Cryptocurrency: EU ndi Dutch Legal Aspects of Revolutionary Technology
Introduction
Kukula kwapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kutchuka kwakuchuluka kwa cryptocurrency kwadzetsa mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe zikuwongolera zachuma zatsopanozi. Ndalama zowona bwino ndi za digito ndipo zimakonzedwa kudzera pa intaneti yomwe imadziwika kuti blockchain, yomwe imayikidwa pa intaneti yomwe imasunga mbiri iliyonse yotetezedwa pamalo amodzi. Palibe amene amawongolera blockchain, chifukwa maunyolo awa amawongoleredwa pakompyuta iliyonse yomwe ili ndi chikwama cha Bitcoin. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe bungwe limodzi lomwe limayang'anira maukonde, zomwe zimatanthawuza kukhalapo kwa ngozi zambiri zachuma komanso zalamulo.
Oyambitsa a blockchain alandila Zopereka Zoyamba za Ndalama (ICOs) ngati njira yopezera ndalama zoyambirira. ICO ndi chopereka choti kampani igulitse zikwangwani zadijito kwa anthu kuti zithandizire pantchito ndikukwaniritsa zolinga zina. [1] Komanso ma ICO samayang'aniridwa ndi malamulo kapena mabungwe aboma. Kuperewera kwamalamulowa kwadzetsa nkhawa pazowopsa zomwe amalonda angachite. Zotsatira zake, kusakhazikika kwakhala vuto. Tsoka ilo, ngati wogulitsa ataya ndalama panthawiyi, alibe njira yokhazikitsira ndalama zomwe adataya.
Ndalama Zowoneka bwino ku European Level
Zowopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zenizeni zimakweza kufunikira kwa European Union ndi mabungwe ake kuti azilamulira. Komabe, malamulo pamayiko a European Union ndi ovuta, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo ka EU komanso kagwiritsidwe kake kosasintha pamagawo mamembala onse.
Ponena za ndalama zamakono sizikulamulidwa pamlingo wa EU ndipo sizoyang'aniridwa kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma lililonse la EU, ngakhale kuti kutenga nawo gawo pazinthu izi kumapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala ndi mbiri, ngongole, magwiridwe antchito komanso malamulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti oyang'anira mayiko akuyenera kuganizira ngati akufuna kuvomereza kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo okhazikika ndi kuwongolera ndalama.
Ndalama Zakunja ku Netherlands
Malinga ndi Dutch Financial Supervision Act (FSA) ndalama zamagetsi zimaimira ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa pakompyuta kapena maginito. Mtengo wa ndalama amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ndalama ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira zipani zina kuposa omwe adapereka ndalama zamagetsi. [2] Ndalama zenizeni sizingatanthauziridwe ngati ndalama zamagetsi, chifukwa sizomwe zimakwaniritsidwa pamalamulo. Ngati cryptocurrency sichingatanthauzidwe mwalamulo ngati ndalama kapena ndalama zamagetsi, titha kufotokozera chiyani? M'malingaliro a Dutch Financial Supervision Act cryptocurrency ndi njira yokhayo yosinthira. Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wochita malonda osinthanitsa, chifukwa chake chilolezo chokhala ndi layisensi sifunikira. Unduna wa Zachuma adati kuwunikiranso tanthauzo lamalamulo la ndalama zamagetsi sikadali kofunikirako, potengera kuchepa kwa bitcoin, kuvomereza kocheperako, komanso ubale wochepa pachuma chenicheni. Ananenanso kuti ogula ndi omwe ali ndiudindo womwe amawagwiritsa ntchito. [3]
Malinga ndi Khothi Lachigawo ku Dutch (Overijssel) ndi Unduna wa Zachuma ku Dutch ndalama zenizeni, monga Bitcoin, zili ndi mwayi wosinthana. [4] Pochita apilo Khothi ku Dutch lidaganiza kuti ma bitcoins amatha kukhala oyenerera ngati zinthu zogulitsidwa monga tafotokozera m'ndime 7:36 DCC. Khothi Lalikulu Lapilo ku Dutch lidatinso ma bitcoins sangakhale oyenerera kukhala ovomerezeka koma kungosinthana. Mosiyana ndi izi, Khothi Lachilungamo ku Europe lidagamula kuti ma bitcoins amayenera kuchitidwa ngati njira yolipirira, ndikuwonetsa kuti ma bitcoins amafanana ndi ndalama zovomerezeka. [5]
Kutsiliza
Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimaphatikizira kuyendetsa kwa ma cryptocurrencies, titha kuganiza kuti Khothi Lachilungamo la EU liyenera kugwira nawo ntchito yomasulira mawu. Potengera maiko a Mamembala omwe asankha kusintha mawu mosiyana ndi malamulo a EU, zovuta zimatha kubweranso ndikutanthauzira mogwirizana ndi malamulo a EU. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, ndikofunikira kupangira ma membala a mamembala kuti azitsatira malamulo apadera a EU pomwe akukwaniritsa lamuloli kukhala malamulo apadziko lonse.
Mtundu wathunthu wa pepala loyera ili umapezeka kudzera pa ulalo.
Lumikizanani
Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena ndemanga mukawerenga nkhaniyi, chonde muzimasuka kulankhulana ndi Mr. Maxim Hodak, woweruza milandu ku Law & More kudzera pa maxim.hodak@lawandmore.nl, kapena Mr. Tom Meevis, loya wa ku Law & More kudzera tom.meevis@lawandmore.nl, kapena itanani + 31 (0) 40-3690680.
[1] C. Bovaird, ICO vs. IPO: Kodi Pali Kusiyana Pati ?, Bitcoin Market Journal ya Seputembara 2017.
[2] Lamulo Loyang'anira Zachuma, gawo 1: 1
[3] Ministerie van Financiën, Beantwowering van kamervragen over het gebruik van en to toezicht op nieuwe digitale betaalmiddelen zoals de bitcoin, Disembala 2013.
[4] ECLI: NL: RBOVE: 2014: 2667.
[5] ECLI: EU: C: 2015: 718.
