakanidwa mwachindunji (uitdrukkelijk van de hand gewezen).

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati wogula akana malamulo a wogulitsa?

Kenako oda ya wogula imakhala oda yatsopano yeniyeni, ndipo wogulitsayo ayenera kusankha ngati ailandira. Udindo umasintha, koma susintha wokha.

Wogulitsa katundu amene amapereka popanda ndemanga akhoza kuonedwa kuti wavomereza zomwe wogula akufuna. Yankho lothandiza ndi kukana kukana komwe kwachitika mu chitsimikizo cha oda, ndikupitirizabe kuchita zimenezo mpaka mfundoyo itatsimikizika.

Nanga bwanji ngati magulu onse awiriwa ali ndi gawo lokana?

Kenako zotsatira zake sizikudziwika. Khotilo likuyang'ana pa kusinthana konse ndi zomwe maguluwo adachita pambuyo pake. Lingaganize kuti gulu limodzi linavomerezedwa ndi machitidwe, kapena kuti palibe gulu lomwe likugwira ntchito. Ngati palibe gulu lililonse lomwe likugwira ntchito, malamulo onse a Civil Code amalamulira mgwirizano. Pa zoopsa zambiri zamalonda malamulo amenewo sali abwino kwa wogulitsa kuposa momwe malamulo ake angakhalire.

Maphunziro awiri amatsatira pa zikalata zanu. Choyamba, ikani mawu ofotokozera mawu anu mu chikalata chanu choyamba, osati mu invoice. Chachiwiri, phatikizani chiganizo chomwe chimakana mawu a chipani china pasadakhale. Chiganizo chotere sichimawononga ndalama ndipo, potengera nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW, ndi chimodzi mwa ziganizo zothandiza kwambiri mu mapepala anu.

Kodi mumayika bwanji malamulo anu? (nkhani 6:233 ndi 6:234 BW)

Muyenera kupatsa mbali ina mwayi wokwanira wowerenga zomwe mwalemba, makamaka popereka mgwirizano usanathe kapena pamene watha. Ngati simutero, mbali ina ikhoza kuthetsa zomwe mwalembazo, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zomwe mwalembazo zinali zoyambirira.

Nkhani 6:232 BW ikutsimikizira kuti chipani chimamangidwa ndi mawu onse ngakhale sichikudziwa zomwe zili mkati mwake. Komabe, Nkhani 6:233 BW imalola chipani chimenecho kuthetsa chiganizo pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba ndi chakuti chiganizocho ndi chovuta kwambiri, poganizira zonse zomwe zikuchitika. Chachiwiri ndi chakuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo sanapatse chipani china mwayi wokwanira woganizira mawuwo.

Kodi n’chiyani chimaonedwa ngati mwayi woyenera?

Nkhani 6:234 BW ikufotokoza izi. Njira yaikulu ndiyo kupereka malamulowo musanayambe kapena mutangomaliza mgwirizano. Pokhapokha ngati sizingatheke, mungauze munthu winayo, musanayambe mgwirizanowo, kuti malamulowo alipo kuti ayang'aniridwe kapena asungidwa ku Chamber of Commerce kapena ku registry ya khothi, ndipo adzatumizidwa ngati apempha.

Pa nkhani ya zamagetsi, nkhani 6:234 ndime 2 BW imafuna kuti mupereke malamulowo musanayambe kapena pomaliza m'njira yomwe imalola munthu winayo kuwasunga ndikuwafunsa pambuyo pake, mwachitsanzo ngati cholumikizira kapena fayilo yotsitsidwa. Ngati panganolo silinamalizidwe pakompyuta, njira yamagetsi iyi imafuna chilolezo cha munthu winayo pansi pa ndime 3. Ulalo womwe uli pansi pa imelo, kufotokozera tsamba lawebusayiti, kapena mawu osindikizidwa kumbuyo kwa invoice yotumizidwa mutatumiza nthawi zambiri amalephera mayesowa.

Kodi chilankhulo cha mawuwo chili ndi ntchito?

Inde, zingatheke. Mawu olembedwa m'Chidatchi chokha ndipo amaperekedwa kwa mnzake wakunja amene adakambirana za mgwirizanowu mu Chingerezi akhoza kutsutsidwa ngati sangatheke. Sungani mtundu womwe uli m'chilankhulo cha zokambiranazo.

Munthu amene amadalira malamulo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti aperekedwa pa nthawi yake. Choncho, chitetezo chanu ndi cholembedwa: mawu olembedwa ndi tsiku, zinthu zotumizidwa, malisiti otumizidwa, ndipo, pa intaneti, chikalata chosonyeza kuti kasitomala wavomereza malamulowo.

Ndani angadalire malamulo okhazikitsa kampani?

Si aliyense. Makampani akuluakulu ndi maphwando akunja kwa Netherlands nthawi zambiri sangagwiritse ntchito nkhani 6:233 ndi 6:234 BW, ndipo izi zimadabwitsa mabizinesi ambiri.

Kodi kampani yaikulu imatetezedwa?

Kawirikawiri sizili choncho. Malinga ndi nkhani 6:235 BW, chipani sichingagwiritse ntchito nkhani zimenezo ngati ndi bungwe lovomerezeka lomwe limafalitsa maakaunti ake apachaka motsatira malamulo a kampani yaku Dutch, kapena ngati limagwiritsa ntchito anthu makumi asanu kapena kuposerapo pamene pangano latha.

Kampani yayikulu yomwe idalandira mawu omwe sinawawerenge imakakamizidwa ndi mawuwo, ngakhale kuti anali osatheka kuwapeza. Mfundo yokhayo yotsala ndi yakuti gawo linalake silivomerezeka ndi miyezo yanzeru komanso chilungamo pansi pa nkhani 6:248 ndime 2 BW.

Nanga bwanji ngati chipani chinacho chili kunja kwa dziko?

Kenako gawo lonena za malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse silikugwira ntchito. Nkhani 6:247 ndime 2 BW imachotsa mapangano pakati pa magulu omwe akuchita bizinesi kapena ntchito zomwe zonse sizili zokhazikika ku Netherlands, kaya lamulo lililonse lilamulira mgwirizanowo.

Pakugulitsa pakati pa wogulitsa waku Netherlands ndi wogula waku Germany kapena waku Belgium, malamulo okhudzana ndi kuyika zinthu mu nkhani 6:233 ndi 6:234 BW amalephera, ngakhale lamulo la ku Netherlands litasankhidwa. Chotsala ndi nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW, kutanthauzira kwa mgwirizano wamba komanso muyezo wodziwika bwino komanso wolungama.

Kodi mndandanda wakuda ndi imvi umateteza mabizinesi?

Mwachidule, ayi. Mndandanda wakuda ndi imvi wa nkhani 6:236 ndi 6:237 BW umanena kuti zigawo zina ndi zovuta kwambiri, mwachindunji kapena mongoganizira, ndipo zimagwira ntchito kwa ogula. Makhothi amawapatsa mphamvu zina zongoganizira mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono okha omwe ali ndi udindo wofanana ndi wa ogula.

Kodi khoti la ku Netherlands limawerenga bwanji kusinthana zikalata?

Ngati nkhani yonseyi siikudziwika bwino, khoti limatanthauzira nkhani yonse. Limafunsa zomwe maguluwa angaganize kuchokera ku zomwe wina ndi mnzake akunena komanso zomwe akuchita, komanso zomwe angayembekezere kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake.

Nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW imangopereka yankho lomveka bwino pomwe ndondomekoyi ndi yomveka bwino. Muzochita, zikalata zimafanana, mawu amatchulidwa m'mauthenga ena koma osati m'mauthenga ena, ndipo maguluwo adagulitsana kale. Khothi limagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa Haviltex. Zinthu zinayi zimakhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu:

• Mawu a chikalata chilichonse, makamaka ngati chikunena za mawu wamba komanso ngati chikukana mwachindunji gulu lina.
• Khalidwe la magulu asanayambe, panthawi komanso pambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo ngati chitsutso chinaperekedwa komanso momwe chinachitikira mwachangu.
• Njira yogwirira ntchito pakati pa magulu omwewo: mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse komanso omwe sanakanganepo m'mapangano akale ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito kokhazikika mu malonda, komwe kungasonyeze mikhalidwe yonse ya gawo.

Ngati kusinthana sikuli kokwanira kwenikweni, khoti likhoza kunenabe kuti gawo linalake silikuvomerezeka malinga ndi zomwe zili mu nkhani 6:248 ndime 2 BW. Lingapezenso kuti palibe mgwirizano womwe unafikiridwa pa mfundo yomwe ikukangana. Malamulo osasinthika a Civil Code ndiye amadzaza kusiyana. Chiwopsezo cha ngongole chomwe chimatha mwanjira imeneyi chimapangitsa wogulitsayo kuvutika kwathunthu malinga ndi nkhani 6:74 BW. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zambiri zoti ataye chifukwa cha nkhondo yosathetsedwa kuposa ogula.

Kodi kusintha kotani pa malonda opitilira malire?

Malamulo atatu osiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa malonda omwewo apadziko lonse lapansi: Rome I, CISG ndi malamulo okhudza ulamuliro. Iliyonse imayankha funso losiyana, ndipo makamaka CISG ikhoza kuletsa lamulo la Dutch first shot.

Ndi lamulo liti lomwe limalamulira mgwirizanowu?

Izi zikutsatira lamulo la Rome I. Maguluwo angasankhe lamulo loyenera. Popanda kusankha, pangano logulitsa katundu limayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la dziko lomwe wogulitsa amakhala nthawi zonse.

Kusankha lamulo la ku Netherlands m'mawu anu onse kumathandiza pokhapokha ngati mawu amenewo aphatikizidwa, zomwe ndi zomwe zikukangana. Ikaninso kusankha lamulo m'thupi la pangano.

Kodi Msonkhano Wogulitsa wa ku Vienna ukugwira ntchito?

Kawirikawiri zimatero, zokha. Pangano la United Nations pa Mapangano Ogulitsa Katundu Padziko Lonse (CISG, mu Chidatchi la Weens Koopverdrag) limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zokha pakugulitsa katundu pakati pa magulu omwe akhazikitsidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Netherlands ndi imodzi mwa izo.

N'zosavuta kuiwala kuti kusankha malamulo aku Dutch kumaphatikizapo CISG, chifukwa Mgwirizanowu ndi gawo la malamulo aku Dutch. Kupatulapo kumafuna gawo lomveka bwino. Pansi pa nkhani 19 ya CISG, yankho lokhala ndi zowonjezera kapena zosintha zomwe zimasintha kwambiri zomwe zaperekedwazo ndi chopereka chotsutsana. Malamulo okhudza udindo, malipiro, mtundu, kuchuluka, kutumiza ndi kuthetsa mikangano amawerengedwa ngati zofunikira. Izi zikusonyeza zotsatira za kuwombera komaliza, ngakhale makhothi m'maiko angapo omwe agwirizana amagwiritsa ntchito njira yogoletsa, ndipo funsoli silinathetsedwe mofanana. Phunziro lothandiza: simungathe kuganiza kuti lamulo loyamba la kuwombera koyambirira la ku Dutch pakugulitsa katundu padziko lonse lapansi.

Ndi khoti liti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro?

Funso lachitatu komanso losiyana. Mu European Union, mgwirizano wosankha khothi umayendetsedwa ndi Brussels I bis Regulation ndipo uyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zake. Ngati gawoli ndi lovomerezeka, khothi losankhidwa lili ndi ulamuliro wokha ndipo makhothi ena ayenera kukana.

Pangano la chigamulo limagwiranso ntchito mosiyana. Limagwera kunja kwa Lamuloli ndipo limayesedwa motsatira lamulo la chigamulo la mpando. Gawo la mkangano lobisika m'mawu ambiri lomwe silinaphatikizidwepo silili lofunika. Bwerezani kusankha lamulo, malo olankhulirana ndi chilankhulo mu chikalata chosainidwa.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wogulitsa?

Mwa kukonza njira yanu yogulitsira, osati mwa kulemba mwanzeru. Popeza mawu oyamba ndi omwe amapambana, mfundo zanu ziyenera kutsagana ndi chikalata choyambirira, ndipo antchito anu ayenera kuzindikira pamene winayo akubwezera.

• Onetsani mawu anu onse mu mawu ofotokozera ndipo muwaphatikize, m'chinenero cha zokambirana, kuti mawu ofotokozera ndi lembalo zigwirizane.
• Phatikizanipo gawo lomwe limakana pasadakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mawu aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chipani china, ndikubwerezanso mu chitsimikizo cha dongosolo.
• Yang'anani maoda ogulira ndi zitsimikizo zomwe zikubwera kuti muwone ngati pali gawo lokana, ndipo yankhani polemba ntchito isanayambe. Chete pambuyo pa kutumiza ndiyo njira yakale yotaya udindo womwe mudapambana kale.
• Sungani zomwe mwagwirizana ku Chamber of Commerce kapena ku registry ya khothi ngati njira yobwezera, ndipo sungani zolemba zakale za mtundu uliwonse, kuti mutsimikizire zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene pangano lidasainidwa.
• Gwiritsani ntchito mgwirizano wosainidwa wa ubale wopitilira, ndipo tchulani mmenemo kuti umaposa mawu aliwonse omwe atchulidwa m'maoda osiyanasiyana.
• Pa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, tchulani lamulo losankhidwa, ngati CISG ikugwira ntchito, malo olankhulirana ndi chilankhulo chomwe chili mu chikalata chosainidwacho, osati m'mawu okha.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wogula?

Monga wogula mumakumana ndi lamulo lomwelo loyamba la nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW, nthawi zambiri kuchokera mbali inayo. Chongani:

• Kodi mtengo wa wogulitsayo unanena za mawu ake, ndipo kodi anaphatikizidwa kapena anangotchulidwa?
• Kodi oda yanu yogulira imakana momveka bwino mawu a wogulitsa, m'malo mongotchula anu okha?
• Kodi wogulitsayo anakananso zomwe munanena potsimikizira oda yake, ndipo kodi munayankha musanapereke?
• Kodi kampani yanu ili mkati mwa nkhani 6:235 BW (maakaunti apachaka ofalitsidwa kapena antchito makumi asanu kapena kuposerapo), kotero simungathe kuletsa zigawo chifukwa chosowa mwayi woziwerenga?
• Kodi CISG imagwira ntchito pogula katundu m'malire, ndipo kodi yachotsedwa?

Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani ngati mkangano wayamba kale?

Konzaninso fayiloyo musanayime: ikani zikalatazo motsatira nthawi yake ndipo lembani chilichonse ngati chikunena za mawu wamba ndipo chikukana gulu lina. Dongosolo ndi mawu a zikalatazo nthawi zambiri zimasankha mlanduwo, chifukwa nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW imatembenukira ku mndandanda ndi mawu m'malo mwa zomwe maguluwo ankakhulupirira.

Kenako yang'anani zoletsa ziwiri musanagwiritse ntchito malamulo okhudza kulembetsa. Kodi bungwe lanu limagwera pansi pa nkhani ya 6:235 BW chifukwa cha kukula kwake kapena maakaunti ake ofalitsidwa? Ndipo kodi magulu onse awiri akhazikitsidwa ku Netherlands chifukwa cha nkhani ya 6:247 BW?

Pambuyo pake ndi pamene pangakhale bwino kuyang'ana zigawo zenizeni, njira zothetsera mavuto zomwe zili mu nkhani 6:74 ndi 6:265 BW, komanso ngati thandizo la kanthawi kochepa mu ndondomeko yachidule (kort geding) likufunika kuti zinthu zipitirize kugwira ntchito pamene nkhaniyo ikuthetsedwa.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi nkhondo ya mitundu?

Maloya athu amakampani ndi amalonda amachita zinthu m'malo mwa ogulitsa ndi ogula asanayambe komanso panthawi ya mkangano:

• Timalemba kapena kuwunikanso mawu anu onse, kuphatikizapo gawo lokana ndi kusankha lamulo ndi malo olankhulirana.
• Timafufuza mtengo wanu, njira yanu yoyitanitsa ndi kutsimikizira zomwe mwalemba pa 6:225 ndi 6:234 BW.
• Timakonzanso kusinthana zikalata pamkangano ndikuwunika zomwe zikugwira ntchito.
• Tikuwona ngati CISG, Rome I ndi Brussels I asintha zotsatira zake pakugulitsa kwa mayiko ena.
• Timachita zochitika mwachidule (kort geding) kapena zochitika zazikulu, kapena chigamulo, pamene mkangano wafika kukhoti.

Chidule

• Malinga ndi nkhani 6:225 ndime 3 BW, mawu oyamba akugwiritsidwa ntchito, pokhapokha ngati chipani chachiwiricho chakana mwachindunji.
• Migwirizano yanu iyenera kuperekedwa, kapena kupezeka mu mawonekedwe osungira, pangano lisanathe kapena likamalizidwa (nkhani 6:233 ndi 6:234 BW).
• Makampani akuluakulu (nkhani 6:235 BW) ndi magulu omwe sanakhazikitsidwe ku Netherlands (nkhani 6:247 ndime 2 BW) sangadalire malamulo okhazikitsa makampani.
• Mu kugulitsa katundu padziko lonse lapansi, CISG ikhoza kubweretsa zotsatira zomaliza kapena zomaliza m'malo mwa lamulo la Dutch first shot.
• Ikani mawu ofotokozera zomwe mwalemba, gawo lokana, kusankha lamulo ndi malo olankhulirana mu chikalata chanu choyamba komanso mu pangano lililonse losainidwa.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI