Momwe chisamaliro cha ana ku Dutch chimawerengedwera

Fufuzani "chowerengera ndalama zothandizira ana" cha ku Netherlands ndipo mupeza zida zomwe zimapanga chiwerengerocho m'masekondi makumi atatu. Palibe chomwe chimatchula kuti chiwerengerocho chilibe maziko enieni a malamulo. Malamulo aku Dutch amangoti makolo ayenera kupereka ndalama ku ndalama za ana awo malinga ndi momwe alili; masamuwo amachokera ku malangizo opangidwa ndi oweruza milandu okha. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe kuwerengerako kumagwirira ntchito komanso zomwe zimasintha kholo limodzi likakhala kunja kwa Netherlands.

Palibe njira yovomerezeka: lipoti la Trema

Malamulo a Zachikhalidwe amakhazikitsa mfundo, osati ndalama zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa. Makolo ayenera kusamalira ana awo (art. 1:392 BW); ayenera kulipira ndalama zosamalira ndi kulera ana awo aang'ono molingana ndi zomwe ali nazo (art. 1:404 BW); ndipo ndalamazo zimayesedwa ndi zosowa za munthu woyenera komanso mphamvu ya munthu amene akuyenera kulipira (art. 1:397 BW). Ndizo zonse - palibe magawo, palibe matebulo, palibe mabulaketi.

Mpatawu wadzazidwa ndi lipoti la Rapport alimentatienormen , lomwe limatchedwa lipoti la Trema potengera nyuzipepala ya oweruza momwe linayambira kuonekera. Lalembedwa ndi Expertgroep Alimentatienormen, gulu logwira ntchito la oweruza a mabanja ochokera m'makhothi a madera ndi makhothi a apilo, ndipo limafalitsidwa ndi oweruza aku Dutch. Baibulo latsopano limayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale chaka chilichonse, ndipo matebulo atsopano a msonkho, ndalama zothandizira ndi maubwino a chaka chimenecho; buku lamakono likuchokera mu Januwale 2026.

Zotsatira ziwiri ndizofunikira. Choyamba, lipotilo si lamulo: oweruza ndi magulu angasiye, ndipo lipotilo likunena choncho lokha. Ndi lingaliro lopangidwa kuti zotsatira zake zidziwike bwino komanso zofanana mdziko lonse, osati mtengo wokakamiza. Chachiwiri, kutsutsana za izi ndi kukopa osati kutanthauzira malamulo. Ngati momwe zinthu zilili sizikugwirizana ndi chitsanzo chomwe malangizowa amatengera - ndalama zosakhazikika, ndalama zothandizira olemba ntchito, ndalama zomwe amapeza kunja - zitha kukambidwa, koma ndi umboni wokha.

Kuwerengera kumachitika m'magawo awiri: mtengo wa mwana, ndi mtengo wa kholo lililonse.

Gawo loyamba: zosowa za mwana (makhalidwe abwino)

Poyambira si ndalama zomwe mwana amawononga masiku ano, koma moyo womwe mwanayo anali nawo pamene makolo ake anali limodzi. Malangizowa amatenga ndalama zonse zomwe makolo amalandira nthawi yomaliza asanapatukane ndikuwerenga ziwerengero zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe akufuna ( behoeftetabel ), zomwe zachokera ku kafukufuku wa bajeti ya mabanja pa zomwe mabanja omwe ali ndi ndalama zina amagwiritsa ntchito pothandiza ana awo. Mfundo zina zimakopa anthu:

• Tebulo limapereka chiwerengero cha ana onse pamodzi. Pa chiŵerengero cha mwana aliyense, mugawani ndi chiwerengero cha ana. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe ana amalandira, ana awiri salipira kawiri mwana mmodzi: ndalama zomwe mwana aliyense amalandira zimatsika pamene chiwerengerocho chikukwera.
• Zaka sizisintha chithunzi cha tebulo. Gome la zosowa limagwira ntchito pa avareji ya ubwana wonse ndipo siligwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa zaka: mwana wazaka zisanu ndi wazaka khumi ndi zisanu amapeza ndalama zomwezo pa ndalama zomwezo. Zaka zingakhale zofunikirabe pankhani ya ndalama, ngakhale zili ndi ndalama zapadera komanso zowoneka bwino, koma sizisintha kuwerengera kokhazikika.
• Bajeti ya kindbonden imawonjezeredwa ku ndalama zapakhomo pamene chiwerengero chophatikizidwacho chakhazikitsidwa.
• Ndalama zowonjezera pa kapangidwe ka nyumba zitha kuwonjezeredwa pamwamba: chisamaliro cha ana, ndalama zolipirira sukulu, mtengo wa chilema kapena matenda aakulu. Ndalama zolipirira sukulu zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi malo omenyera nkhondo nthawi zambiri: makhothi amaona kuti ndi ndalama zapadera kuposa zosowa zomwe zimaperekedwa patebulo pokhapokha ngati mkhalidwe wa banja lakunja, kapena mgwirizano pakati pa makolo, umatsimikizira zimenezo.
• Tebulo lili ndi chivindikiro. Pamwamba pa ndalama zina zomwe zimapezedwa pamodzi, tebulo limayima, ndipo kufunika kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni ya ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mongowerenga mkangano.

Mfundo imodzi yofunika: Hoge Raad idachita pa 9 Okutobala 2015 (ECLI:NL:HR:2015:3011) kuti bajeti ya kindergarten ndi chowonjezera cha kholo limodzi sizichotsedwa pa zosowa za mwana. Zimawonjezera mphamvu ya kholo lomwe limalandira, ndipo zimakhala gawo lachiwiri.

Gawo lachiwiri: kuthekera kolipira (draagkracht)

Pamene kufunikako kwakonzedwa, malangizo amawerengera zomwe kholo lililonse lingapereke - makolo onse awiri amayesedwa, osati amene adzalipira yekha. Kuwerengera kumayamba ndi ndalama zonse zomwe kholo lililonse lingapeze ( netto besteedbaar inkomen , NBI): ndalama zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku magwero onse, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi msonkho, ngongole ndi ndalama zothandizira. Kuchokera pamenepo malangizowa amachotsa bajeti yeniyeni ya nyumba yomwe imayikidwa pa peresenti yokhazikika ya ndalama za kholo, kuphatikiza ndalama zolipirira zofunika pa moyo. Peresenti yokhazikika ya zomwe zatsala - 70 peresenti ya kusamalira ana - ndi mphamvu ya kholo yolipira.

Kapangidwe kake ndi kosafunikira mwadala, ndipo ndicho mfundo: m'malo mofufuza ndalama zenizeni za lendi ndi zogulira zakudya za kholo lililonse, malangizowa amatenga ndalama zomwe zimafunika, kotero zotsatira zake sizidalira mtengo womwe kholo limasankha kukhala nawo. Lipotilo limafotokoza izi ngati njira: gawo lokhazikika la ndalama limayikidwa pambali pa nyumba, muyezo wokonzedwa wopezera ndalama umachotsedwa pa ndalama zoyambira, ndipo 70 peresenti ya zomwe zatsala zimawonedwa ngati mphamvu. Pansi pa malire, njirayo imasinthidwa ndi tebulo la ndalama zokhazikika, ndi chipinda cha mwana m'modzi ndi chipinda chapamwamba cha awiri kapena kuposerapo, kotero kholo lomwe lili ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri limathandizirabe.

Zotsatira zina zothandiza:

• Ndalama zenizeni za nyumba sizili zofunika kwenikweni. Kutalika Amsterdam lendi siipeza ngongole yokha.
• Kupeza ndalama, osati kungopeza ndalama zokha. Kholo limene lasiya ntchito kapena kuchepetsa malipiro ake mwadala likhoza kuwerengedwa malinga ndi ndalama zomwe lingapeze.
• Ngongole nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa pokhapokha ngati sizingapeweke ndipo sizinachitike mwa kusankha.
• Ana amabwera patsogolo. Ngati kholo silingakwanitse kukwaniritsa zonse zomwe likuyenera kusamalira, zopempha za ana ndi ana opeza zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa ena omwe ali ndi ngongole zosamalira, kuphatikizapo mwamuna kapena mkazi wakale (Chithunzi 1:400 BW). Kusamalira mwana kumawerengedwa kaye; kusamalira mwamuna kapena mkazi kumatenga zomwe zatsala, ngati zilipo.
• Kuyesedwa kovomerezeka ndi valavu yotetezera komwe kuwerengera kokhazikika kungasiye kholo lolipira ndalama zochepa kwambiri, koma kumafuna kuulula zonse zomwe zapezeka, katundu ndi ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuchotsera kwa chisamaliro (zorgkorting)

Kholo lomwe mwana amakhala nalo, limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake mwachindunji pa mwana — chakudya, kutentha, chipinda chogona, ndi zochitika zina. Malangizowa amazindikira izi ndi kuchotsera ndalama zomwe mwana amafunikira, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ngati gawo la zosowa za mwanayo ndipo zimachotsedwa pa zomwe khololo likanapereka. Kachitidwe ka chisamaliro komwe kamalembedwa mu dongosolo la kulera nthawi zambiri ndi komwe kumayambira kukhazikitsa izi.

Chiŵerengerochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zosowa za patebulo, osati pa mphamvu ya kholo lolipira, ndipo tchuthi chimawerengedwa pa avareji ya sabata iliyonse. Osachepera 5 peresenti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale pamene kulumikizana kuli kochepa, malinga ndi mfundo yakuti kholo ndi mwana ali ndi ufulu komanso udindo wolumikizana. Mu dongosolo lenileni losamalira ana mofanana, kuchotsera kumakhala pamwamba pa sikelo, ndipo makolo nthawi zambiri amayendetsa akaunti ya ana pamodzi - dongosolo lachinsinsi osati zotsatira zotsogolera.

Chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati pali kusowa kwa ndalama

Ngati mphamvu zonse za makolo zili zochepa poyerekeza ndi zosowa za mwana — zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri — kusowa kwa mwana kumagawidwa, kholo lililonse limakhala ndi theka. Ngati pali dongosolo losamalira ana, theka la kusowa kwa mwana limalipidwa pa kuchotsera kwa chisamaliro: kholo lolipira limataya gawo la phindu la kuchotsera ndipo limalipira zambiri kuposa momwe lingaganizire. Pazochitika zazikulu, kuchotsera kumachotsedwa kwathunthu. Kholo lililonse limathandizirabe mpaka malire a mphamvu zake zoyesedwa.

Kodi udindowu umatha liti?

Kusamalira ana sikumathera ali ndi zaka 18. Makolo ali ndi ngongole zothandizira ndalama zogulira zinthu zofunika pa moyo ndi maphunziro a ana awo azaka zapakati pa 18, 19 ndi 20 (art. 1:395a BW). Ntchito imeneyi ya jongmeerderjarige imasiyana ndi kusamalira wamba m'njira imodzi yofunika: wachinyamata sayenera kusonyeza kuti akusowa thandizo. Nyuzipepala ya Hoge Raad inatsimikizira pa 30 Seputembala 2016 (ECLI:NL:HR:2016:2234) kuti kusowa thandizo sikofunikira, kotero wachinyamata wazaka 19 yemwe ali ndi ntchito yanthawi yochepa akhoza kupemphabe.

Kuyambira pa 18, pempholi ndi la wachinyamata payekha, kotero nthawi zambiri malipiro amaperekedwa mwachindunji kwa mwanayo ndipo pempho lililonse limaperekedwa m'dzina la mwanayo. Kuchotsera ndalama zothandizira mwana kumathetsedwa, chifukwa kumatenga chisamaliro cha mwana wamng'ono. Pa 21, udindo wokha umatha; pambuyo pake pempho pakati pa kholo ndi mwana wamkulu limatheka pokhapokha ngati pakufunikadi.

Kuwerengera kwa pachaka

Ndalama iliyonse yosamalira yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi khothi la ku Netherlands kapena yomwe makolo agwirizana imasinthidwa yokha pa 1 Januwale chaka chilichonse (art. 1:402a BW). Nduna ya Zachilungamo ndi Chitetezo imayika kuchuluka kwa ndalamazo malinga ndi kukula kwa malipiro ndipo imalengeza mu Novembala chaka chomwe chikubwera, ndikuzifalitsa mu Staatscourant ndi pa rijksoverheid.nl. Nthawi zonse tengani chiwerengero cha chaka chomwe chikukambidwa kuchokera ku chilengezo chimenecho.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ndikosavuta koma nthawi zambiri kumaiwalika: tengani ndalama zomwe muyenera kulipira mu Disembala ndikuwonjezera ndi peresenti kuyambira pa 1 Januwale. Palibe lamulo la khothi lomwe likufunika, ndipo kholo lolipira likuyembekezeka kusamutsa ndalama zatsopano popanda kufunsidwa. Ngati indexation yanyalanyazidwa kwa zaka zambiri, kusiyana komwe kulipo kumatha kubwezedwa ngati ngongole zobwezeredwa. Indexation ikhoza kuchotsedwa, koma pokhapokha ngati lamulo kapena mgwirizano ukunena momveka bwino.

Kusintha oda: art. 1:401 BW

Lamulo kapena mgwirizano wosamalira mwana ukhoza kusinthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa ndi chigamulo cha khoti pambuyo pake ngati, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu, sichikukwaniritsanso muyezo walamulo (art. 1:401 BW). Zifukwa zodziwika bwino: kusintha kwa ndalama za kholo lililonse, kusintha kwa dongosolo losamalira mwana, kubadwa kwa mwana wina, kusamukira kunja, kutayika kwa ntchito.

Nkhani yomweyi ikupereka njira zina ziwiri. Oda ikhoza kusinthidwa ngati sinakwaniritse muyezo walamulo kuyambira pachiyambi chifukwa idakhazikika pa chidziwitso cholakwika kapena chosakwanira - njira yoti kholo litenge pomwe ndalama zake sizinatchulidwe mokwanira. Ndipo mgwirizano ukhoza kuthetsedwa ngati udachitika popanda kunyalanyaza muyezo walamulo.

Machenjezo awiri. Kusinthaku kuyenera kukhala kopepuka; kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa ndalama sikungathandize. Ndipo makhothi amasamala za kuchepetsa kusamalira zinthu zakale, chifukwa ndalamazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zitagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pa mwana. Lemberani mwachangu m'malo mochepetsa malipiro anu ndikukangana pambuyo pake: kuchepetsa ndalama kumabweretsa ngongole zomwe sizingagwire ntchito.

Kukakamiza kudzera mu LBIO

Ngati chisamaliro sichinalipidwe, wolandirayo safunika kulangiza bailiff nthawi yomweyo. Landelijk Bureau Inning Onderhoudsbijdragen (LBIO) ndi bungwe la boma lomwe limasonkhanitsa chisamaliro motsatira art. 1:408 BW, ndipo ntchito zake ndi zaulere kwa munthu woyenera kulandira ndalamazo. Mikhalidwe yake ndi yothandiza osati yaukadaulo:

• khoti liyenera kuti linakhazikitsa zosamalira (pangano lachinsinsi lokha silikwanira);
• payenera kukhala ndalama zosachepera €10;
• kusalipira kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pempho lisanachitike, ndipo kwenikweni ndi ndalama zotsala kuchokera ku miyezi isanu ndi umodzi imeneyo zomwe zingasonkhanitsidwe, pokhapokha ngati khoti lalamula mwanjira ina;
• kholo lolipira liyenera kuti linauzidwa komwe liyenera kulipira.

LBIO ikayamba kugwira ntchito, kholo lolipira limatenga ndalama zowonjezera za 15 peresenti pa ndalama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kubwezedwa ndi 15 peresenti pa ndalama zomwe zikupitirira mwezi uliwonse, chilichonse chimadalira ndalama zochepa zomwe LBIO imasintha nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuzifalitsa patsamba lake. LBIO ikhoza kuwonjezera malipiro ndi maubwino ndikukweza mpaka kukakamizidwa, zomwe zimafunika kuti chikalata chovomerezeka cha khothi chikhale chovomerezeka. Kulipira mokwanira komanso panthawi yake ndi njira yotsika mtengo.

The international dimension

Kwa mabanja ochokera kunja, malamulo oletsa mabanja kupita kumayiko ena nthawi zambiri amakhala ofunika kwambiri kuposa masamu.

Ndi khoti liti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro?

Mu EU, ulamuliro pa kusamalira umayendetsedwa ndi Maintenance Regulation, Regulation (EC) No 4/2009. Malinga ndi Article 3, wobwereketsa akhoza kukasuma kukhoti la komwe amakhala nthawi zonse kapena kwawo, ndipo pempho la kusamalira lingabweretsedwenso kukhoti lomwe likukambirana kale za chisudzulo kapena udindo wa kholo. Imeneyo ndi chisankho chenicheni, choyenera kuganiziridwa musanayambe milandu, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi funso lalikulu lakuti ndi khoti liti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro pa banja lapadziko lonse lapansi . Article 4 imalola magulu kuti agwirizane pa khoti, koma osati pa chisamaliro chomwe mwana wosakwana zaka 18 ali nacho: makolo sangagwirizane kunja kwa bwalo la mwana.

Lamulo liti?

Ulamuliro ndi lamulo logwira ntchito ndi nkhani zosiyana: khothi la ku Netherlands lingagwiritse ntchito ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito lamulo losamalira mwana wakunja. Lamulo logwira ntchito limatsatira Hague Protocol ya 2007, yomwe Nkhani 15 ya Lamuloli ikunena. Lamulo lalikulu (Nkhani 3 ya Ndondomeko) ndi lamulo la boma komwe wobwereketsa amakhala nthawi zonse; ngati mwana wasamuka, lamulo la dziko latsopano limagwira ntchito kuyambira nthawi yomwe kusamukako kukuchitika. Nkhani 4 imawonjezera malamulo okomera wobwereketsa milandu ya makolo ndi ana: ngati lamulo la malo okhala a mwana silipereka chithandizo, lamulo la forum limagwira ntchito; pamene wobwereketsa akupereka mlandu kudziko la wobwereketsa, lamulo la dzikolo limagwira ntchito choyamba, ndipo lamulo la malo okhala a mwana ngati njira yobwerera m'mbuyo; dziko lofanana ndi njira yomaliza. Mwana amene amasamuka kuchoka ku Netherlands nthawi zambiri amafunsidwa kuti apeze ndalamazo motsatira lamulo la dziko latsopanolo, ndipo malangizo a Trema sadzagwira ntchito konse.

Kukakamiza anthu kumayiko ena

Chigamulo cha Dutch chokonza zinthu chimafalikira mkati mwa EU popanda njira yoyendetsera ntchito pomwe Dziko Lalikulu lomwe linachokera limamangidwa ndi Hague Protocol ya 2007 (Nkhani 17 ya Regulation), kotero kukakamiza kungatsatidwe mwachindunji m'dziko lina la Member. Maganizo a Denmark ndi osiyana: amamangidwa ndi Regulation pansi pa mgwirizano wosiyana koma osati ndi Protocol. Dziko lililonse la Member limasankha bungwe lalikulu (Nkhani 49); ku Netherlands lomwe ndi LBIO, lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati bungwe lotumiza komanso lolandira. Nkhani 46 imafuna thandizo laulere la zamalamulo pa zopempha za chisamaliro cha mwana ndi kholo kwa munthu wosakwana zaka 21.

Kunja kwa EU, Msonkhano wa Hague wa 2007 wokhudza Kubwezeretsa Kwapadziko Lonse kwa Chithandizo cha Ana umapereka dongosolo lofanana la akuluakulu aboma komanso kuvomereza mosavuta pakati pa mayiko omwe achita mgwirizano. Pamene dziko lina silili mbali ya lamulo lililonse, kubwezeretsa kumadalira lamulo la dzikolo ndipo kungakhale pang'onopang'ono kapena, m'zochita, kosatheka. Mndandanda wa mayiko omwe achita mgwirizano umasintha, choncho yang'anani momwe dziko lomwe likukhudzidwalo lilili mwachindunji ndi HCCH musanadalire Msonkhanowo.

Ndalama zomwe zimapezedwa kunja ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu ochokera kunja

Kuwerengera ndalama zomwe munthu angapeze pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe angapeze pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake ku Netherlands kumatanthauza kulipira msonkho ku Netherlands. Ngati kholo lapereka msonkho kudziko lina, msonkho wochokera kunja, ndalama zolipirira nyumba za olemba ntchito kapena ndalama zakunja, kusintha kukhala ndalama zochokera kunja kwa Netherlands kumatsutsidwa nthawi zambiri kuposa china chilichonse pa kuwerengerako. Kulipira msonkho wochokera kunja kwa antchito omwe akubwera kumawerengedwa ngati ndalama zenizeni nthawi yonse yomwe ikugwira ntchito; kutayika kwake kumaganiziridwa pamene kukuchitika, m'malo moyembekezera. Chiŵerengero ndi nthawi yayitali ya ndalama zomwe angapeze pogwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo zasinthidwa kangapo, choncho gwiritsani ntchito malamulo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'chaka chowerengera. Konzani zikalata za msonkho zomwe zimayambira.

Law & More amalangiza makolo ku Netherlands ndi kunja kwa dzikolo pankhani yosamalira ana: kukhazikitsa zosowa ndi luso pa malangizo omwe alipo, kukambirana kapena kusintha ndalama, komanso kuthana ndi ulamuliro wodutsa malire, malamulo ogwira ntchito komanso kukakamiza malamulo. Ngati mukufuna kuti mawerengedwe awonedwe asanakhale oda, chonde lemberani.