Kulera ana pamodzi ku Netherlands: kodi kulera ana pamodzi kumagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kulera ana pamodzi ku Netherlands kumadalira pa mfundo zitatu zovomerezeka: ulamuliro wa makolo (gezag), womwe umasankha amene angachite zisankho zofunika; nyumba yaikulu ya mwana (hoofdverblijfplaats), yomwe imakonza maziko a tsiku ndi tsiku; ndi dongosolo la chisamaliro kapena kulumikizana (zorgregeling kapena omgangsregeling), lomwe limagawa nthawi. Ngati mukugawana ulamuliro ndikulekanitsa, muyenera kulemba izi mu dongosolo la kulera ana (ouderschapsplan). Ngati simukugwirizana, aliyense wa inu akhoza kubweretsa mkangano kukhothi motsatira nkhani 1:253a ya Dutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), ndipo khoti limasankha mokomera mwana.

Mikangano yambiri yokhudza kulera ana limodzi siimangochitika pa mfundo zachikhalidwe. Imasokonekera pa mapepala olembera, nthawi yomaliza yolephera komanso zisankho zomwe kholo limodzi limachita lokha.

Kodi kulera ana pamodzi kumatanthauza chiyani malinga ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands?

Kulera ana pamodzi si gulu lovomerezeka mwalamulo ku Netherlands. Palibe tanthauzo lalamulo la kulera ana pamodzi (co-ouderschap) ndipo palibe lamulo loti nthawi iyenera kugawidwa makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu.

Zimene lamulo limalamulira n’zochepa komanso zothandiza kwambiri. Limayankha mafunso anayi: ndani ali ndi ulamuliro wa makolo, komwe mwana amakhala, momwe chisamaliro ndi kulankhulana zimagawidwira, komanso ndani amapereka ndalama zomwe zimafunika pa ndalama za mwana. Chilichonse chomwe makolo olekana amachitcha kuti kulera ana pamodzi ndi njira yodzazira mafunso anayiwo.

Mfundo ziwiri zimadutsamo zonse. Choyamba, makonzedwe aliwonse amaweruzidwa malinga ndi zofuna za mwana, osati ubwino wa makolo. Chachiwiri, makolo onse awiri ali ndi udindo wolimbikitsa ubale pakati pa mwana ndi kholo lina, womwe wafotokozedwa mu nkhani 1:247 ndime 3 BW. Udindo umenewo uli ndi vuto lenileni. Ngati mulepheretsa kukhudzana, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mwanayo ngati mthenga, mumafooketsa udindo wanu pa njira ina iliyonse yotsatira.

Mfundo yachitatu nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, mwana ayenera kupatsidwa mwayi womvedwa ndi khothi pankhani zokhudza ulamuliro, malo okhala, kulumikizana ndi kusamalira (nkhani 809 ya Code of Civil Procedure, Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvording, Rv). Khothi likhozanso kumva ana aang'ono. Ngati zofuna za mwana ndi za makolo zikusemphanadi, khothi likhoza kusankha woimira wapadera wa mwanayo (bijzondere curator) motsatira nkhani 1:250 BW.

Ndani ali ndi ulamuliro wa makolo, ndipo ndani amasankha chiyani?

Ulamuliro wa makolo ndi mphamvu yopangira zisankho zofunika kwa mwana wanu. Makolo okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa amasunga izi mogwirizana ndi lamulo; makolo osakwatira nthawi zambiri amasunga izi mogwirizana ngati mnzanuyo adavomereza mwanayo pa 1 Januwale 2023 kapena pambuyo pake.

Ulamuliro umakhudza chisamaliro ndi kulera mwana, kasamalidwe ka katundu wa mwanayo ndi womuyimira milandu. M'mawu ake, umatanthauza mphamvu yosankha sukulu, chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe sichimachitika nthawi zonse, kulembetsa kwa dokotala wamkulu (GP), kupempha pasipoti, ndi komwe mwanayo amakhala.

Momwe ulamuliro umakhalira zimadalira ubale wanu. Makolo okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa amakhala ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana okha. Kwa makolo osakwatira udindowo unasintha pa 1 Januwale 2023. Kuyambira tsiku limenelo, mnzanu amene amavomereza mwana (erkenning) amapeza ulamuliro wogwirizana wa makolo pamodzi ndi mayi ake motsatira lamulo, bola ngati kuvomerezako kukuchitika pa tsiku limenelo kapena pambuyo pake. Kuvomereza komwe kumachitika pasanafike 1 Januwale 2023 sikupanga ulamuliro mobwerezabwereza. Makolo omwe ali pa udindo umenewo amafunikirabe kulembetsa pamodzi mu kaundula wa akuluakulu aboma (gezagsregister) kapena, ngati sangavomereze, chigamulo cha khothi.

Kusudzulana kapena kulekana sikusintha ulamuliro. Ulamuliro wogwirizana umangopitirira ubale utatha, ndipo zisankho zazikulu zimafunabe nonse awiri. Ulamuliro wokha ndi wosiyana. Khoti limapereka chilolezo pokhapokha ngati ulamuliro wogwirizana upanga chiopsezo chosavomerezeka chakuti mwanayo adzakodwa pakati pa makolo ake, ndipo palibe njira ina yomwe ingabweretse kusintha kokwanira. Mpata umenewo ndi waukulu. Mikangano yachibadwa pambuyo pa kulekana siikukwaniritsa.

Zimathandiza kulemba momveka bwino gawo la tsiku ndi tsiku. Zosankha za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi za kholo lomwe mwana amakhala nalo panthawiyo: nthawi yogona, homuweki, kupita kwa dokotala wa ana chifukwa cha kupweteka kwa pakhosi. Zosankha zomwe zimapitirira tsiku ndi za nonse awiri. Kutchula magulu awa pasadakhale ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yopewera mlandu womwe munasankha nokha. Chidule chathu cha nkhani za ulamuliro wa makolo chimafotokoza njira zomwe zingatsatidwe pamene mgwirizano ukhala wosatheka.

Kodi dongosolo la makolo liyenera kukhala ndi chiyani?

Ndondomeko yolera ana ndi yokakamiza, ndipo lamulo limafotokoza zomwe zili mkati mwake. Iyenera kuphatikizapo gawo la chisamaliro ndi kulera, momwe mudzadziwitsirane ndi kufunsana, komanso ndalama zolerera mwana.

Ngati ndinu okwatira kapena olembetsedwa omwe ali ndi ana aang'ono omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wanu ndipo mukupempha chisudzulo, nkhani 815 ndime 2 Rv ikufuna kuti mulembe dongosolo la kulera ana ndi pempholi. Makolo osakwatira omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogawana ndikuthetsa ubale wawo ali ndi udindo wofanana ndi womwewo pansi pa nkhani 1:247a BW. Pempho loperekedwa popanda dongosolo, komanso popanda kufotokozera bwino chifukwa chake silingathe kuperekedwa, likhoza kulengezedwa kuti silingavomerezedwe.

Chocheperako chovomerezeka ndi chachifupi komanso chachindunji. Nkhani 815 ndime 3 Rv imafuna mgwirizano pa:

• kugawa ntchito zosamalira ndi kulera, kapena dongosolo lolumikizana;
• momwe makolo azidziwitsirana ndi kukambirana nkhani zofunika zokhudza mwana ndi katundu wa mwanayo;
• ndalama zosamalira ndi kulera mwana.

Pempholi liyeneranso kufotokoza momwe anawo adathandizira popanga dongosololi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makhothi amayembekezera zambiri kuposa kusaina pa template.

Kupitirira apo, mapulani omwe akupitiliza ndi enieni. Ndondomeko yothandiza yolera ana (ouderschapsplan) imachita izi:

• amatchula tsiku ndi nthawi ya sabata;
• imanena komwe galimotoyo idzaperekedwe komanso amene adzayendetse galimotoyo;
• imagawa maholide a sukulu ndi maholide apagulu pachaka;
• imakonza nthawi yodziwitsa za kusinthana;
• amalemba njira yovomerezeka ya zopempha zovomerezeka ndi nthawi yoyankhira;
• amalemba ndalama zomwe zimagawidwa komanso mu chiŵerengero chanji;
• akunena kuti mudzayesa mkhalapakati musanapemphe aliyense wa inu ku khothi.

Ndondomekoyi ndi pangano pakati pa makolo. Imayamba kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu khoti likaiyika mu chikalata cha chisudzulo kapena m'dongosolo lina. Imeneyo ndi njira yodziwika bwino yothetsera chisudzulo, ndipo ndiyoyenera kukonzekera mwadala ngati simunakwatiranepo. Popanda kutero, kukakamiza kumatanthauza kupeza kaye chigamulo cha khoti, chomwe chimawononga nthawi yeniyeni pamene nthawi yatsala pang'ono.

Kodi mwanayo amakhala kuti, ndipo chisamaliro chimagawidwa bwanji?

Nyumba yaikulu ndi adilesi yoyang'anira; siisankha nthawi yomwe mwana amakhala ndi kholo lililonse. Nthawi imagawidwa kudzera mu dongosolo la chisamaliro (ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana) kapena dongosolo lolumikizana (pamene kholo limodzi lili ndi ulamuliro wokha).

Chikalata cholembera mwana ndi adilesi yomwe mwana amalembetsedwa mu database ya zolemba zaumwini za boma (Basisregistratie Personen, BRP). Ndi choyimira chaulamuliro chomwe chili ndi zotsatira zenizeni. Chimasankha boma lolembetsa, chimayendetsa kulembetsa kusukulu, ndikulamulira kholo lomwe limalandira thandizo la mwana (kinderbijslag) ndi bajeti yokhudzana ndi mwana (kidgebonden budget). Sichimapangitsa kholo pa adilesi imeneyo kukhala lofunika kwambiri.

Kugawa nthawi ndi nkhani yosiyana. Pakati pa makolo omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana, imayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo la chisamaliro (zorgregeling). Pamene kholo limodzi lili ndi ulamuliro lokha, limayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo la kulumikizana la nkhani 1:377a BW. Poyambira pa nkhaniyi ndikuti mwana ndi kholo lopanda ulamuliro onse ali ndi ufulu wolumikizana. Khothi limakana kapena kuchepetsa kulumikizana kokha pazifukwa zochepa zomwe zalembedwa pamenepo. Zitsanzo ndi kuvulaza kwakukulu pakukula kwa maganizo kapena thupi la mwana, kapena mwana wazaka khumi ndi ziwiri kapena kuposerapo amene amatsutsa pazifukwa zazikulu.

Palibe chitsanzo chovomerezeka cha rota. Masabata osiyanasiyana, machitidwe asanu, awiri, awiri, asanu, ndi asanu, kumapeto kwa sabata kwa nthawi yayitali komanso madzulo apakati pa sabata zonse zimachitika. Kusankha koyenera kumadalira zaka za mwana, mtunda pakati pa nyumba ndi momwe makolo onse amagwirira ntchito. Chofunika mwalamulo ndichakuti dongosololi likhale logwira ntchito, lodziwikiratu komanso lotsatiridwa. Ngati mubweza mwana mobwerezabwereza mochedwa, kapena kuletsa kulumikizana nokha, mumapanga mbiri yomwe ndi yovuta kufotokoza pambuyo pake.

Kupereka ana kumafunika lamulo lawolawo. Gwirizanani kuti kholo lomwe nthawi yake ikutha limabweretsa mwana, osati kholo lina losonkhanitsa ana. Zimenezi zimachotsa mkangano womwe umasintha kusintha kukhala malo owonekera. Pamene pali kupsinjika maganizo kwenikweni, malo osalowerera ndale monga sukulu kapena malo osamalira ana amagwirira ntchito bwino kuposa nyumba iliyonse. Nkhani yathu yokhudza kulankhulana panthawi ya chisudzulo ndi ana ikupita mbali yothandiza, ndipo lamulo la Dutch losunga ana limafotokoza mozama za malamulo.

Kodi kusamalira ana kumawerengedwa ndi kutengedwa bwanji?

Makolo onse awiri amapereka ndalama zothandizira kulera mwana, mogwirizana ndi zomwe ali nazo. Ndalamazo zimatsatira malangizo a khoti, ndipo ndalama zothandizira zomwe sizinalipidwe zitha kutengedwa ndi LBIO.

Udindowu umachitika mpaka mwanayo atakwanitsa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kenako n’kupitirizabe m’njira yosinthidwa. Kwa achinyamata azaka zapakati pa khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ndi makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, nkhani 1:395a BW imaika udindo wosamalira makolo popanda mwana kusonyeza kuti akufunikiradi mwachibadwa. Kuyambira zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kupita mtsogolo, kusamalira mwana kumachitika pokhapokha ngati mwanayo sangathe kudzisamalira yekha.

Ndalamazo sizimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. Makhothi aku Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito malangizo osamalira a gulu la akatswiri pa miyezo yosamalira ya oweruza milandu, omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti Tremanormen. Malangizo amenewo amagwira ntchito m'magawo awiri:

1. Choyamba, zosowa za mwana zimakhazikitsidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito matebulo ozikidwa pa kafukufuku wa ndalama zomwe banja limagwiritsa ntchito komanso ndalama zonse zomwe banja likupeza asanapatukane.
2. Kenako mphamvu ya kholo lililonse yolipira imawerengedwa kuchokera ku ndalama zonse zomwe amapeza, ndi ndalama zokhazikika zogulira zinthu zofunika pa moyo. Kufunika kumagawidwa pakati pa makolo molingana ndi mphamvu imeneyo, ndi kuchepetsa chisamaliro chomwe kholo lolipira limapereka payekha.

Malangizowo si lamulo, ndipo khoti likhoza kuwasiya. Komabe, lingaliro lomwe siliwatsatira konse silitha kupulumuka.

Mfundo ziwiri zothandiza zimayambitsa mikangano yambiri. Choyamba ndi indexation. Kusamalira komwe kumakhazikitsidwa ndi khothi kapena mgwirizano kumasinthidwa ndi lamulo pa 1 Januwale chaka chilichonse, ndi peresenti yomwe imayikidwa pasadakhale ndi Nduna ya Zachilungamo ndi Chitetezo. Ngati muiwala izi, mumawonjezera ndalama zomwe simukuzidziwa. Chachiwiri ndi ndalama zomwe simunalipire, National Maintenance Collection Agency (Landelijk Bureau Inning Onderhoudsbijdragen, LBIO) ikhoza kutenga ndalamazo popanda kulipira kwa kholo lolandira. Izi zimafuna kuti munthu akhale ndi udindo wovomerezeka komanso ndalama zomwe sizikulipidwa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikufunika. LBIO imalipiritsa kholo lolipira ndalama zowonjezera pamwamba pa ndalama zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusalipira kukhale kokwera mtengo m'malo mongokhala kovuta.

Zowonjezera zomwe zimagawidwa zimasiyana ndi kukonza, ndipo dongosolo lanu lolera ana liyenera kuwachitira motero. Ndalama zolipirira masewera, maulendo akusukulu, ma orthodontics, magalasi ndi chisamaliro cha ana ndi zitsanzo zachizolowezi. Fomula yogwira ntchito ili ndi magawo anayi: mndandanda wotchulidwa wa magulu, gawo logawanika, malire omwe chilolezo cholembedwa chimafunika musanagwiritse ntchito ndalama, ndi nthawi yokhazikika yotumizira risiti. Lipirani ndi banki ndi chizindikiro chomveka bwino osati ndi ndalama, kuti malipiro aliwonse akhale umboni. Nkhani yathu yonena za nthawi yomwe udindo wosamalira umatha ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za nthawi.

Nanga bwanji ngati dongosololi likufunika kusintha?

Pitirizani kutsatira zomwe zikuchitika pamene mukukambirana za kusintha. Yesani kugwirizana kaye, ngati kuli kofunikira ndi mkhalapakati; ngati zimenezo zalephera, kholo lililonse lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana lingapemphe khothi kuti lisankhe.

Ngati simukugwirizana, nkhani 1:253a BW imapatsa kholo lililonse lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana ufulu wopereka mkanganowo ku khoti lachigawo (rechtbank). Gawoli ndi lalikulu. Limakhudza kugawa chisamaliro, malo okhala, chidziwitso ndi upangiri, ndi mkangano wina uliwonse wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wogwirizana. Khotilo limasankha malinga ndi momwe likuonera kuti ndi lothandiza mwanayo. Likhoza kukhazikitsa dongosolo linalake, m'malo mongopereka chigamulo pa pempho lomwe lili patsogolo pake. Mukufuna loya pazochitikazi.

Kodi ndondomekoyi imayendetsedwa bwanji?

Kukakamiza milandu kumagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira pa chilango mpaka, pamilandu yayikulu, kupereka mlandu ndi thandizo la apolisi. Makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zolemetsa zochepa chifukwa zimakhudza mwana mwachindunji.

Ngati lamulo kapena dongosolo lolerera ana lomwe laphatikizidwa silikutsatiridwa, woweruza wothandiza pakanthawiyo akhoza kuwonjezera chilango (dwangsom) ku kutsatira malamulo. Pa milandu yayikulu khothi likhoza kulamula kuti mwanayo aperekedwe mothandizidwa ndi apolisi, kapena kulamula kuti aperekedwe. Ngati vuto lalikulu ndi kukula kwa mwana osati kulepheretsedwa ndi kholo, njira ina ingagwirizane bwino. Imeneyo ndi kutumiza ku Child Care and Protection Board (Raad voor de Kinderbescherming) ndipo, ngati njira yomaliza, lamulo loyang'anira banja (ondertoezichtstelling) pansi pa nkhani 1:255 BW.

Kodi muyenera kuchita bwanji maholide ndi maulendo akunja?

Lembani maholide chaka chamawa. Ngati muli ndi ulamuliro wofanana, kupita kunja ndi mwana kumafuna chilolezo cha makolo onse awiri.

Akuluakulu a m'malire ndi makampani oyendetsa ndege ku Netherlands nthawi zonse amapempha kholo loyenda lokha ndi mwana kuti livomerezedwe ndi kholo lina. Bungwe la Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (Koninklijke Marechaussee) limafalitsa fomu yovomerezeka yogwiritsira ntchito izi. Inyamule pamodzi ndi makope a zikalata zodziwitsa makolo onse awiri. Mwana amafunika pasipoti yake kapena khadi lake lodziwitsa, ndipo kufunsira kwa mmodzi kumafuna chilolezo cha onse awiri. Ngati kholo lina likukana chilolezo popanda chifukwa chomveka, mutha kupempha khoti kuti lipereke chilolezo cholowa m'malo.

Kodi mungasamukire kunyumba ndi mwana wanu?

Osati nokha ngati muli ndi ulamuliro wofanana. Ngati kholo lina silikugwirizana, mukufunika chilolezo cha khoti motsatira nkhani 1:253a BW musanasamuke, mkati mwa Netherlands kapena kunja kwa dziko.

Kusamutsa mwana ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri. Kholo lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana silingasamutse nyumba ya mwana payekha, osati mkati mwa Netherlands ndipo ndithudi osati kunja kwa dzikolo. Khotilo likuganizira zonse zomwe zikuchitika, kuphatikizapo:

• kufunikira kwa kusamukako, ndi momwe kwaganiziridwira bwino;
• ngati njira zina zinaganiziridwa;
• ngati kholo losamuka likupereka njira zolipirira kulumikizana;
• zaka za mwanayo ndi momwe mwanayo amaonera zinthu;
• mtunda ndi katundu wofunikira paulendo;
• zotsatira zachuma;
• momwe kulumikizana ndi kholo lina kungapitirire.

Kusamukira kunja ndi mwana popanda chilolezo chofunikira kapena chilolezo cha khoti si lamulo la banja. Ndi kuba mwana padziko lonse lapansi. Mapempho oti munthu abwezeretsedwe pansi pa Mgwirizano wa Kuba Ana ku Hague wa 1980 amasamaliridwa ndi khoti la chigawo ku The Hague. Kuchotsa mwana wakhanda ku ulamuliro wovomerezeka ndi mlandu womwe umachitikanso ndi nkhani 279 ya Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht). Ngati mukuganiza zosamukira kunja, kapena mukukumana ndi vuto lina, funsani upangiri musanapereke chilichonse, osati pambuyo pake. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito paulendo wautali kunja womwe umadula nthawi ya kholo lina.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati kholo ndi malo ogona a mwana?

Adilesi yanu ili ndi maubwino a mwana ndi kulembetsa kusukulu, koma sikukupatsani ufulu wosankha nokha. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:247 ndime 3 BW muyenera kulimbikitsa ubale wa mwana ndi kholo lina.

• Fufuzani mu kaundula wa boma (gezagsregister) ngati muli ndi ulamuliro wogawana, makamaka ngati kuvomereza kukuchitika kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023.
• Pemphani chilolezo cholembedwa musanasinthe sukulu, musanalandire chithandizo chamankhwala chosakhala chachizolowezi, musanapemphe pasipoti kapena musanapite kunja.
• Sungani nthawi yopereka zinthu zanu ndipo musasiye kulankhulana nokha, ngakhale mutakambirana zosintha.
• Perekani malipoti a kusukulu ndi zambiri zachipatala popanda kufunsidwa.
• Musasamuke, mkati mwa Netherlands kapena kunja kwa dziko, popanda chilolezo kapena chilolezo cha khoti motsatira Article 1:253a BW.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati kholo lina?

Ulamuliro wogwirizana umapitirira pambuyo pa kulekana, kotero mumakhala ndi mawu pa chisankho chilichonse chachikulu. Udindo wanu umadalira mbiri yolembedwa ya kulumikizana kodalirika ndi malipiro.

• Konzani dongosolo la kulera ana m'khoti, kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kuimbidwa mlandu kaye.
• Lipirani ndalama zothandizira ana potumiza ndalama ku banki ndi umboni womveka bwino, kuphatikizapo indexation pa 1 Januwale chaka chilichonse.
• Lembani mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe simunalandire kapena zomwe simunalandire mochedwa ndipo uthenga uliwonse ukhale ngati wa bizinesi.
• Gwirizanani ndi ndondomeko ya tchuthi chaka chotsatira ndipo tengani fomu yovomerezeka ya Marechaussee mukamayenda nokha ndi mwanayo.
• Ngati simukugwirizana ndi chigamulo, lembani ku khothi motsatira Nkhani 1:253a BW m'malo mochita zinthu mwaufulu.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi makonzedwe olera ana pamodzi?

Gulu lathu la zamalamulo a mabanja limalangiza makolo pa ulamuliro, malo okhala, makonzedwe osamalira ana ndi kusamalira ana, kuphatikizapo pa milandu yotsutsana ya chisudzulo.

• Timalemba kapena kuwunikanso dongosolo lanu lolera ana pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili mu Article 815 ndime 3 Rv.
• Timawerengera chisamaliro cha ana motsatira Tremanormen ndikuwona indexation ya pachaka.
• Tikupereka pempholi motsatira Nkhani 1:253a BW, yomwe imafuna loya, kapena kuyankha m'malo mwanu.
• Tikupempha chilolezo cholowa m'malo mwa pasipoti, ulendo kapena kusamuka, kapena kutsutsa pempho loterolo.
• Timachitapo kanthu mwachangu pa milandu yodutsa malire, kuphatikizapo zopempha zobwezera malinga ndi Mgwirizano wa Kubedwa kwa Ana ku Hague wa 1980.

Chidule

• Lamulo la ku Netherlands silifotokoza za kulera ana pamodzi; limalamulira ulamuliro, malo okhala, chisamaliro kapena kulumikizana ndi mwana komanso mtengo wa mwana.
• Kulekanitsa makolo ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana ayenera kupanga dongosolo lolera ana lomwe limakhudza chisamaliro, chidziwitso ndi upangiri, komanso ndalama zomwe zimafunika (nkhani 815 Rv ndi nkhani 1:247a BW).
• Ulamuliro wogwirizana umapitirira pambuyo pa kulekana; ulamuliro wokhawokha umaperekedwa pokhapokha ngati mwanayo ali pachiwopsezo chogwidwa pakati pa makolo ake.
• Kusamalira ana kumatsatira Tremanormen, kumalembedwa pa 1 Januwale iliyonse ndipo kumatha kutengedwa ndi LBIO.
• Tsatirani zomwe zikuchitika pamene mukukambirana; kusamuka kwanu kapena kupita kunja popanda chilolezo cha khoti kungapangitse kuti mwana atengedwe.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI