Civil Procedural Law

Monga loya woona za milandu ya anthu ku Netherlands, timachita milandu ya anthu odandaula ndi otsutsidwa, kuyambira kalata yoyamba yopempha mpaka kukakamiza chigamulocho. Timachitira zinthu anthu ndi mabizinesi, aku Dutch ndi mayiko ena, ku khoti laling'ono la chigawo, khoti la chigawo komanso mwachidule. Ngati mwalandira chikalata choitanira anthu ku khoti, choyamba ndikutumiza kwa ife nthawi yomweyo: tsiku lomwe lili ndi tsiku lomaliza.

Chiwerengero cha makasitomala Law & More 9.6 mwa 10 pa Klantenvertelle, nsanja yowunikira ya ku Dutch (ndemanga 81, kuyambira Okutobala 2026).

Kodi tingakuthandizeni chiyani?

• kalata yopempha kapena chidziwitso cha kusachitapo kanthu mlandu usanayambe;
• kuyambitsa milandu mwa kuitana kapena ndi pempho;
• kukutetezani mutalandira chikalata choitana;
• chidule cha milandu (kort geding) pankhani zachangu;
• kuyika maakaunti a banki kapena katundu pasadakhale;
• umboni, kumvetsera mboni ndi akatswiri osankhidwa ndi khoti;
• kukakamiza chigamulo, kapena kuletsa kukakamiza molakwika;
• mgwirizano panthawi ya mlanduwo.

Ndi khoti liti lomwe lidzamve mlandu wanu wa milandu ya anthu?

Milandu yambiri ya anthu imayambira kukhothi lachigawo (rechtbank), lomwe lili ndi gawo lachigawo (kantonrechter) la milandu yaying'ono komanso yeniyeni. Khothi lachigawo limamvera madandaulo okwana ma euro 25,000 ndi milandu yokhudza ntchito, lendi, ngongole ya ogula ndi kugula kwa ogula, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwake.

Ku khoti lachigawo chaching'ono mungathe kuchita mlandu nokha. M'milandu ina ku khoti lachigawo, kuimiridwa ndi loya n'kofunikira. Pali makhoti khumi ndi limodzi achigawo. Milandu yochokera ku Eindhoven nthawi zambiri dera limapita ku Khoti Lalikulu la Oost-Brabant, milandu yochokera ku Amsterdam ku Khoti Lalikulu la AmsterdamMilandu ili mu Chidatchi. Pa mikangano yamalonda yapadziko lonse, magulu angavomereze kuti mlanduwo ukhale m'Chingerezi ku Khoti Lamalonda la ku Netherlands.

Khoti	Milandu yodziwika	Loya akufunika?
Khoti lachigawo (kantonrechter)	Madandaulo mpaka ma euro 25,000, ntchito, lendi, milandu ya ogula	Ayi
Khothi la chigawo, gawo la milandu	Zopempha zoposa ma euro 25,000 ndi milandu ina	inde
Woweruza Wothandizira (kort geding)	Njira zofulumira za nthawi yochepa	Zimadalira mutuwo
Khoti la apilo	Apilo yotsutsana ndi zigamulo za khoti la chigawo	inde

Kodi milandu ya boma la Dutch imayamba bwanji?

Milandu yambiri imayamba ndi kuitana (dagvaarding) komwe bailiff amapereka kwa wotsutsidwayo. Milandu ina, monga nkhani zambiri za banja ndi ntchito, imayamba ndi pempho (verzoekschrift) lomwe laperekedwa kukhothi.

Musanayambe, mbali ina nthawi zambiri imafunika kulephera kulipira ndi nthawi yoyenera kuti ikwaniritse. Kalata yomveka bwino nthawi zambiri imathetsa nkhaniyi popanda ndalama za khothi. Chongani nthawi yocheperako: madandaulo ambiri a pangano amakhala ocheperako patatha zaka zisanu, koma nthawi yochepa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa madandaulo ena. Kuyitanitsa milandu kumatchula zomwe zanenedwa, zifukwa ndi umboni, ndipo kumatchula tsiku lomwe wotsutsidwayo ayenera kupita. Chidule chathu cha njira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu mlandu wa anthu wamba chikufotokoza bwino gawoli.

Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani pambuyo pa kuyitanidwa?

Wotsutsidwayo amapereka umboni wolembedwa, ndipo pambuyo pake khoti nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mlandu wa pakamwa (mondelinge behandeling). Khotilo limapereka chigamulo kapena choyamba limalamula umboni, mwachitsanzo ndi mboni kapena katswiri.

Chitetezo ndi kumvetsera

Wotsutsidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi milungu ingapo kuti apereke chikalata chodziteteza, nthawi zambiri zisanu ndi chimodzi, komanso nthawi yochepa yowonjezera. Pamsonkhano, woweruza amafunsa mafunso, amafufuza mgwirizano ndikusankha momwe mlanduwu udzapitirire (Nkhani 87 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure). Milandu yambiri imathetsedwa panthawiyi.

Umboni

Chipani chomwe chimadalira mfundo nthawi zambiri chimayenera kutsimikizira ngati chikutsutsana. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025, malamulo osinthidwa pa umboni amafuna kuti maguluwo aziyika mfundo ndi umboni wofunikira patebulo msanga. Amathandizanso kuti zikhale zosavuta kupempha kuti mupeze zikalata zinazake. Onani nkhani yathu yokhudza ufulu wosinthidwa wowunikira umboni.

Ngati wotsutsidwayo sawonekera

Ngati wotsutsidwayo sakubwera, khoti likhoza kupereka chigamulo chosatha (verstekvonnis). Wotsutsidwayo akhoza kutsutsa (verzet), nthawi zambiri mkati mwa milungu inayi. Werengani zambiri mu nkhani yathu yokhudza kuletsa chigamulo chosatha.

Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito bwanji chigamulo cha boma?

Malipiro kapena ntchito yokhudza chigamulo ndi udindo womwe woyang'anira khoti angagwiritse ntchito. Woyang'anira khoti akhoza kumangirira maakaunti akubanki, malipiro, katundu ndi malo a wobwereketsa.

Zigamulo zambiri zimalengezedwa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi, kotero kukakamiza ndikotheka ngakhale mbali ina itakhala kuti yachita apilo. Kodi mukuopa kuti wobwereketsayo abisa katundu? Kenako mutha kupempha woweruza wothandiza poyamba kuti akupatseni chilolezo chokhazikitsa chiganizo chisanaweruzidwe (conservatoir beslag) mlandu usanayambe. Kenako muyenera kuyamba milandu yayikulu mkati mwa nthawi yomwe khothi lakhazikitsa, masiku osachepera 14 (Nkhani 700 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure). Onani nkhani yathu yokhudza kuletsa katundu ndi kukakamiza chiganizo chisanaweruzidwe . Ngati simukugwirizana ndi chigamulocho, maloya athu a apilo amatha kuwunika apilo.

Zimagwira ntchito bwanji Law & More ntchito?

1. Msonkhano woyamba: timakambirana za mkangano, zikalata ndi nthawi yomaliza iliyonse yopempha kapena chigamulo.
2. Upangiri ndi kuwerengera mtengo: timayesa malo anu, umboni, mwayi ndi chiopsezo cha mtengo.
3. Njira yolankhulirana ndi kukambirana: timatumiza kalata yopempha kapena kuyankha imodzi, ndikufufuza mgwirizano.
4. Milandu kapena kumalizidwa: timachita milandu, timapita ku msonkhano wa milandu ndikukonzekera kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo.

Kodi loya wochita zinthu zachitukuko amawononga ndalama zingati?

Mtengo wathu wa ola limodzi ndi ma euro 250 mpaka 350 osaphatikiza VAT ya loya ndi ma euro 300 mpaka 400 osaphatikiza VAT ya mnzanu. Tikugwirizana pasadakhale ndipo timapereka chiyerekezo cha mtengo pa gawo lililonse la mlandu.

Msonkhano woyamba ndi waulere. Msonkhano wopereka uphungu kamodzi kokha popanda thandizo lina umawononga ma euro 300 kuphatikiza VAT. Ndalama za khothi (griffierecht) ndi ndalama za bailiff zimalipidwa padera; ndalama za khothi zimadalira mtengo wa zomwe zanenedwa ndipo zalembedwa pa rechtspraak.nl . Munthu wotayika nthawi zambiri amalipira ndalama zokhazikika pa ndalama za mlandu wa wopambana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa ndalama zenizeni. Thandizo la zamalamulo kudzera mu Legal Aid Board (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand) lilipo, koma sitigwira ntchito pazifukwa zimenezo.

Ndani akusamalira mlandu wanu?

Mlandu wanu umayendetsedwa ndi m'modzi mwa maloya athu; pamsonkhano woyamba mudzamva omwe. Ngati mkanganowo ukukhudza gawo linalake la malamulo, monga lamulo la makampani kapena la ntchito, loya yemwe amagwira ntchito m'derali ndiye akukhudzidwa. Mutha kukumana ndi maloya patsamba lathu la gulu.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI

Ndalandira chikalata chondiitana. Ndiyenera kuchita chiyani?

Lembani tsiku lomwe muyenera kupita ku khoti, ndipo funsani loya nthawi yomweyo. Ku khoti lachigawo mutha kuyankha kudzera mwa loya; ku khoti lachigawo mutha kuyankha nokha. Ngati simuchita chilichonse, khoti likhoza kupereka chigamulo chosavomerezeka chomwe nthawi zambiri chimaloledwa. Sonkhanitsani mgwirizano, makalata ndi umboni wina pakadali pano.

Kodi ndikufunika loya wodziwa bwino ntchito za boma?

Ku khoti la chigawo ndi khoti la apilo, kuimiridwa ndi loya ndikofunikira. Ku khoti la chigawo chaching'ono mungathe kudziyimira nokha, koma malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka milandu ndi umboni zikugwirabe ntchito. Loya wochita zinthu zachitukuko amayesa mwayi, kulemba zikalata ndikuyankhula pamsonkhano. Zimenezi zimathandizanso pa zokambirana zothetsa nkhani, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamsonkhano.

Kodi milandu ya milandu ya anthu imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji ku Netherlands?

Mlandu wosavuta poyamba nthawi zambiri umatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka chaka. Milandu yokhala ndi mboni kapena akatswiri osankhidwa ndi khoti ingatenge nthawi yayitali. Milandu yachidule imakhala yachangu kwambiri: kumvetsera mkati mwa masiku kapena milungu, ndipo chigamulo chimatha pambuyo pake. Apilo imawonjezera chaka china kukhala ziwiri.

Kodi ndingabweze ndalama zomwe ndawononga pa mlandu wanga ngati ndipambana?

Kawirikawiri pang'ono chabe. Makhothi aku Dutch amapereka ndalama zokhazikika pa ndalama zamilandu kutengera sikelo, zomwe zimatengera mtengo wa zomwe zanenedwazo ndi njira zomwe zatengedwa. Ndalamazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa ndalama zenizeni za loya. Kubweza ndalama zonse ndi chinthu chosiyana, mwachitsanzo pamilandu ya chuma chanzeru. Ndalama zamilandu ndi ndalama za bailiff nthawi zambiri zimatha kubwezedwa kuchokera kwa wotayika.

Kodi chidule cha milandu (kort geding) ndi chiyani?

Milandu yomaliza ndi milandu yofulumira pamaso pa woweruza milandu yoyambirira pa nkhani zadzidzidzi. Woweruza amapereka chigamulo cha kanthawi kochepa, monga lamulo loletsa kuchitapo kanthu kapena kulipira pasadakhale. Muyenera kusonyeza chidwi chadzidzidzi. Chigamulocho sichithetsa mkanganowo, koma m'machitidwe nthawi zambiri magulu amavomereza.

Kodi mkangano ungathetsedwe panthawi ya mlandu?

Inde, nthawi iliyonse. Milandu yambiri ya anthu imathera pa mgwirizano, nthawi zambiri panthawi ya mlandu kapena pambuyo pa mlandu pomwe woweruza amafufuza njira zomwe angasankhe. Mgwirizano nthawi zambiri umalembedwa mu mgwirizano wa mgwirizano (vaststellingsovereeenkomst) kapena mu mbiri yovomerezeka ya mlanduwo. Mbiri yovomerezeka ikhoza kukakamizidwa ngati chigamulo.

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