Nyumba yopumulirako ku paki ya ku Dutch: umwini, malamulo a paki ndi kukhala kumeneko

Mukagula nyumba yopuma patchuthi ku paki ya ku Dutch, nthawi zambiri simugula nyumba wamba: malamulo atatu amasankha zomwe mungachite nayo. Chikalata cha notarial chimafotokoza bwino malo anu, malamulo a paki amalamulira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo dongosolo lazachilengedwe la boma (omgevingsplan) nthawi zambiri limaletsa kukhala kumeneko kwamuyaya, chilichonse chomwe wogulitsa kapena woyendetsa pakiyo angakuuzeni.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe mukugula, zomwe malamulo a paki angapereke, nthawi yomwe boma lingachitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi kukhalamo kosatha, komanso zikalata zomwe mukufuna musanasainire. Ikufotokoza za malamulo aku Dutch okha.

Mukugula chiyani kwenikweni ku paki ya tchuthi?

Mumagula umwini wonse, lendi yayitali kapena ufulu wa superficies, ndipo chikalata chovomerezeka ndi cholembera cha Land Registry (Kadaster) chokha ndi chomwe chimakuuzani. Kabukuka sikasankha izi.

Mu kugula wamba mumapeza malo ndi nyumbayo, chifukwa nyumba zomwe zimamangiriridwa pansi nthawi zonse ndi za mwiniwake wa malowo (Nkhani 5:20 ya Dutch Civil Code, BW). M'mapaki a tchuthi nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zosiyana. Nyumba zitatu zimapezeka:

• Umwini wonse (eigendom). Muli ndi malo ndi nyumba yachifumu. Iyi ndi malo abwino kwambiri komanso osavuta kugulitsa. Mumatsatira malamulo a paki ndi dongosolo la chilengedwe.
• Lendi yayitali (erfpacht). Wogwira ntchitoyo amasunga malowo ndipo amakupatsirani ufulu wosunga ndikugwiritsa ntchito (Article 5:85 BW), nthawi zambiri motsutsana ndi lendi yapachaka ya nthaka (canon).
• Ufulu wa superficies (opstalrecht). Muli ndi nyumba ya chalet pomwe wina ali ndi malo ake (Nkhani 5:101 BW). M'mapaki ufulu uwu nthawi zambiri umadalira lendi yayitali kapena lendi ya malo, kotero umatha pamene ufulu womwe uli pansi pake utha.

Ndi malamulo ati a lendi yayitali kapena ufulu wa superficies omwe muyenera kuyang'ana?

Chongani mawu otsalawo, gawo lokonzanso malamulo, zoletsa kusamutsa, malipiro kumapeto ndi zifukwa zothetsera. Mfundo zisanu izi zimasankha mtengo wa zomwe mukugula.

Werengani chikalata cholenga nyumba ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zili mkati mwake, osati mfundo zogulitsira zokha. Pamene lendi yayitali yatha, mwiniwake wakale ali ndi ufulu wolandira chipukuta misozi cha mtengo wa nyumbayo (Nkhani 5:99 BW), koma chikalatacho chingachotse zimenezo. Mwiniwake wa lendi akhoza kuthetsa lendi pokhapokha ngati chikalatacho chanena zosiyana; mwiniwakeyo akhoza kuthetsa ngati mwalephera kulipira lamuloli kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatizana kapena kuphwanya kwambiri maudindo ena (Nkhani 5:87 BW).

Lendi yayitali yokhala ndi nthawi yochepa yotsala kapena gawo lotseguka lokonzanso ndi mlandu. Zimaonekera mukayesa kugulitsa nyumba yachifumu kapena kupeza ngongole ya nyumba.

Kodi mgwirizano wogula, nthawi yopumira, ndi notary zimagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kugula kuyenera kulembedwa ndipo, monga wogula payekha, muli ndi nthawi yopuma kwa masiku atatu. Ufulu wa mwini nyumba umatha pokhapokha ngati chikalata cha notarial chalembetsedwa ku Land Registry.

Munthu payekha akagula malo enieni omwe akufuna kukhalamo, kugulako kuyenera kuvomerezedwa polemba (Nkhani 7:2 BW). Mukalandira pangano losainidwa, muli ndi masiku atatu kuti muthetse kugulako popanda kupereka zifukwa. Chalet yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba yopumulirako nthawi zambiri imagwera pansi pa lamuloli; pa malo opanda kanthu kapena chipinda choyenda, funsani notary kuti atsimikizire ngati ikugwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, mgwirizano wapakamwa ku ofesi ya paki sikokwanira.

Limbikirani chitetezo cha zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, mgwirizano wopezera ndalama wokhala ndi nthawi yomaliza yeniyeni: obwereketsa ochepa ndi omwe amalipira nyumba zogona tchuthi, ndipo nyumba zina zobwereka nthawi yayitali sizingathe kulipidwa konse. Chachiwiri, kulembetsa kugula m'mabuku a anthu onse (Nkhani 7:3 BW). Izi zimakutetezani ku kugulitsa, kubweza kapena kulephera kugulitsa pambuyo pake kwa wogulitsa, bola ngati kusamutsa kukuchitika mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene kulembetsa kukuchitika.

Kusamutsa kumachitika ndi chikalata cha notarial , kutsatiridwa ndi kulembetsa m'mabuku a anthu onse (Nkhani 3:89 BW). Notari amafufuza udindo, ngongole za nyumba ndi zomangira. Notari sayang'ana ngati malamulo a paki akukuyenererani, ngati dongosolo la chilengedwe limalola kugwiritsa ntchito komwe mukufuna, kapena ngati lamuloli latsala pang'ono kukwera.

Kodi malamulo a paki angapereke chiyani?

Malamulo a paki (parkreglement) amatha kuwongolera mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa chalet yanu, lendi, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo ndi kulipira ndalama zolipirira paki. Yang'anani momwe zimakugwirizanirani komanso momwe zingasinthidwire.

Malamulo nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kudzera mu chain clause (kettingbeding) ndi chilango, kudzera mu qualitative bility yolembetsedwa motsutsana ndi plot (Article 6:252 BW), kapena kudzera mu umbale wokakamiza wa bungwe la eni ake kapena cooperative. Njirayi imatsimikizira ngati malamulowo amakumangani komanso ngati angasinthidwe popanda chilolezo chanu.

Funsani mwachindunji amene angasinthe malamulowo komanso ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ngati woyendetsa kapena msonkhano waukulu angathe kusintha malamulowo payekhapayekha, mumagula cholinga chosuntha. Kuswa malamulo kungayambitse zilango za mgwirizano ndipo, pansi pa lendi yayitali, kutha chifukwa chosagwira ntchito bwino (Article 5:87 BW).

Kodi ndalama zolipirira paki pachaka zimaphimba chiyani?

Ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pachaka paki zimalipira misewu, magetsi, madzi, malo obiriwira, malo olandirira alendo komanso malo ogawana. Ndi zokakamiza ndipo zimakhazikitsidwa ndi woyendetsa kapena bungwe, osati ndi bungwe la boma.

Choperekacho chimabwera pamwamba pa malamulo aliwonse ndipo chingakwere kwambiri. Funsani ziwerengero za zaka zisanu zapitazi, maziko omwe zakhazikitsidwa, ndalama zosungiramo zinthu ndi dongosolo losamalira kwa nthawi yayitali. Paki yokhala ndi malo okalamba komanso yopanda ndalama zosungiramo zinthu idzakutumizirani bilu yayikulu posachedwa kapena mtsogolo.

Kodi mungapatse ena tchuthichi kunyumba?

Malamulo a paki amasankha kaye ngati mungathe kubwereka nyumba yachifumu. Malamulo a boma ndi dongosolo la chilengedwe zitha kuwonjezera malire ena.

Pali njira zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kubwereketsa nyumba n'koletsedwa konse; kubwereketsa nyumba ndi kokakamiza koma kudzera mwa wogwiritsa ntchito, amene amatenga ndalama ndikuyang'anira kalendala; kapena kubwereketsa nyumba ndi kwaulere, malinga ndi nthawi yochepa komanso mtundu wa alendo. Gawoli silingakambiranedwe kawirikawiri likamalizidwa.

Kumene pakiyo ili ndi dziwe lobwereketsa lokakamiza, werengani mgwirizano wogwiritsa ntchito malo mosamala monga momwe zilili ndi chikalatacho. Onani nthawi, nthawi yodziwitsira, kubweza kulikonse kotsimikizika, ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi malo anu osungitsa malo ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo alowedwa m'malo kapena alephera kugwira ntchito. Maboma amathanso kusonkhetsa msonkho wa alendo (toeristenbelasting) pa nthawi yogona usiku wonse.

Kodi mungakhale m'nyumba ya tchuthi kwamuyaya?

M'mapaki ambiri simungatero, chifukwa dongosolo la chilengedwe limapatsa malowo ntchito yosangalatsa. Chisankho cha boma chokha ndi chomwe chingasinthe zimenezo, osati mawu ochokera kwa wogulitsa kapena woyendetsa.

Popeza lamulo la Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet) linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2024, kugwiritsa ntchito malo aliwonse kumayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo la zachilengedwe la boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi dongosolo lakanthawi lomwe lili ndi mapulani ake akale a zoning ndipo liyenera kulisintha ndi dongosolo latsopano limodzi pofika pa 1 Januwale 2032. Chifukwa chake, chikalata chomwe mwawonetsedwa chikhoza kuwerengedwabe ngati dongosolo lakale la zoning.

Akuluakulu a boma (college van burgemeester en wethouders) amakakamiza dongosololi ndi lamulo loti liperekedwe chilango (last onder dwangsom, Article 5:31d of the General Administrative Law Act, Awb) kapena lamulo loti boma litsatire malamulo (last onder bestuursdwang, Article 5:21 Awb). Lamulo la boma la Dutch limapereka udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo. Boma likhoza kuletsa pokhapokha ngati kuvomereza malamulo kuli koyenera kapena kukakamiza malamulo sikungakhale kofanana.

Maboma amagwiritsa ntchito madzi, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi kaundula wa anthu (BRP) ngati umboni woti anthu amakhalamo kwamuyaya. Kusowa kwa nyumba kwapangitsa kuti maboma ambiri asinthe kuchoka pa kulekerera kupita pa kukakamiza anthu kuti agwire ntchito.

Ndi zikhulupiriro ziti zokhudza kukhala ndi moyo wosatha zomwe ndi zolakwika?

Zikhulupiriro zitatu zofanana sizili ndi maziko alamulo. Chilichonse chingakuwonongereni nyumba yanu kapena ndalama zokwana mayuro zikwi zingapo.

• "Kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kumapanga ufulu." Sizili choncho. Palibe nthawi yoperekedwa ndi dokotala yomwe imavomereza kuphwanya dongosolo la chilengedwe.
• "Wogulitsayo anati zili bwino." Chikalata choperekedwa ndi wogulitsa, wothandizira kapena woyendetsa sichimakakamiza boma. Nthawi zambiri chimakupatsani chindapusa motsutsana ndi wogulitsayo motsatira lamulo logwirizana ndi Article 7:17 BW.
• "Kulekerera kwakale ndi chilolezo." Kusatsatira malamulo sikupanga ufulu wa mtsogolo; kusintha kwa mfundo kapena dandaulo limodzi kuchokera kwa mnansi lingathe kuthetsa vutoli.

Pali kusiyana kochepa. Boma lingathe kulola munthu wotchulidwa kukhala m'boma kudzera mu chilolezo chaumwini kapena chisankho chovomerezeka chololeza, nthawi zambiri pokhapokha ngati kukhala m'boma kunayamba tsiku lomaliza lisanafike. Chilolezo chimenecho ndi chaumwini: chimatha munthuyo akachoka ndipo sichipita kwa wogula. Pemphani kuti muwone chisankhocho ndikuwona dzina la ndani lomwe lili pamenepo.

Kodi kukhala ndi nyumba ya tchuthi kumawononga ndalama zingati chaka chilichonse?

Kupatula mtengo wogulira, bajeti ya malamulo, zopereka za paki, misonkho ya boma, inshuwalansi ndi kukonza. Ndalama ndi kugulitsanso nyumba n'zovuta kuposa nyumba wamba.

Ndalama za boma zimaphatikizapo msonkho wa katundu (OZB) ndipo, ngati mubwereka nyumba yachifumu, msonkho wa alendo. Kukonza nyumba yachifumu yomangidwa pang'ono nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera pa mita imodzi kuposa nyumba ya njerwa. Obwereketsa ochepa amalowa nawo, nthawi yobwereka nyumbayo ndi yochepa ndipo ndalama zomwe munthu amalipira zimakhala zochepa; Chitsimikizo cha National Mortgage Guarantee (NHG) sichiphimba malo osangalalira. Nyumba yachifumu yokhala ndi lendi yayitali yokhala ndi nthawi yotsala yocheperako imatha kutaya mtengo.

Kulipira msonkho kwa nyumba ina komanso ndalama zobwereketsa ndi nkhani ya mlangizi wa misonkho (belastastingadviseur). Izi zikutsatira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nyumbayo, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito komwe dongosolo la chilengedwe silimalola kumabweretsa mavuto mbali zonse ziwiri.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wogula?

Monga wogula, muli ndi chiopsezo cha chilichonse chomwe simunayang'ane musanasayine. Gwiritsani ntchito mndandanda uwu:

• Pezani chikalata chokhazikitsa lendi yayitali kapena ufulu wa superficies, ndi mikhalidwe yonse, malamulo omwe alipo komanso njira yosinthira.
• Pemphani chikalata cha Land Registry chomwe chikuwonetsa ngongole za nyumba, ma pasement ndi ma qualifications olembetsedwa.
• Pezani malamulo onse a paki, njira yosinthira ndi zolemba za bungwe lililonse lomwe muyenera kulowa nawo.
• Funsani za zopereka za paki m'zaka zisanu zapitazi, ndalama zosungiramo katundu ndi dongosolo losamalira.
• Pezani dongosolo la chilengedwe malamulo a malo enieni ochokera kwa boma, osati kwa wogulitsa, ndi chitsimikizo cholembedwa cha kukhalapo kwamuyaya.
• Pangani kafukufuku wa kapangidwe ka nyumbayo ndikuwona zomwe zingamangidwenso kapena kukulitsidwa malinga ndi pulaniyo ndi malamulo a paki.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wogulitsa?

Monga wogulitsa, muyenera kupereka zomwe wogula angayembekezere motsatira mgwirizano (Nkhani 7:17 BW). Mawu olakwika okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito kapena ndalama angayambitse kusweka kapena kuwonongeka.

• Musanene kapena kunena kuti anthu okhala m'deralo ndi ololedwa pokhapokha ngati muli ndi chikalata cholembedwa ndi boma.
• Ululani chilolezo chilichonse chaumwini kapena chisankho chololera ndipo fotokozani kuti sichipita kwa wogula.
• Perekani chikalata, malamulo a paki ndi ziwerengero zaposachedwa za zopereka za paki musanasainire pangano.
• Onetsetsani ngati chilolezo cha woyendetsa galimoto chikufunika kuti chisamutsidwe ndipo chipempheni pa nthawi yake.
• Ululani makalata okakamiza omwe akuyembekezeredwa, mikangano ndi woyendetsa ntchitoyo ndi zolakwika zodziwika.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani pogula nyumba ya tchuthi?

Maloya athu ogulitsa nyumba amathandiza ogula, ogulitsa ndi eni nyumba zogona alendo; malangizo athu okhudza malamulo ogulitsa nyumba amakhudza mitu yokhudzana ndi izi.

• Timawunikanso chikalata cha lendi ya nthawi yayitali kapena superficies ndi malamulo a paki musanasayine.
• Timafufuza dongosolo la chilengedwe cha malo anu ndikupempha chitsimikizo cholembedwa kuchokera kwa boma.
• Timalemba kapena kuwunikanso pangano logula, kuphatikizapo momwe ndalama zilili komanso kulembetsa malinga ndi Nkhani 7:3 BW.
• Timalemba chitsutso (bezwaar) chotsutsana ndi lamulo lokakamiza ndipo timachipereka mkati mwa nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
• Timakangana ndi woyang'anira paki pankhani ya ndalama zolipirira, kusintha kwa malamulo kapena kuthetsa ufulu wanu.

Chidule

• Chikalatacho ndi Chikalata Cholembera Malo zimasankha ngati muli ndi malowo, muli ndi lendi yayitali kapena muli ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zapamwamba.
• Monga wogula payekha muli ndi nthawi yopuma kwa masiku atatu mutalandira pangano lolembedwa (Article 7:2 BW).
• Malamulo a paki amalamulira kugwiritsa ntchito, kubwereketsa ndi ndalama zolipirira; onani momwe angasinthire.
• Kukhala m'dziko nthawi zonse nthawi zambiri kumaletsedwa ndi dongosolo la zachilengedwe; kukhala m'dziko kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kulekerera sikupanga ufulu.
• Pezani malo okonzekera kuchokera kwa boma lenilenilo musanasainire.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI