Chuma chozungulira ku Netherlands: zopinga zalamulo pa bizinesi yanu

Zopinga zazikulu zalamulo pa bizinesi yozungulira ku Netherlands ndi momwe zinthu zilili, udindo wa zinthu, ndi umwini wa zinthu. Zinthu zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati zinyalala zimagwera pansi pa chilolezo chokhwima komanso njira yotumizira mpaka zitavomerezedwa kukhala zinthu zina kapena zikwaniritse zomwe zimafunika kuti ziwonongeke, ndipo zimenezo ndi kuwunika kwa malamulo, osati kusankha kwamalonda.

Zopinga zina ziwiri zimawonekera zinthu zikayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo. Monga wopanga, mumakhala ndi mlandu pa chinthu chopanda pake, kuphatikizapo chomwe chinapangidwa kuchokera ku ziwalo zomwe zagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Ndipo ngati mubwereka kapena kubwereka zinthu m'malo mozigulitsa, lamulo la katundu ku Netherlands limasankha mwini wake akangomangidwa ku nyumba kapena kasitomala wanu akalephera kugwira ntchito.

Kodi boma la Dutch likuyembekezera chiyani kuchokera ku bizinesi yanu?

Boma la Dutch likufuna kuti chuma chikhale chozungulira pofika chaka cha 2050. Cholinga chake ndi mfundo, osati udindo walamulo womwe umagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku kampani yanu; udindo wanu weniweni umachokera ku malamulo enaake okhudza zinyalala, zinthu, zilolezo ndi mapangano.

Palibe lamulo lachi Dutch lomwe limalipira chindapusa makampani chifukwa chosachita zinthu mozungulira mokwanira. Kukakamiza kumachitika kudzera mu malamulo omwe akugwira kale ntchito zanu: lamulo lowononga zinthu mu Environmental Management Act (Wet milieubeheer), zilolezo pansi pa Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet), lomwe limagwira ntchito kuyambira 1 Januwale 2024, mapulani a udindo wowonjezera wopanga, komanso, makamaka, malamulo a zinthu za EU. Zolinga za boma zafotokozedwa pa rijksoverheid.nl.

Kodi zinthu zanu zimatayidwa liti mwalamulo?

Zinthuzo zimakhala zinyalala mukamazitaya, mukufuna kuzitaya kapena mukuyenera kuzitaya. Mayesowa akuchokera ku Article 3(1) ya EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) ndipo amagwira ntchito ku Netherlands kudzera mu Environmental Management Act.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi cholinga chanu ndi maudindo anu, osati mtengo wa zinthuzo. Zotsalira zomwe kampani ina ikufuna kulipira zingakhalebe zotayika malinga ndi malamulo. Zotsatira zake ndi zothandiza komanso zachangu. Kukonza zinyalala nthawi zambiri kumafuna chilolezo, mayendedwe amatsatira malamulo olembetsa ndi kupereka malipoti, ndipo kusuntha zinyalala kudutsa malire kumagwera pansi pa EU Waste Shipment Regulation, yokhala ndi njira zodziwitsira ndi kuvomereza mitsinje yambiri ya zinyalala.

Ngati zinthuzo ndi zotayidwa mwalamulo, wogula wanu amafunika chilolezo choyenera ndipo muyenera kutsatira malamulo a zinyalala pa kutumiza kulikonse. Mawu a malangizowa akupezeka pa EUR-Lex.

Kodi zotsalira zanu zingawerengedwe ngati zotsalira zina?

Inde, ngati ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zinayi mu Article 5(1) ya Waste Framework Directive. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwina kuyenera kukhala kotsimikizika, zinthuzo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji popanda kukonzedwa kupitirira momwe zimakhalira m'mafakitale, ziyenera kupangidwa ngati gawo lofunikira pakupanga, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwina kuyenera kukhala kovomerezeka popanda zotsatirapo zoyipa pa chilengedwe kapena thanzi la anthu.

Chofunikira kwambiri ndi chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwina kulikonse ndikotsimikizika pamene mapulogalamu ambiri alephera. Mgwirizano umodzi wochotsera gawo la kuchuluka kwa ndalama sikokwanira kwenikweni. Akuluakulu amawona mapangano a nthawi yayitali, msika wokhazikika komanso kusowa kwa malo osungira kwa nthawi yosatha. Lembani mfundo izi musanayambe kupereka.

Kodi zinyalala zimasiya liti kukhala zinyalala?

Zinyalala zimataya udindo wake pambuyo pa ntchito yobwezeretsa, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsanso, ngati zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zinayi za Article 6(1) ya Waste Framework Directive. Zinthuzo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pazifukwa zinazake, payenera kukhala msika kapena kufunikira kwake, ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake sikuyenera kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pa chilengedwe kapena thanzi la anthu.

Pa mitsinje ina, monga mitundu ina ya zinyalala zachitsulo ndi galasi, EU yakhazikitsa mfundo zatsatanetsatane zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zotha ntchito. Pazinthu zina zambiri, kuwunika kumachitika chaka ndi chaka. Ku Netherlands mutha kufunsa Rijkswaterstaat kuti akupatseni upangiri pa zinthu zomwe zatha ntchito kapena momwe zinthuzo zilili. Upangiri umenewo ndi wofunika musanayike ndalama, chifukwa gulu limasankha zomwe zimakulolani inu ndi makasitomala anu kufunikira.

Ndani ali ndi mlandu ngati chinthu chogwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena chokonzedwanso chalephera?

Wopanga ali ndi udindo pa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chinthu cholakwika motsatira Article 6:185 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), mosasamala kanthu za cholakwika. Ngati mukonzanso kapena kusintha kwambiri chinthucho, mutha kuonedwa ngati wopanga wake.

Nkhani 6:185 mpaka 6:193 BW ikutsatira malangizo a EU Product Liability Directive. Chogulitsa chimakhala ndi vuto ngati sichipereka chitetezo chomwe munthu angayembekezere, poganizira momwe chimawonekera, momwe chikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso nthawi yomwe chinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito (Nkhani 6:186 BW). Kwa munthu wovulala, udindowu sungachotsedwe kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi mgwirizano (Nkhani 6:192 BW).

Malamulo akusintha. Lamulo latsopano la EU Product Liability Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2853) likugwira ntchito pazinthu zomwe zayikidwa pamsika kapena kuyikidwa muutumiki pambuyo pa 9 Disembala 2026. Malinga ndi Nkhani 8(2), aliyense amene amasintha kwambiri chinthu chomwe sichili m'manja mwa wopanga kenako n’kuchipereka pamsika amaonedwa kuti ndi wopanga chinthucho. Kwa okonzanso ndi opanga zinthu izi zikusonyeza momveka bwino mfundo imeneyi. Mawuwo akupezeka pa EUR-Lex.

Pambali pa udindo wa malonda, lamulo la mgwirizano wamba limagwira ntchito. Malinga ndi Article 7:17 BW, malonda omwe mumagulitsa ayenera kutsatira mgwirizano. Wogula malonda omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale kapena okonzedwanso angayembekezere zochepa kuposa zatsopano, koma malondawo ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe omwe wogula angayembekezere moyenera. Mafotokozedwe omveka bwino a zomwe zasinthidwa, zayesedwa komanso zotsimikizika zimathandiza kupewa mikangano.

Kodi mumathetsa bwanji chiopsezo chimenecho mwachizolowezi?

Lembani zomwe mudachita pa chinthu chilichonse: zigawo zomwe zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi mayeso omwe adachitika. Zolemba zimenezo ndi umboni wanu ngati chinthucho chalephera. Mapasipoti ofunikira, omwe amatsata chiyambi ndi kapangidwe ka zigawo, amagwira ntchito yomweyo.

Mu mapangano a bizinesi ndi bizinesi mungagwirizane momwe udindo umagawidwira pakati pa wogulitsa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, wopanga zinthu zatsopano ndi wogulitsa. Zigawo zotere zimagwira ntchito pakati pa magulu awiriwa, koma sizikhudza ufulu wa munthu wina wovulala. Onaninso ngati inshuwalansi yanu ya udindo imaphimba zinthu zokonzedwanso, chifukwa mfundo zina zimalembedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zatsopano zokha.

Ndani ali ndi chinthu chomwe mumabwereka m'malo mogulitsa?

Mwachidule, malinga ngati chinthucho chikhalabe chuma chosiyana. Chikakhala gawo la nyumba kapena chinthu china, umwini ukhoza kuperekedwa kwa mwini nyumbayo kapena chinthucho kudzera mu kulowa (natrekking).

Chigawo (bestanddeel) ndi chinthu chomwe chimaonedwa ngati gawo la chinthu chachikulu malinga ndi maganizo a anthu onse, kapena chomwe chikugwirizana nacho kwambiri kotero kuti sichingachotsedwe popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu (Nkhani 3:4 BW). Malinga ndi Nkhani 5:20 BW, mwini malowo ali ndi nyumba ndi ntchito zomwe zimalumikizidwa kwamuyaya. Malinga ndi Nkhani 5:14 BW, chinthu chosunthika chomwe chimakhala gawo la chinthu china chosunthika ndi cha mwiniwake wa chinthu chachikulu.

Ichi ndi chopinga chachikulu pa mitundu ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito. Wogulitsa amene amapereka magetsi, ma elevator, ma solar panels kapena zinthu zapakhomo pamtengo wolipirira pa ntchito iliyonse amafuna kukhala mwiniwake, kuti athe kutenga zinthuzo kumapeto kwa pangano. Ngati zinthuzo zitakhala zigawo za nyumbayo, umwiniwo umatayika, kaya panganolo likunena chiyani.

Kodi mungasunge bwanji umwini wa zinthu zomwe zayikidwa?

Pali njira zitatu zodziwika bwino. Yoyamba ndi yaukadaulo: kupanga zinthuzo kuti zichotsedwe popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu, zomwe zimathandizira mfundo yakuti sizili zigawo zake. Yachiwiri ndi ufulu wa superficies (opstalrecht) motsatira Article 5:101 BW, yomwe imalola munthu wina kupatula mwini malo kukhala ndi nyumba, ntchito kapena zomera mkati, pamwamba pa nthaka kapena pamwamba pake. Iyenera kupangidwa ndi chikalata cha notarial ndikulembetsedwa.

Njira yachitatu ndi ya mgwirizano. Udindo wobwezera, njira yogulira kumapeto kwa nthawi kapena mgwirizano wobwezera umakupatsani chiwongola dzanja motsutsana ndi kasitomala wanu. Komabe, chiwongola dzanja ndi chofooka kuposa umwini, chifukwa sichikutetezani ngati kasitomala wanu alephera kulipira ngongole.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati kasitomala wanu walephera kulipira?

Ngati ndinu mwiniwake, mutha kupempha zinthu zanu kwa woyang'anira bankirapuse. Ngati mwataya umwini chifukwa cholowa m'malo mwa kampani, ndinu wobwereketsa wamba wokhala ndi mangawa a mtengo wa mgwirizano kapena kuwonongeka.

Pali chiopsezo china choti muganizire. Dutch Tax and Customs Administration nthawi zina imatha kubweza ngongole za msonkho za wobwereketsa kuchokera ku katundu wa anthu ena omwe ali pamalo a wobwereketsa (bodemrecht motsatira Article 22 of the Collection of State Taxes Act 1990 (Invorderingswet 1990)). Kaya izi zimakhudza zinthu zomwe mwabwereketsa zimadalira mtundu wa katundu ndi makonzedwe ake, kotero ndikofunikira kuti izi ziwunikidwe musanayike zida zamtengo wapatali kwa kasitomala. Mukagulitsa ndi malipiro ochedwa, gawo losunga umwini pansi pa Article 3:92 BW limasunga umwini wanu mpaka mutalipidwa.

Kodi muyenera kukonzekera chiyani mu mgwirizano wozungulira?

Pangano lozungulira liyenera kutsimikizira umwini, kukonza, mtengo wotsala wa zinthuzo, kubweza ndi zomwe zimachitika pakutha kwa malonda kapena kulephera kulipira. Pangano lokhazikika la malonda kapena mawu wamba sakhudza mfundo izi.

Mu mgwirizano wa zinthu monga ntchito, wogulitsa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi udindo wokonza ndi kukonza, chifukwa zimapindula ndi moyo wautali wa chinthucho. Panganoli liyenera kunena yemwe amalipira kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, yemwe amateteza zinthuzo, momwe ndalama zimasinthidwira ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwasintha komanso momwe zinthuzo ziyenera kukhalira zikabwezedwa.

Mu unyolo wopereka zinthu womwe umagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina, zigawo zofotokozera ndizofunikira. Zomwe zimabwezeretsedwanso zimatha kusiyana mu mtundu, kotero muyenera kugwirizana kuti ndi muyezo uti womwe umagwira ntchito, momwe kusiyana kumayezedwera komanso zomwe wogula angachite ngati gulu silikukwaniritsa zomwe zafotokozedwazo. Ngati mumadalira wogulitsa m'modzi wa zotsalira, gwirizanani pa kuchuluka ndi nthawi, chifukwa zimathandizanso kuwunika kwa zinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Samalani ndi zonena zodalirika kwa ogula. Zonena zonyenga zokhudza chilengedwe zitha kukhala njira yolakwika yogulitsira malinga ndi Nkhani 6:193a ndi kutsatira BW, ndipo Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) ikutsata malamulowa. EU yalimbitsanso malamulo okhudza zonena zachilengedwe. Ingoperekani zonena zomwe mungathe kuzitsimikizira ndi umboni.

Kodi kugula zinthu za boma kungathandize bizinesi yanu yozungulira?

Inde. Akuluakulu aboma angapereke mapangano potengera chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha mtengo ndi khalidwe ndipo akuphatikizapo mfundo zozungulira, motsatira Public Procurement Act 2012 (Aanbestedingswet 2012). Sakakamizidwa kugula zinthu zozungulira, koma boma la Dutch likutsatira mfundo zozungulira zogula.

Kwa ogulitsa izi zikutanthauza kuti zikalata za ma tender zimafuna zambiri zokhudza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, zinthu zobwezerezedwanso, kukonza ndi kubweza. Ngati mungathe kulemba zinthuzi, mutha kupeza bwino pa khalidwe. Ngati mukuganiza kuti tender imachotsa mayankho ozungulira molakwika, funsani mafunso panthawi ya mafunso ndi mayankho, chifukwa zotsutsa zomwe zaperekedwa pokhapokha mutapereka ndalama nthawi zambiri zimakhala mochedwa kwambiri.

Ndi zilolezo ziti zomwe mukufuna kuti muchite zinthu zozungulira?

Zimenezo zimadalira zomwe mumachita pamalopo. Kusonkhanitsa, kusunga, kusanja kapena kukonza zinyalala ndi ntchito yowononga chilengedwe motsatira Environment and Planning Act, ndipo kungafunike chilolezo choteteza chilengedwe kapena chidziwitso pasadakhale.

Malamulo onse a ntchito zimenezi afotokozedwa kwambiri mu Lamulo la Ntchito Zachilengedwe (Besluit activiteiten leefomgeving). Mapulani azachilengedwe a boma (omgevingsplannen) amathanso kuchepetsa komwe ntchito zina zingachitikire. Ngati mukufuna kuwonjezera mzere wokonzanso, kubwezeretsanso kapena kupanganso ku fakitale yomwe ilipo, yang'anani koyambirira ngati chilolezo chanu chapano chikuphimba, chifukwa chilolezo chatsopano kapena chosinthidwa chingatenge miyezi ingapo.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wogulitsa mu chitsanzo cha malonda monga ntchito?

• Onetsetsani ngati zinthu zanu zingachotsedwe popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu, kuti zisakhale zigawo zogwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira Article 3:4 BW.
• Ganizirani za ufulu wa zinthu zapamwamba (opstalrecht) wolembedwa ndi notarial deed pazinthu zomangidwa pa malo kapena nyumba.
• Onani ngati Belastingdienst ikhoza kubweza ngongole za msonkho za kasitomala wanu kuchokera kuzinthu zanu motsatira Nkhani 22 ya Invorderingswet 1990.
• Sungani zolemba za chinthu chilichonse chomwe chagwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso chosinthidwa komanso mayeso aliwonse okhudzana ndi vuto la chinthucho.
• Onetsetsani kuti inshuwalansi yanu ya ngongole imaphimba zinthu zokonzedwanso.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati kasitomala?

• Chongani amene ali ndi udindo wokonza, kukonza ndi inshuwalansi panthawi yonse ya ntchitoyo.
• Onani momwe ndalama zimasinthira ngati kagwiritsidwe ntchito kanu kasintha.
• Yang'anani momwe zinthu zilili pobweza katundu ndi ndalama zochotsera katunduyo kumapeto kwa pangano.
• Onetsetsani ngati zinthu zobwezerezedwanso ziyenera kukwaniritsa muyezo womwe mwagwirizana komanso zomwe mungachite ngati gulu la zinthu litasokonekera.
• Onetsetsani ngati chilolezo chanu choteteza chilengedwe chimakhudza ntchito zokonzanso kapena kubwezeretsanso zinthu pamalo anu.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mabizinesi ozungulira?

Maloya athu amakampani amalangiza makampani pa mapangano, umwini ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi udindo wa zitsanzo zozungulira.

• Timalemba momwe zinthu zanu zimayendera mwalamulo: zinyalala, zinthu zina kapena zinthu zina.
• Timalemba mapangano okhudza zinthu monga ntchito ndi kubweza zomwe zimakhudza umwini, phindu lotsala komanso kusakwanitsa kulipira ngongole.
• Timawunikanso malamulo anu onse ndikupereka mapangano a udindo pansi pa Nkhani 6:185 mpaka 6:193 BW.
• Tikukonzekera udindo wanu kuti mulandire malangizo atsopano okhudza udindo wa malonda, omwe amagwira ntchito pazinthu zomwe zayikidwa pamsika pambuyo pa 9 Disembala 2026.
• Timafufuza ngati chilolezo chanu choteteza chilengedwe chikukhudza ntchito zatsopano zokonzanso kapena zobwezeretsanso.

Chidule

• Kaya zinthuzo ndi zinyalala zimadalira ngati mutaya kapena ayi; zinthu zomwe zatsala ndi zomwe zatha ntchito zimafunika zinthu zinayi kuti zikwaniritsidwe.
• Monga wopanga muli ndi udindo pa zinthu zolakwika, ndipo aliyense amene amasintha kwambiri chinthu akhoza kuonedwa ngati wopanga.
• Zinthu zomwe zimamangiriridwa ku nyumba kapena chinthu china zitha kukhala za mwini nyumbayo kapena chinthucho kudzera mu kulowa.
• Mapangano ozungulira ayenera kuphimba umwini, kukonza, mtengo wotsala, kubweza ndalama ndi kulephera kulipira ngongole.
• Yang'anani zilolezo zanu motsatira Environment and Planning Act musanawonjezere ntchito zokonzanso kapena kubwezeretsanso.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI