Misonkho ya makina otsekedwa imatsatira malamulo okhwima alamulo pansi pa lamulo la Dutch. Wogwiritsa ntchito makina otsekedwa sakhala pansi pa lamulo lomwelo lakale la msonkho monga wogwiritsa ntchito makina otumizira kapena ogawa nthawi zonse: Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Market (ACM) sikhazikitsa mitengo yake pasadakhale. Komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ali ndi ufulu wolipiritsa anthu olumikizidwa nawo chilichonse chomwe akufuna. Popeza Dutch Energy Act (Energiewet) inayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januware 2026, Nkhani 3.114 ya lamuloli ili ndi muyezo wa mitengo ya makina otsekedwa: wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kulemba ndikufalitsa njira yowerengera pasadakhale, ndipo njira imeneyo iyenera kubweretsa mitengo yomwe ikuwonetsa mtengo wa ntchito zake ndi maudindo ake ovomerezeka ndipo ndi yowonekera bwino komanso yopanda tsankho. Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lililonse lolumikizidwa lingapereke madandaulo ku ACM pansi pa Nkhani 5.4 ya Energy Act; ngati ACM ipeza kuti njira yowerengera kapena mtengowo sukwaniritsa zofunikira zalamulo, imalamula kusintha ndipo chisankho chake ndi chomangirira. Munkhaniyi tikambirana momwe muyezo wa tariff umagwirira ntchito, ndalama zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwa, chifukwa chake maziko a pangano ndi ofunikira ngati muyezo wovomerezeka, komanso momwe njira yodandaula isanayambike ACM. Tafotokoza dongosolo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka machitidwe otsekedwa m'nkhani yathu yowunikira maukonde achinsinsi ndi machitidwe otsekedwa ogawa.
Kuchokera ku Electricity Act 1998 mpaka Energy Act: kuzindikira m'malo mochotsa
Mpaka pa 1 Januwale 2026, dongosolo la machitidwe ogawa otsekedwa linakhazikitsidwa mu Nkhani 15 ya Dutch Electricity Act 1998 (Elektronitsitset 1998), yomwe idagwira ntchito kudzera mu kuchotsera (kuchotsa) udindo wosankha woyendetsa makina. Lamulo la Mphamvu, lomwe limalowa m'malo mwa Electricity Act 1998 ndi Gas Act, limatenga poyambira kosiyana: makina otsekedwa ayenera kuzindikirika (erkend) motero. Zikhalidwe zozindikirika zafotokozedwa mu Nkhani 3.7 ya Energy Act. Mbiri yaku Europe sinasinthe: Nkhani 38 ya Directive (EU) 2019/944 imatenga machitidwe ogawidwa otsekedwa ngati machitidwe ogawa, koma imawalola, pansi pa mikhalidwe, kuti asavomerezedwe kale mitengo kapena njira zowerengera. Kuchotsera kumeneko sikuchotsa zofunikira za kuwonekera poyera komanso kusasankhana. Ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ufulu pansi pa dongosolo lakale akulangizidwa kuti malingaliro awo awunikidwenso motsutsana ndi lamulo losintha ndi zikhalidwe zozindikirika za Energy Act.
Mitengo yamakina otsekedwa: muyezo wa Article 3.114 ya Energy Act
Mfundo yaikulu ya ndondomeko ya msonkho ikupezeka mu Article 3.114(1) ya Energy Act, yomwe imati, kwenikweni,:
Wogwiritsa ntchito makina otsekedwa amalipiritsa […] mtengo wokhazikitsidwa motsatira njira yowerengera yomwe idapangidwa ndikufalitsidwa ndi iyo pasadakhale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitengo iwonetse mtengo […] ndipo ndi yowonekera bwino komanso yopanda tsankho.
Muyezo uwu uli ndi zinthu zitatu, zomwe chilichonse chimapereka zofunikira zake. Choyamba, njira yowerengera yomwe yapangidwa ndikufalitsidwa pasadakhale: wogwiritsa ntchito sangakhazikitse mitengo mobwerezabwereza kapena mwachisawawa, koma ayenera kudziwitsa njirayo kwa omwe akugwirizana nawo kale. Chachiwiri, kuwunikira mtengo: mitengo iyenera kuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ndi maudindo a wogwiritsa ntchito. Chachitatu, kuwonekera poyera komanso kusasankhana: njirayo iyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndipo magulu ofanana ogwirizana ayenera kuchitiridwa chimodzimodzi, pokhapokha ngati kusiyana koyenera kutsimikizira kuchitiridwa kosiyana. Wogwiritsa ntchito yemwe ali ndi zinthu zitatuzi motsatizana amasangalala, mkati mwa malire amenewo, ufulu wopanga njira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa makina ndi malo; wogwiritsa ntchito amene sazinyalanyaza ali pachiwopsezo chokonza chomangirira ndi ACM.
Ndi ndalama ziti zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwa?
Lamuloli silipereka mndandanda wa ndalama, koma kufunika kwa kuwunikira mtengo kumabweretsa gulu logwira ntchito. Njira yowerengera, makamaka, ingaphatikizepo: ndalama zolumikizira ndi kusintha kwa maulumikizidwe, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kukonza, kuwongolera ndi kuyeza makinawo, ndalama zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito mwiniwake amalipira kwa wogwiritsa ntchito makina aboma kuti asamutsire ku gridi ya anthu onse, komanso gawo lofunikira la ndalama zonse. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ndalama zomwe sizingaphatikizidwe ndi ntchito yogawa sizili mu msonkho, monga ndalama za ntchito zina za wogwiritsa ntchito kapena ndalama zomwe zalipidwa kale kudzera munjira zina, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu lendi kapena ndalama zogwirira ntchito pamalowo.
Wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhala wokhoza kutsimikizira njira yowerengera yomwe yasankhidwa ndi zigawo za mtengo zomwe zili mkati mwake mwanjira yotsimikizika komanso yotsatirika. Kwa magulu ena a ogwira ntchito zamakina, Nkhani 3.42 ya Energy Decree (Energiebesluit) imalemba maakaunti osiyana; mosasamala kanthu za zimenezo, wogwiritsa ntchito amene sangathe kulungamitsa kuwerengera kwake mtengo amakhala pamavuto nthawi yomweyo ngati pakhala kudandaula: zomwe sizingatsimikizidwe sizingalipidwe. Energy Act imathandizanso kutsimikizira izi: Nkhani 4.10 ya Energy Act imafotokoza momveka bwino kuti wogwiritsa ntchito makina otsekedwa angagwiritse ntchito deta kuchokera ku register, pakati pa zinthu zina, kudziwa mitengo ndi kuchita mapangano olumikizirana ndi zoyendera.
Maziko a pangano: palibe chikole cholipira popanda gawo lomveka bwino
Muyezo wa msonkho walamulo ndi chinthu chimodzi; maziko a mgwirizano wa ngongole yolipira ndi china, ndipo malamulo a milandu akuwonetsa kuti apa ndi pomwe zinthu nthawi zambiri zimasokonekera. Khoti Loona za Apilo la 's-Hertogenbosch linanena kuti mgwirizano wopereka sunapereke chifukwa cha ndalama zolumikizira nthawi ndi nthawi, chifukwa ngongole yolipira sinali yowonekera bwino kuchokera ku zikalata za mgwirizano (ECLI:NL:GHSHE:2024:2263). Khoti Lalikulu la ku Dutch linagwirizana ndi chigamulo chimenecho (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:94). Mlanduwu unali wokhudza kupereka kutentha, koma phunziroli likugwiranso ntchito mofanana ndi misonkho mkati mwa dongosolo lotsekedwa: wogwiritsa ntchito waluso ayenera kulemba padera komanso momveka bwino ndalama zomwe amalipiritsa, momwe amawerengedwera, komanso ngati zikukhudzana ndi kulumikizana, kukonza, mayendedwe, kuyeza kapena ntchito ina. Gawo losamveka bwino la msonkho lili pachiwopsezo cha wogwiritsa ntchito.
Ngati gawo la msonkho likuphatikizidwa m'mawu ndi zikhalidwe zonse, chiopsezo chothetsedwa chimawonjezeredwa pa izi. Gawo lomwe ndi lovuta kwambiri silingatheke malinga ndi Nkhani 6:233 ya Dutch Civil Code, ndipo ngati pali kukayikira tanthauzo lake, kutanthauzira komwe kuli koyenera kwambiri kwa mnzake kumakhalapo (Nkhani 6:238 ya Dutch Civil Code). Gawo lomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amangosunga, mwachidule, ufulu wosintha mitengo yake, popanda kumveka bwino chifukwa chake, liti, kangati komanso ndi muyezo uti, womwe umayendetsa chiopsezocho moyenera. Chifukwa chake tikulangiza ogwira ntchito kuti alembe njira ya msonkho momveka bwino m'mapangano olumikizirana ndi mayendedwe: magulu ati amitengo omwe amaperekedwa, malinga ndi kiyi yogawa, momwe ndalama zolimbikitsira kapena kusintha zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, liti komanso ndi mitengo iti yokhazikika yomwe imalembedwa kapena kusinthidwa, komanso chidziwitso cha udindo chomwe gulu logwirizana limalandira nthawi ndi nthawi. Kwa magulu ogwirizana, chithunzi chowonekera chimagwira ntchito: aliyense amene wasaina gawo losamveka bwino la msonkho akugula mkangano wamtsogolo. Osachepera, kambiranani mwayi wopeza chitsimikizo cha mtengo.
Khoti Loona za Apilo la Arnhem-Leeuwarden likuwonetsanso kuti kukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi ukadaulo wa netiweki yachinsinsi ndi nkhani yosiyana: wogwiritsa ntchito netiweki yachinsinsi ayenera kuganizira za ufulu wa omwe akugwirizana ndi omwe akupereka chithandizo, koma sizikutanthauza kuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kukonza khodi ya EAN kapena kulumikizana kwina (ECLI:NL:GHARL:2026:316).
Madandaulo pamaso pa ACM: chisankho chomangika mkati mwa miyezi iwiri
Chipani chogwirizana chomwe chikuganiza kuti njira yowerengera kapena mtengo wake sukwaniritsa zofunikira zalamulo chingapereke madandaulo ku ACM motsatira Nkhani 5.4 ya Energy Act yokhudza momwe woyendetsa makina amagwirira ntchito zake mwalamulo. ACM imasankha, makamaka, mkati mwa miyezi iwiri; ngati pakufunika zambiri zowonjezera, nthawiyo ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kamodzi ndi miyezi iwiri. Chisankhocho ndi chomangirira. Njirayi ili ndi chitetezo kwa onse awiri, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa woyendetsa makinawo kupereka maganizo ake ndi kumvetsera. Ngati ACM ipeza kuti njira yowerengera kapena mtengo wake sukugwirizana ndi zofunikira za Nkhani 3.114(1), imalamula, motsatira Nkhani 3.114(2), kusintha kwa njira kapena mtengo wake.
Poyesa kuwunikira mtengo, ACM ingagwiritse ntchito mfundo zofotokozera, koma siingogwiritsa ntchito njira ya msonkho kwa ogwira ntchito pagulu: kuwunikako kumakonzedwa kuti kugwirizane ndi ntchito zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, mawonekedwe a dongosololi, kutsimikizira mtengo ndi njira yowerengera yomwe yasankhidwa. Kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, kudandaula kulikonse kumatanthauza kuti kapangidwe ka ndalama zonse za dongosololi kayikidwa patebulo; kwa wogwirizana, ndi chida chosavuta komanso chosavuta chowunikiranso mtengo wake wamagetsi. Kwa anthu ogwirizana omwe ali ndi kulumikizana kochepa, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayeneranso kupereka njira yowonekera, yosavuta komanso yopezeka mosavuta yodandaula (Nkhani 3.34 ya Lamulo la Mphamvu).
Mfundo zitatu zotsutsana zomwe zikuchitika
Makambirano ovuta kwambiri amabuka m'mikhalidwe itatu yomwe Lamulo silipereka yankho lokonzedwa kale ndipo motero liyenera kuthetsedwa makamaka ndi mgwirizano. Choyamba ndi ndalama zazikulu: ngati dongosololi liyenera kukulitsidwa kuti ligwirizane ndi kukula kapena kuyika magetsi kwa gulu limodzi lolumikizidwa, funso limabuka lomwe limabweretsa ndalamazo ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mu njira yowerengera. Chachiwiri ndi malo opanda anthu kapena kuchoka: ngati gulu lalikulu lolumikizidwa lichoka pamalopo, ndalama zokhazikika za dongosololi ziyenera kugawidwa pang'ono, ndipo funso ndi lakuti ngati chiopsezo chimenecho chili kwa woyendetsa kapena ndi magulu ena olumikizidwa. Chachitatu ndi watsopano: ndi pazifukwa ziti zomwe gulu latsopano pamalopo limapeza mwayi wolowa mu dongosololi, ndipo kodi limathandizira kuyika ndalama zakale? Aliyense amene amayang'ana pasadakhale zochitikazi mu njira yowerengera ndi mapangano amapewa kuzithetsa pambuyo pake kudzera mu madandaulo a ACM kapena milandu yachiweniweni.
Kutsiliza
Malinga ndi Dutch Energy Act, wogwiritsa ntchito makina otsekedwa sakhala ndi ufulu wolipira msonkho, koma ali ndi malo, mkati mwa muyezo wa Article 3.114, ogwiritsira ntchito njira yake yowerengera, bola ngati njirayo yafalitsidwa pasadakhale ndipo imabweretsa mitengo yowunikira mtengo, yowonekera bwino komanso yopanda tsankho. ACM imatsatira muyezo umenewo, pakadandaula ndi gulu lililonse logwirizana, ndi chigamulo chomangirira, ndipo makhothi a boma amatsatira maziko a mgwirizano: mtengo wopanda gawo lomveka bwino ndi wofooka, ngakhale kuti mulingo wake ungakhale womveka. Kutsimikizira mtengo wotsatira, njira yowerengera yofalitsidwa bwino komanso makonzedwe omveka bwino a mgwirizano, pamodzi, ndi inshuwaransi yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi mikangano yamitengo. Kodi ndinu wogwiritsa ntchito makina otsekedwa ndipo mukufuna kuti njira yanu yowerengera, kuzindikira kapena mapangano anu awunikidwenso motsutsana ndi Energy Act, kapena ndinu gulu logwirizana lomwe lili ndi kukayikira za mitengo yomwe mumalipira? Maloya a malamulo a mphamvu a Law & More kupereka uphungu ndi kuweruza milandu mbali zonse ziwiri za ubalewu, pamaso pa ACM komanso pamaso pa makhothi a anthu wamba.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Kodi wogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsekedwa ali ndi ufulu wokhazikitsa mitengo yakeyake?
Ayi. Misonkho sikuyenera kukhazikitsidwa pasadakhale ndi ACM, koma motsatira Article 3.114 ya Energy Act, woyendetsa ntchitoyo ayenera kupanga ndikufalitsa njira yowerengera pasadakhale yomwe imabweretsa mitengo yomwe ikuwonetsa mtengo wa ntchito zake ndi maudindo ake komanso yomwe ili yowonekera bwino komanso yopanda tsankho.
Kodi lamulo lakale la Article 15 la Electricity Act 1998 likugwirabe ntchito?
Ayi. Lamulo la Mphamvu lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026. Dongosolo lotsekedwa liyenera kuvomerezedwa motsatira Nkhani 3.7 ya Lamulo la Mphamvu ndipo muyezo wa msonkho uli mu Nkhani 3.114. Ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ufulu wochotsa ntchito motsatira dongosolo lakale akulangizidwa kuti maganizo awo aunikidwenso motsutsana ndi lamulo losinthira.
Kodi woyendetsa angalipire milandu ya woyendetsa makina aboma?
Inde. Ndalama zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalipira kwa wogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la boma pa malo osamutsira katundu zimagwirizana ndi ntchito zake ndipo zitha kuphatikizidwa mu njira yowerengera, bola ngati kugawa kwa magulu ogwirizanawo kuli kowonekera bwino komanso kopanda tsankho.
Kodi gulu logwirizana lingasinthe mtengo wokwera kwambiri?
Inde. Munthu wogwirizana naye akhoza kusuma mlandu ku ACM motsatira Nkhani 5.4 ya Energy Act. Ngati ACM ipeza kuti njira yowerengera kapena mtengo wake sukugwirizana ndi Nkhani 3.114, imalamula kuti pakhale kusintha. Chisankho cha ACM ndi chomangirira ndipo chimatsatira, makamaka, mkati mwa miyezi iwiri.
Kodi munthu amene walumikizidwa naye angabweze ndalama zomwe adalipira kale?
Zimenezi zimadalira kwambiri pa mgwirizano. Malinga ndi lamulo la milandu (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:94) kuti chikole cholipira chomwe sichikuonekera bwino kuchokera m'malemba a mgwirizano sichipereka maziko a ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lovuta kwambiri la msonkho m'mawu ndi mikhalidwe yonse likhoza kuthetsedwa. Funani upangiri nthawi yoyenera, komanso ndi cholinga chochepetsa nthawi.
Kodi wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kusunga maakaunti osiyana?
Nkhani 3.42 ya Energy Decree imafuna kuti magulu ena a ogwira ntchito m'makompyuta azisunga maakaunti osiyana. Mosasamala kanthu kuti udindowo ukugwira ntchito kwa wogwiritsa ntchito winawake, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kukhala wokhoza kutsimikizira njira yake yowerengera ndi zigawo za mtengo mwanjira yotsimikizika komanso yotsatirika; popanda umboni umenewo, mtengo wa msonkho sudzakhalabe ndi dandaulo pamaso pa ACM.
Zitha Law & More kukuchitirani inu?
Timalangiza ogwira ntchito za kuzindikira njira yotsekedwa, kapangidwe ndi kufalitsa njira yowerengera komanso mapangano olumikizirana ndi mayendedwe, ndipo timayimira magulu omwe ali mu njira zodandaula pamaso pa ACM komanso m'mikangano ya misonkho ya anthu wamba. Kwa magulu omwe ali ogwirizana, timayesa njira yowerengera, mitengo ndi maziko awo a mgwirizano. Nthawi zonse timalangiza pamikangano yamitengo yamakina otsekedwa, kuyambira njira yodziwira mpaka madandaulo pamaso pa ACM.
Tom Meevis, loya wa zamalamulo amagetsi komanso mnzake woyang'anira ku Law & MoreNgati muli ndi mafunso okhudza njira zotsekera zogawa, mitengo ya katundu kapena mikangano ndi ACM, chonde titumizireni uthenga pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa] kapena +31 40 369 06 80.
