Malipiro pa mlandu waupandu waku Dutch: mumawapempha bwanji?

Ngati ndinu wozunzidwa ndi mlandu ku Netherlands, simuyenera kuyamba milandu yosiyana kuti mupeze chipukuta misozi. Mutha kulowa nawo mlanduwu ngati munthu wovulala ( benadeelde partij ) motsatira Article 51f ya Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure ( Wetboek van Strafvordering , Sv), ndipo khoti la milandu lidzasankha zomwe mukufuna pa mlandu womwewo, popanda ndalama za khoti; chosiyana chachikulu ndi mlandu womwe ndi wovuta kwambiri pa mlanduwu, womwe khotilo limausiya ku makhoti a milandu.

Kodi khoti la milandu lidzapereka chigamulo liti pa mlandu wanu, ndipo liti silidzapereka chigamulo?

Khoti la milandu limasankha mlanduwo ngati lingathe kuchita zimenezo popanda kuyika katundu wochuluka pa milandu ya milanduyo. Ngati mlanduwo ndi wovuta kapena wotsutsana kwambiri, khotilo limalengeza kuti sungathe kuvomerezedwa ( niet-ontvankelijk ) wonse kapena mbali yake.

Lamuloli lili mu Nkhani 361(3) ya Code of Criminal Procedure. Kusaloledwa si kukanidwa. Njira ya milandu ikadali yotseguka pa chilichonse chomwe khoti la milandu silinasankhe.

Ndani angapemphe chipukuta misozi pa mlandu waupandu?

Munthu amene anataya mwachindunji chifukwa cha mlanduwo. Nthawi zina, achibale ndi olowa m'malo mwake angaperekenso pempho.

Ngati wozunzidwayo wamwalira, achibale omwe atchulidwa mu Nkhani 6:107 ndi 6:108 za Dutch Civil Code ( Burgerlijk Wetboek , BW) akhoza kupempha ndalama zolipirira maliro ndi kutayika kwa chisamaliro. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2019, gulu lokhazikika la achibale apamtima lingathenso kupempha ndalama zolipirira imfa ( affetieschade ). Wolowa m'malo angapemphe pempho lomwe womwalirayo anali nalo kale.

Munthu amene watenga ndalama zomwe zatayika, monga kampani ya inshuwalansi yomwe yalipira, sangalowe nawo m'milandu ya milandu. Munthu ameneyo ayenera kupita kukhoti la milandu.

Kodi munganene chiyani?

Mwachidule pali magulu atatu: kutayika kwa zinthu, kutayika kosakhala kwa zinthu, ndi zonena zenizeni za kuferedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi. Muthanso kupempha chiwongola dzanja chalamulo.

Kutayika kwakuthupi

Kutayika kwa zinthu zakuthupi ndi chilichonse chokhala ndi mtengo womangiriridwa. Taganizirani za ndalama zachipatala zomwe sizinabwezedwe, katundu wowonongeka, kutayika kwa ndalama, ulendo wopita kuchipatala ndi kukamvera mlandu, komanso mtengo wothandizira kunyumba. Maziko a malamulo ndi Nkhani 6:95 ndi 6:96 za Civil Code.

Kutayika kosafunikira (wanzeru)

Kutayika kosafunikira kumalipira ululu, kuvutika ndi kutayika kwa chisangalalo cha moyo motsatira Nkhani 6:106 ya Civil Code. Khothi limayesa izi poyerekezera zigamulo m'milandu yofanana, osati ndi njira.

Pa milandu yaupandu, Khoti Lalikulu ( Hoge Raad ) lavomereza kuti milandu ina ndi yaikulu kwambiri kotero kuti kutayika kosafunikira kungaganizidwe popanda umboni wina, koma nthawi zambiri muyenera kuwonetsa zotsatira zenizeni pa inu.

Zowonongeka chifukwa cha chisoni ndi zovulala zomwe zinamuchitikira

Awiriwa nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka. Ndalama zomwe zawonongeka chifukwa cha kufedwa zimalipira gulu lokhazikika la achibale apamtima chifukwa cha imfa, kapena kuvulala kwakukulu komanso kosatha, kwa wozunzidwayo. Ndalamazo zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo.

Kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kumalipira kuvulala kwanu kwamaganizo komwe kumachitika chifukwa chowona mlanduwo mwachindunji kapena zotsatira zake. Mu chigamulo chake cha pa 28 June 2022 (ECLI:NL:HR:2022:958), Khoti Lalikulu linafotokoza zofunikira pa milandu yaupandu. Kuzindikira matenda amisala odziwika sikufunikanso kwenikweni. Kuvulalako kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu mokwanira, nthawi kapena zotsatira zake, ndipo kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa bwino, nthawi zambiri ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito monga dokotala wamisala, katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena katswiri wamba.

Chidwi chovomerezeka

Chiwongola dzanja chozikidwa pa Article 6:119 ya Civil Code chimayamba tsiku lomwe kutayika kudayamba. Chitani izi mwachindunji; nthawi zambiri chimaiwalika ndipo chingawonjezeke pakapita nthawi yayitali.

Kodi mumalowa bwanji mu milandu yaupandu?

Mumalowa ndi fomu ya munthu wovulalayo ( voegingsformulier ). Netherlands Yothandizira Ozunzidwa ( Slachtofferhulp Nederland ) kapena ofesi ya Public Prosecution Service ya ozunzidwa nthawi zambiri imatumiza fomuyo akadziwika kuti ndi wokayikira.

Lembani fomuyi musanayambe kumvetsera. Muthabe kupereka pempho pa msonkhanowo, koma fomu yolembedwa bwino yomwe yaperekedwa pasadakhale ndi mwayi waukulu wopambana.

Umboni ndi chilichonse. Ma invoice, zolemba zachipatala, malipoti a ndalama kuyambira kale ndi pambuyo pake, zithunzi ndi mitengo yokonzanso zinthu zimathandiza. Wokayikiridwayo angatsutse zomwe akunenazo, ndipo ndalama zomwe sizingatsatidwe kuchokera ku chikalata nthawi zambiri zimakanidwa kapena kuyerekezeredwa kuti ndi zotsika.

Kodi khoti limayesa bwanji nkhani iliyonse yomwe yaperekedwa?

Chinthu ndi chinthu, kutengera zikalata. Chitsanzo chili pansipa chikuwonetsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito.

Chitsanzo chofotokozera: wina wamenyedwa ndipo pamapeto pake wasweka dzanja, milungu inayi yopuma kuntchito komanso foni yake yawonongeka.

• Foni ndi chinthu chosavuta kwambiri. Invoice yogulira ndi mtengo wokonza zimatsimikizira kutayika ndi kuchuluka kwake, ndi kuchotsera mtengo wake ngati foni sinali yatsopano.
• Ndalama zachipatala zikuwonetsedwa ndi chikalata cha kampani ya inshuwalansi yazaumoyo chonena za zomwe sizinabwezedwe ndi zomwe zidagwera pansi pa ndalama zokakamiza (eigen risicoZotsalazo zitha kubwezedwanso.
• Kutaya ndalama kumawonetsedwa ndi malipoti a ntchito asanachitike komanso atachitika. Munthu wodzilemba ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero za nthawi yomweyi m'zaka zoyambirira.
• Ulendo wopita kuchipatala ndi kumsonkhano wa milandu umafuna ndalama zokhazikika pa kilomita imodzi.

Kutayika kosafunikira kwenikweni ndi chinthu chomwe nthawi zambiri chimasiyidwa popanda umboni. Kalata ya dokotala yofotokoza kuvulala, chithandizo ndi kuchira komwe kukuyembekezeka imachita zambiri pa gawo ili la mlandu kuposa kufotokozera kulikonse momwe chochitikacho chinamvekera. Ngati zotsatira zake ndi zamaganizo, mawu ochokera kwa dokotala wochiritsa ndi ofunikira. Popanda umboni, khothi lilibe chochitapo kanthu chokhazikitsira chigamulo.

Kodi lamulo lolipirira ndi chiyani, ndipo kodi Boma limalipira pasadakhale?

Ngati khoti lipereka chigamulo chanu, nthawi zambiri limaperekanso lamulo loti mupereke chipukuta misozi ( schadevergoedingsmaatregel ) motsatira Nkhani 36f ya Dutch Criminal Code ( Wetboek van Strafrecht ). Bungwe Loona za Kusonkhanitsa Malamulo (CJIB) ndiye limakusonkhanitsani ndalamazo, kuti musathamangitse nokha munthu wopezeka ndi mlandu.

Ndondomeko yolipirira pasadakhale ( voorschotregeleng ) imapitirira apo. Ngati munthu wopezeka ndi mlandu sanalipire zonse mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu chigamulo chitatha, Boma limakulipirani ndalama zomwe zatsala. Pa milandu yokhudza kugonana ndi milandu ina yachiwawa yayikulu palibe malire. Pa milandu ina, ndalama zolipirira pasadakhale zimakhala pa €5,000. Kenako Boma limayesa kubweza ndalamazo kwa munthu wopezeka ndi mlanduwo mwangozi yake.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati pempho lanu lalengezedwa kuti silingavomerezedwe?

Mukhoza kupita ndi mlandu ku khoti la milandu. Kusaloledwa kumatanthauza kuti mlandu wa milandu sunali malo oyenera oweruza mlanduwo, nthawi zambiri chifukwa unkafunika umboni wochuluka kapena mkangano kuposa momwe mlandu wa milanduyo unkaloleza.

Chikalata chokhudza kuvulala kwa munthu chomwe chimasiyidwa m'makhothi a anthu wamba ndi gawo lapadera kunja kwa mlandu waupandu. Pachifukwa ichi, loya wodziwa bwino za kuvulala kwa munthu ndiye munthu woyenera kulankhulana naye.

Pamaso pa khoti la milandu, chigamulo cha milandu chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Malinga ndi Nkhani 161 ya Malamulo a Milandu ya Milandu, chigamulo chomaliza cha milandu chimawerengedwa ngati umboni wokwanira wa mfundo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, pokhapokha ngati mbali ina itsimikizira zosiyana.

Ngati wolakwayo sakudziwika, sangathe kulipira kapena sanayimbidwe mlandu, ozunzidwa ndi milandu yachiwawa komanso yokhudza kugonana angapemphe ku Chikwama Cholipirira Milandu Yachiwawa ( Schadefonds Geweldsmisdrijven ). Chimalipira ndalama zokhazikika kutengera kuopsa kwa kuvulalako, mosasamala kanthu za mlandu uliwonse waupandu.

Kodi mungathe kubweza ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi milandu?

Inde. Malinga ndi Nkhani 592a ya Malamulo a Milandu ya Upandu, mutha kupempha ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi milandu, ndipo khothi limasankha ndalamazo mosiyana ndi zomwe zanenedwazo.

Anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi milandu yankhanza komanso yokhudza kugonana ali ndi ufulu wolandira thandizo laulere kuchokera kwa loya wa anthu omwe akhudzidwa, mosasamala kanthu za ndalama zomwe amapeza.

Ndi nthawi zomaliza ziti zomwe zimagwira ntchito, ndipo nchiyani chimachitika pa apilo?

Mukhoza kusunga zomwe mwapempha pa apilo, koma simungathe kuziwonjezera. Pakadali pano, nthawi yokhazikika ya milandu yachibadwidwe ikupitilirabe mpaka chilichonse chomwe chatsala m'makhothi a milandu yachibadwidwe.

Ngati munalowa nawo mlanduwu poyamba, pempho lanu lidzakhalabe mbali ya mlanduwu pa apilo, mpaka ndalama zomwe mudapempha poyamba (Nkhani 421 ya Malamulo a Milandu). Ngati pempho lanu linaperekedwa mokwanira ndipo wotsutsidwayo ndi amene akupempha apilo, simukuyenera kuchita chilichonse kuti likhalebe ndi moyo. Ndi bwinobe kufufuza udindo wanu ndi ofesi ya ozunzidwayo m'malo mongoganiza kuti ndi choncho.

Chilango cha mlandu chimakhala choletsedwa patatha zaka zisanu mutadziwa za kutayika ndi munthu amene wachitapo kanthu (Nkhani 3:310 ya Civil Code). Pa kutayika komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha upandu, pempholi silitha ntchito bola ngati mlandu waupandu sunakhazikitsidwe. Komabe, musasiye chigamulo chokana kulandiridwa chilipo.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati wozunzidwa?

• Kodi mwalandira fomu ya munthu wovulalayo, ndipo mudzaipereka mlanduwo usanayambe kumvetsera mlandu?
• Kodi ndalama zonse zimachokera ku invoice, payslip, statement ya kampani ya inshuwaransi kapena kalata yachipatala?
• Kodi mwapempha chiwongola dzanja chalamulo ndi ndalama zothandizira zamalamulo motsatira Article 592a Sv?
• Kodi gawo loti munthu avulale ndi losavuta mokwanira kukhothi, kapena liyenera kupita kwa katswiri?
• Ngati gawo lina la pempholo lalengezedwa kuti silingavomerezedwe, kodi mwalemba nthawi yocheperako ya zaka zisanu pa dayalo?

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wotsutsa akukumana ndi mlandu?

• Kodi chilichonse chomwe chili mu chikalatacho chikuthandizidwa ndi zikalata, kapena ndi chiŵerengero chopanda umboni?
• Kodi nkhaniyi ndi yovuta kwambiri moti imaika mlandu waukulu pa mlanduwu (Article 361(3) Sv)?
• Kodi wopemphayo adataya mwachindunji, kapena ndi kampani ya inshuwalansi kapena munthu wina wachitatu amene sangathe kulowa nawo?
• Kodi mungasonyeze kuti lamulo lolipirira pansi pa Article 36f Sr lingakhale losayerekezeka malinga ndi momwe mulili?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mlandu pa mlandu waupandu?

Maloya athu a milandu amachita zinthu m'malo mwa ozunzidwa komanso otsutsidwa:

• Timalemba ndikulemba zomwe munthu wovulalayo akunena kenako timazipereka mlanduwo tisanamve mlandu.
• Tikupereka pempholi pamsonkhano ndipo timapempha ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi milandu.
• Timayankha mlandu m'malo mwa wotsutsidwayo, chinthu ndi chinthu.
• Timafufuza ngati ndondomeko yolipirira pasadakhale ikugwira ntchito miyezi isanu ndi itatu ikadutsa.
• Timatumiza gawo la kuvulala kwa munthu kwa loya wodziwa bwino za kuvulala kwa munthu komwe limapita kukhoti la anthu wamba.

Chidule

• Monga wozunzidwa, mutha kulowa nawo mlandu waupandu ngati munthu wovulala motsatira Nkhani 51f ya Code of Criminal Procedure, popanda ndalama zolipirira kukhothi.
• Mungathe kupempha kutayika kwa zinthu, kutayika kosakhala kwa zinthu, komanso nthawi zina, kutayika kapena kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi, komanso chiwongola dzanja chalamulo.
• Umboni ndi umene umasankha zotsatira zake: ndalama iliyonse iyenera kuthandizidwa ndi chikalata.
• Ndi lamulo la chipukuta misozi lomwe CJIB imakusonkhanitsani; patatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu Boma limapereka ndalamazo, popanda malire pa milandu yokhudza kugonana ndi nkhanza zina komanso mpaka €5,000 pa milandu ina.
• Ngati pempho lanu lavomerezedwa kuti silingavomerezedwe, mutha kupita ku khoti la milandu; yang'anirani nthawi yochepetsera zaka zisanu.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI