Kusamalira ana ku Netherlands: ndani ali ndi ulamuliro wa makolo?

Mu lamulo la ku Dutch, udindo wosamalira mwana ndi nkhani ya ulamuliro wa makolo (ouderlijk gezag): amene amasankha za kulera mwana, sukulu, chithandizo chamankhwala komanso malo okhala. Makolo okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa amagwira ntchito limodzi kuyambira kubadwa, ndipo kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023, mnzanu wosakwatiwa amene amavomereza mwana amapeza ulamuliro wogwirizana ndi mayi ake (Nkhani 1:251b ya Dutch Civil Code, BW).

Zosiyana zazikulu: mayi amakhala ndi ulamuliro wokha ngati makolo onse awiri alengeza izi pa chivomerezo, ndipo mwana wovomerezedwa asanafike 2023 amakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wokha wa mayi mpaka makolo atalembetsa ulamuliro wogwirizana kapena khoti litavomereza. Kumene mwanayo amakhala ndi momwe kulumikizana kumakonzedwera ndi mafunso osiyana, othetsedwa mu dongosolo la kulera ana kapena ndi khoti. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani nkhani yathu yokhudza kusudzulana ndi ana.

Ndani ali ndi ulamuliro wa makolo kuyambira kubadwa?

Zimenezo zimadalira ubale wa makolo. Malinga ndi Article 1:245 BW, mwana aliyense wachinyamata ali pansi pa ulamuliro: ulamuliro wa makolo, wokhala ndi kholo limodzi kapena onse awiri, kapena utsogoleri (voogdij), wokhala ndi munthu wina.

• Makolo okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa: ulamuliro wogwirizana ndi lamulo (Nkhani 1:251 BW). Palibe chomwe chikufunika kulembedwa.
• Makolo osakwatira, kuvomereza pa 1 Januwale 2023 kapena pambuyo pake: ulamuliro wogwirizana pa kuvomereza (erkenning) ku boma, pokhapokha ngati makolo alengeza kuti mayi yekha ndiye adzakhala ndi ulamuliro (Nkhani 1:251b BW).
• Makolo osakwatira, kuvomereza ukwati wawo isanafike chaka cha 2023: Mayi ali ndi mphamvu yokha (Nkhani 1:253b BW). Ulamuliro wogwirizana umafuna kulembetsa mu kaundula wa ana (gezagsregister) ngati makolo onse awiri apempha (Nkhani 1:252 BW), kapena chigamulo cha khoti.

Kodi ulamuliro wogwirizana umaphimba chiyani?

Makolo onse awiri ali ndi ufulu ndi maudindo ofanana pankhani yolera mwana. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusankha sukulu, kuvomereza chithandizo chamankhwala chosafunikira mwachangu, kulera mwana m'chipembedzo, komwe amakhala, kufunsira pasipoti ndi kuyang'anira chuma cha mwanayo.

Makolo onse awiri ayenera kupereka ndalama zothandizira chisamaliro ndi kulera, kaya ali ndi ulamuliro kapena ayi. Ngati makolo omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana sakugwirizana pa chisankho chofunikira, aliyense wa iwo akhoza kupempha khothi kuti lisankhe motsatira Nkhani 1:253a BW; khothi limatenga chisankho chomwe likuganizira mokomera mwana.

Kodi ulamuliro wogwirizana umapitirira pambuyo pa chisudzulo?

Inde. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:251(2) BW, makolo omwe anali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana amasunga ulamulirowo pambuyo pa chisudzulo. Ulamuliro wokha ndi wosiyana.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:251a BW, khothi lingapereke mphamvu kwa kholo limodzi pokhapokha ngati pali chiopsezo chosavomerezeka chakuti mwanayo adzagwidwa kapena kutayika pakati pa makolo ndipo palibe kusintha kokwanira komwe kukuyembekezeka mkati mwa nthawi yomwe ikuyembekezeka, kapena ngati kusinthako kukufunika mwanjira ina pa zofuna za mwanayo. Kulankhulana kosayenera pakati pa makolo sikokwanira; khothi limayang'ana momwe mkanganowo umakhudzira mwana.

Mayeso omwewo amagwiranso ntchito pamene bambo wosakwatiwa apempha khoti kuti lipereke ulamuliro wogwirizana ndipo mayiyo akukana (Nkhani 1:253c(2) BW). Kholo lopanda ulamuliro limasunga ufulu wolankhulana ndi mwana motsatira Nkhani 1:377a BW komanso ufulu wodziwitsidwa za nkhani zofunika, pokhapokha ngati khotilo likuletsa ufuluwu.

Kodi khoti limasankha bwanji zomwe zili zokomera mwanayo?

Imaganizira zonse zomwe zimachitika, ndipo zofuna za mwana ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndipo palibe chomwe chimasankhidwa ndi mayi kapena bambo. Makhothi nthawi zambiri amaona izi:

• kukhazikika kwa maganizo a mwana ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi kholo lililonse;
• kupitiriza kwa chisamaliro, malo ophunzirira kusukulu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu;
• kuthekera kwa kholo lililonse kugwirizana ndi kuthandizira kulumikizana ndi kholo lina;
• chitetezo, kuphatikizapo mbiri iliyonse ya nkhanza zapakhomo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 809 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv), khotilo limapatsa ana azaka 12 kapena kuposerapo mwayi wopereka maganizo awo; ana aang'ono nawonso akhoza kumvedwa. Khotilo likhoza kupempha Child Care and Protection Board (Raad voor de Kinderbescherming) kuti ifufuze ndikupereka uphungu. Malingaliro a mwana ndi uphungu wa Bungweli ndi ofunika koma sizimakakamiza khotilo.

Kodi dongosolo la makolo liyenera kukhala ndi chiyani?

Makolo omwe asudzulana kapena kuthetsa ubale wolembetsedwa ayenera kulemba ndondomeko yolera ana (ouderschapsplan) yosainidwa ndi onse awiri pamodzi ndi pempho (Article 815(2) Rv). Ikufotokoza za kugawa chisamaliro kapena mgwirizano wolumikizana, momwe makolo amadziwitsirana ndi kufunsana, komanso ndalama zomwe mwana amalipira.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:247a BW, makolo osakwatira omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana, kaya kudzera mu kuvomereza kuyambira 2023 kapena kudzera mu kulembetsa, ayeneranso kulemba dongosolo la kulera ana akasiya kukhala limodzi. Dongosolo labwino limakhudzanso sukulu, tchuthi, nyumba yayikulu komanso momwe zisankho zokhudzana ndi kuyenda kunja zimachitikira. Ngati makolo sangagwirizane, kuyimira pakati ndi gawo lotsatira lachizolowezi; khothi likhozanso kutumiza makolo ku kuyimira pakati panthawi ya milandu.

Ndi khoti liti ndipo ndi lamulo liti lomwe limagwira ntchito pa mlandu wapadziko lonse lapansi?

Malo okhala mwana nthawi zonse ndi ofunikira, osati dziko la makolo ake. Mwachidule, makhoti a dziko limene mwanayo amakhala nthawi zonse ndi omwe ali ndi ulamuliro.

• Mkati mwa EU: Lamulo la Brussels IIb (Regulation (EU) 2019/1111) limakhazikitsa ulamuliro, ndipo zisankho zokhudzana ndi udindo wa makolo zimavomerezedwa m'maiko ena omwe ali mamembala popanda njira yapadera.
• Mayiko omwe ali kunja kwa EU omwe ali mu Msonkhano wa Hague: Msonkhano wa 1996 wa Chitetezo cha Ana ku Hague umalamulira ulamuliro, malamulo ogwira ntchito komanso kuvomereza.
• Mayiko ena: Kuzindikirika kumadalira mapangano a mayiko awiri kapena malamulo a dziko lina, choncho tsatirani upangiri musanasamuke.

Khoti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro pansi pa Pangano la 1996 limagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lake, kotero khoti la ku Netherlands limagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la ku Netherlands ngakhale kwa makolo akunja. Kaya kholo lili ndi ulamuliro ndi lamulo limayang'aniridwa ndi lamulo la malo okhala a mwanayo, ndipo ulamuliro umenewo umapitirira pambuyo pa kusamuka. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa makolo osakwatira omwe akusamukira ku Netherlands kapena kuchokera kumeneko.

Kodi mungasamukire kudziko lina ndi mwana wanu?

Osati popanda chilolezo cha kholo lina ngati muli ndi ulamuliro wogawana. Ngati chilolezo chikukanidwa, muyenera kupempha khoti kuti likupatseni chilolezo china musanachoke.

Khoti silipereka udindo kwa kholo lililonse mwa awiriwa. Limaganizira kufunika kwa kusamukako, momwe kwakonzedwera bwino, zaka za mwana ndi komwe amachokera, mwayi wolumikizana ndi kholo lina komanso kugawa ndalama zoyendera. Fomu yofunsira pasipoti ya mwana wachinyamata komanso tchuthi kunja kwa dziko nthawi zambiri imafunanso chilolezo cha makolo onse awiri ndi ulamuliro.

Kodi kubedwa kwa ana padziko lonse lapansi n'chiyani?

Kutengera mwana kunja, kapena kumusunga kumeneko atatha tchuthi, kuphwanya ulamuliro wa kholo lina. Malinga ndi Msonkhano wa Kubera Ana ku Hague wa mu 1980, womwe umagwira ntchito kwa ana osakwana zaka 16, khoti la dziko lomwe mwanayo anatengedwa limasankha pobweza mwana, osati pomusunga.

Ngati pempho lobwezera laperekedwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi, kubweza kumalamulidwa, malinga ndi zinthu zochepa monga chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuvulazidwa kapena kutsutsa kwa mwana wokhwima mokwanira. Ku Netherlands, milandu yomwe ikubwera imamvedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu la The Hague, ndipo Bungwe Loona za Achinyamata Padziko Lonse limathandiza makolo. Kubedwa kungakhalenso mlandu wokhudza milandu motsatira Nkhani 279 ya Dutch Criminal Code, yokhala ndi zaka zosachepera zisanu ndi chimodzi m'ndende.

Ngati mukuopa kugwidwa, chitanipo kanthu musananyamuke: pa milandu yoyambirira yothandizira (kort geding), khoti likhoza kuletsa kuchokako ndikulamula kuti pasipoti ya mwanayo iperekedwe.

Kodi makonzedwe angasinthidwe bwanji kapena kukakamizidwa?

Khothi likhoza kusintha dongosolo ngati zinthu zasintha kuyambira chisankho choyambirira, kapena ngati chisankhocho chinali chozikidwa pa chidziwitso cholakwika kapena chosakwanira. Makolo angathenso kusintha dongosolo la kulera ana mwa mgwirizano; kulemba zosinthazo polemba.

Ngati kholo lina silitsatira lamuloli, khothi likhoza kuyika chilango (dwangsom) pa mgwirizano wolumikizana kapena kulamula njira zina. Ngati kukula kwa mwana kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu, khothi la ana likhoza kuyika mwanayo pansi pa lamulo loyang'aniridwa (ondertoezichtstelling).

Kodi mumadziwa bwanji amene ali ndi ulamuliro wa makolo?

Pemphani kuti mutengepo gawo kuchokera m'kaundula wa ana osungidwa m'makhothi a chigawo (Nkhani 1:244 BW). Limasonyeza mfundo zolembetsedwa, monga kulembetsa ulamuliro wogwirizana, chigamulo cha khoti pa ulamuliro kapena kusankhidwa kwa wosamalira.

Ulamuliro umene umabwera ndi lamulo, monga wa makolo okwatirana, nthawi zambiri sulembedwa. Chifukwa chake, chidutswa chopanda kanthu sichitanthauza kuti kholo lomwe dzina lake likusowa silili ndi ulamuliro.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani monga kholo lomwe mwana amakhala nalo nthawi zambiri?

• Ndani ali ndi mphamvu malinga ndi kaundula wa ana osungidwa komanso chikalata chovomereza kuti ali ndi mwana?
• Kodi dongosolo lolera ana limakhudza sukulu, maholide, maulendo opita kunja ndi ndalama zolipirira?
• Kodi muli ndi chilolezo cholembedwa cha kholo lina musanasamuke kapena kupita kudziko lina?
• Kodi mumathandizira kuti kholo lina lilankhule ndi kholo lina, monga momwe khoti limayembekezera?
• Kodi zinthu zasintha kwambiri moti dongosololi liyenera kusinthidwa?

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati kholo lina?

• Kodi muli ndi mphamvu, kapena muyenera kulembetsa kapena kufunsa khothi (Nkhani 1:253c BW)?
• Kodi mumadziwa bwino komanso kulangizidwa za zisankho zofunika?
• Kodi mgwirizanowu ukutsatiridwa, kapena mukufuna kutsatiridwa?
• Kodi kholo lina lalengeza kuti likusamukira kunja popanda chilolezo chanu?
• Pa mlandu wa mayiko ena, ndi dziko liti lomwe mwanayo amakhala nthawi zonse?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi ulamuliro wa makolo?

Maloya athu a mabanja amathandiza makolo ku Netherlands komanso milandu yokhudza malire a dzikolo.

• Timafufuza amene ali ndi mphamvu ndikupempha kuti achotsedwe mu kaundula wa zosunga ana.
• Timalemba kapena kuwunikanso dongosolo la kulera ana.
• Timapempha kuti pakhale ulamuliro wogwirizana kapena wokhawokha, kapena kuti pakhale chisankho pa mkangano pakati pa makolo.
• Tikupempha chilolezo cholowa m'malo mwa kusamukira kunja, kapena kutsutsa pempho loterolo.
• Timayamba njira zoyambitsira chithandizo kuti tipewe kuba ndi kuthandiza njira zobwezera.

Chidule

• Lamulo la ku Dutch limagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa makolo (ouderlijk gezag); makolo okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa amaugwira limodzi kuyambira kubadwa, ndipo kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023 kuvomereza mfundoyi kumapanganso ulamuliro wogwirizana.
• Ulamuliro wogwirizana umapitirira pambuyo pa chisudzulo; ulamuliro wokhawo ndi wosiyana malinga ndi Nkhani 1:251a BW.
• Ndondomeko yolera ana imafunika pakusudzulana komanso pamene makolo osakwatira omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana asiyana.
• Kusamukira kunja kumafuna chilolezo cha kholo lina kapena chilolezo cholowa m'malo mwa khoti; apo ayi kungakhale kuba mwana.
• M'milandu yapadziko lonse, malo okhala mwanayo nthawi zonse ndi omwe amasankha khoti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI