Mu kafukufuku wa zachuma kapena zachinyengo ku Netherlands, chilango nthawi zambiri sichimakhala cholemera kwambiri. Gawo lolemera kwambiri ndi ndalama. Bungwe la Public Prosecution Service ( Openbaar Ministerie ) nthawi zambiri limatenga katundu msanga, kenako limapempha khothi kuti lilamule kuti lipereke ndalama zofanana ndi phindu lomwe lanenedwa kuti lapezeka. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe kulanda ndi kulanda katundu kumagwirira ntchito, mayesowo ndi otani, komanso komwe mipata yeniyeni ili.
Zinthu ziwiri zosiyana zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasokonezeka
Kulanda katundu ( beslag ) ndi njira yofufuzira komanso yodzitetezera panthawi yofufuza, nthawi zambiri pa tsiku loyamba. Imaletsa katundu ndipo siisankha chilichonse chokhudza mlandu kapena kuchuluka kwa ngongole zomwe muli nazo. Kulanda katundu ( ontnemingsmaatregel ) ndi muyeso womwe khoti lapereka kumapeto, motsatira chigawo cha 36e Sr, kupanga ngongole ku Boma yofanana ndi phindu lomwe linapezedwa mosaloledwa. Kulanda katundu kumateteza kubweza ngongoleyo pamapeto pake.
| Kugwidwa (kugunda) | Lamulo lolanda katundu (ontnemingsmaatregel) | |
|---|---|---|
| Liti | Pa nthawi yofufuza, nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro | Pambuyo pa mlandu waupandu, m'njira ina |
| Maziko | luso. 94 Sv ndi luso. 94a Sv | art. 36e Sr; ndondomeko pansi pa art. 511b mpaka 511i Sv |
| zotsatira | Katundu waletsedwa; umwini sunasinthe | Udindo wolipira ndalama ku Boma |
| Yasankhidwa ndi | Woyimira milandu kapena woweruza wofufuza | Khoti loyamba, pa pempho la wotsutsa |
| Wotsutsidwa ndi | Madandaulo pansi pa art. 552a Sv | Kudziteteza pa mlandu; apilo; kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu |
| Standard | Chidule, mayeso a m'mphepete | Kuwerengera umboni wovomerezeka |
Kugwidwa panthawi yofufuza
Kugwidwa chifukwa cha umboni ndi zifukwa zina
Art. 94 Sv ikufotokoza za kulanda zinthu zomwe zingathandize kutsimikizira chowonadi, zinthu zomwe zingathandize kusonyeza kuti phindu lomwe lapezeka mosaloledwa lachokera, ndi zinthu zomwe zingatayidwe ( verbeurdverklaring , art. 33 Sr) kapena kuchotsa katundu ( onttrekking aan het verkeer , art. 36b Sr) — m'makompyuta apakompyuta, mafoni, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, ndalama ndi katundu.
Mfundo yachiwiri ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu amayembekezera: chinthu chikhoza kugwiridwa chifukwa chimathandiza kusonyeza komwe phindu linachokera.
Kulanda katundu ndi cholinga chofuna kumulanda katunduyo
Art. 94a Sv ndi kulanda zinthu mosamala ( conservatoir beslag ). Ngati pali kukayikiridwa kuti pali mlandu womwe uli ndi chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu, zinthu zitha kulanda kuti zisungidwe chindapusacho ndipo - mfundo yomwe imakhudza milandu yachinyengo ndi kutsuka ndalama - kuti munthu apeze udindo wolipira chifukwa cha mwayi wopezeka mosaloledwa. Uku ndi kulanda komwe kumafika ku maakaunti akubanki, nyumba, magalimoto, magawo ndi zolipira: "zinthu" zimaphimba katundu wonse ndi ufulu wonse wa katundu.
Kulanda katundu potengera zomwe wina wanena
Art. 94a Sv imalolanso kulanda zinthu zomwe zasungidwa ndi munthu wina osati wokayikiridwayo. Mikhalidwe yake ndi yochuluka: zinthuzo zimachokera ku mlandu, pali zizindikiro zoti zidasamutsidwa kuti zilepheretse kuchira, ndipo munthuyo ankadziwa kapena angaganize kuti ndi zaupandu. Zinthu zina za munthuyo zitha kutengedwa mpaka mtengo wa zomwe zasamutsidwazo. Makampani, ogwirizana nawo ndi achibale sapezeka mosavuta.
Ndani angagwire, ndipo ndi chilolezo cha ndani
- Apolisi ofufuza milandu akhoza kulanda zinthu motsatira Article 94 Sv m'mikhalidwe yomwe yafotokozedwa mu Article 95 ndi 96 Sv — makamaka pakupeza mlanduwo kapena pakukayikira mlandu waukulu.
- Woweruza wofufuza (rechter-commissaris) ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana zolanda malinga ndi artt. 104 ndi Sv.
- Kutenga zinthu mosamala motsatira chigawo cha 94a Sv kumafuna chilolezo cha woweruza wofufuza, pa pempho la wotsutsa, motsatira chigawo cha 103 Sv. Chilolezo cholakwika kapena chosakhalapo ndi chifukwa chenicheni chodandaulira.
- Kubweza, kusunga, kugulitsa ndi kuwononga katundu wogwidwa pambuyo pake kumadutsa mu artt. 116 mpaka 119 Sv, makamaka m'manja mwa wozenga mlandu.
- Kafukufuku wazachuma angachitike limodzi ndi izi: strafrechtelijk financieel onderzoek (SFO) motsatira gawo 126 ndi Sv yotsatira, yomwe idatsegulidwa ndi woweruza wofufuza pa pempho la wotsutsa kuti alembe zithunzi za katundu wa wokayikirayo.
Kutulutsa katundu: madandaulo motsatira chigawo cha 552a Sv
Njira yachangu kwambiri yotulutsira mlandu si mlandu koma madandaulo olembedwa ( klaagschrift ) motsatira art. 552a Sv. Munthu amene akufuna kumasulidwa angadandaule za kulanda mlandu kokha komanso za kulephera kulamula kuti kubwezedwe. Kuperekedwa ku kaundula wa khothi pamene mlanduwo unatsutsidwa kapena unatsutsidwa komaliza, ndipo umamvedwa m'zipinda ( raadkamer ). Nthawi yopereka mlandu siikhululukidwa: mlanduwo ukatha, madandaulo omwe adaperekedwa patatha miyezi yoposa itatu saloledwa, ndipo pamene palibe mlandu womwe unaperekedwapo - kuphatikizapo pambuyo pa chisankho chopanda malire chosatsutsa mlandu - malire akunja ndi zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene mlanduwo unagwidwa. Kudikira kuti mlanduwo uthe musanachitepo kanthu pa ndalama zomwe zinagwidwa kapena ndalama zomwe zinatsala kubanki ndi cholakwika chachikulu.
Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa dongosololi mu HR pa 28 Seputembala 2010, ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BL2823. Mfundo zitatu zimasankha milandu yambiri:
- Kufufuza ndi chidule — it “draagt een summier karakter”. Woweruza sakukakamizidwa kapena kuloledwa kuyembekezera zotsatira za mlandu waupandu kapena njira yolandirira katundu yomwe ikuyenera kumvedwa.
- Pansi pa chigawo cha 94 SvFunso ndilakuti kodi chidwi cha milandu chikufunabe kuti kulanda kupitirire; ngati sichoncho, kubweza kumalamulidwa. Chidwi chimenecho chilipo pamene zinthuzo zingagwiritsidwebe ntchito potsimikizira chowonadi kapena kusonyeza mwayi wopezeka mosaloledwa, kapena pamene sizingatheke kuti kutayidwa kapena kuchotsedwa mu malonda kudzalamulidwa.
- Pansi pa chigawo cha 94a SvKhotilo likufunsa ngati pali kukayikira kapena kuweruzidwa mlandu wokhudza chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu, komanso ngati sizingatheke kuti chindapusa kapena kulanda katundu ziperekedwe. Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri kwa otsutsa.
Zotsatira zake zimakhala zomveka: nthawi zambiri simudzapambana potsutsa kuti mulibe mlandu. Mumapambana polimbana ndi kulanda katunduyo mwanjira yakeyake — chinthucho sichikufunikanso, chilolezo chinali cholakwika, mtengo womwe wagwidwawo ndi wosiyana, kapena katunduyo si wa wokayikiridwayo. Madandaulo amamvedwa mwachangu, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimapangitsa bizinesiyo kubwereranso.
Ndondomeko yolanda katundu ndi nkhani yosiyana
Kulanda katundu sikungochitika kokha kuchokera ku chigamulo. Woimira boma akupereka pempho lina ( ontnemingsvordering ), lomwe khoti limalichita m'njira yosiyana malinga ndi art. 511b mpaka 511i Sv pambuyo pa mlandu waupandu. Pempholi lili ndi nthawi yoikika: malinga ndi art. 511b Sv woimira boma ayenera kulibweretsa mkati mwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene chigamulocho chinaperekedwa koyamba.
Injini ya ndondomekoyi ndi lipoti lowerengera phindu lomwe linapezedwa mosaloledwa ( rapport berekening wederrechtelijk verkregen voordeel ), lopangidwa ndi ofufuza zachuma. Ndi chikalata, osati chigamulo, komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuukira.
Mtolo ndi muyezo wa umboni: wotsika kuposa mlandu waupandu
Izi zimadabwitsa kwambiri mayiko akunja. Kupezeka ndi mlandu kumafuna umboni wovomerezeka komanso wotsimikizika; kulanda sikutero. Malinga ndi gawo la 511f Sv, kuyerekezera kuyenera kuchokera ku umboni wovomerezeka, koma khoti likuyerekeza chiwerengero, osati kutsimikizira mlandu mosakayika.
Mu HR 26 Marichi 2013, ECLI:NL:HR:2013:BV9087, Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikiza kuti palibe chomwe chimalepheretsa khoti kuyika chiyerekezocho pa zomwe zili mu lipoti lazachuma lotere. Koma linawonjezera njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera: ngati wotsutsa atsutsa chigamulo mu lipotilo m'njira yokwanira, zofunikira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiyerekezo cha chiyerekezocho, ndipo khotilo liyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake likuvomereza chigamulo chimenecho.
Kumasulira kwake: kukana kosamveka bwino sikuthandiza chilichonse, pomwe kukana kolembedwa, kofanana ndi kofanana ndi kofanana ndi kofunikira, kumakakamiza khoti kuti lichitepo kanthu. Kuteteza kulandidwa kwa katundu ndi nkhani yokhudza umwini wa katundu monga momwe zilili ndi utetezi.
Momwe ndalamazo zimawerengedwera
Khotilo likuyerekeza ubwino wake ndipo lili ndi ufulu wosankha njirayo. Njirazi zimagawidwa m'mabanja awiri: kuwerengera kokhazikika komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi zochitika zomwe zadziwika, ndi njira zosamveka zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ndalama zonse.
| njira | Momwe ntchito | Kugwiritsa ntchito kwachizolowezi ndi zofooka |
|---|---|---|
| Kutengera zochitika (transactieberekening) | Ndalama zomwe sizingagulitsidwe mwachindunji, pa malonda aliwonse omwe adziwika | Kuwukira chiwerengero cha zochitika, mtengo ndi kuchuluka komwe kukuyembekezeka |
| Chikalata cha ndalama (kasopstelling), yosavuta kapena yowonjezereka | Kuyerekeza ndalama zomwe zalandiridwa ndi ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, mu ndalama zokha kapena m'maakaunti onse; ndalama zochulukirapo zosafotokozedwa zimaonedwa ngati phindu | Menyani ndalama zoyambira, ngongole, mphatso, ndalama zovomerezeka, ndi kuwerengera kawiri ndalama zomwe zasamutsidwa pakati pa maakaunti anu |
| Kuyerekeza kwa chuma (vermogensvergelijking) | Katundu kumapeto kwa nthawi, katundu wochepa poyamba, ndalama zochepa zovomerezeka, komanso ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito | Kuwerengera kwa ziwopsezo, nthawi yosankhidwa ndi momwe ngongole zimagwiritsidwira ntchito |
Njira zosamveka bwino zili ndi vuto limodzi loopsa: sizifuna kuti pakhale zochitika zinazake zaupandu kuti zidziwike. Kusiyana kosamveka pakati pa ndalama zomwe zapezedwa ndi ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito kungapangitse kuti ndalamazo ziwerengedwe, kotero yankho lake ndi lolembedwa - zolemba za banki, mapangano a ngongole, zikalata za mphatso ndi cholowa, ndalama zakunja, umboni wa kusintha kovomerezeka. Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ya khothi loyesa milandu: lamulo lokhazikika la milandu limatsimikizira ufulu waukulu wowerengera womwe art. 36e Sr imapereka, kotero kuukira kwenikweni kuli pa zomwe zaperekedwa m'malo mosankha chitsanzo.
Kutenga katundu nthawi yayitali: milandu ina kupatula yomwe yatsimikiziridwa
Art. 36e Sr sasiya mlandu wokhudza mlanduwo. Ngati mlanduwo uli ndi chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu, khothi likhozanso kulanda mwayi kuchokera ku milandu ina, bola ngati pali zizindikiro zokwanira zosonyeza kuti munthuyo ndiye amene wachita zimenezo. Sayenera kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi wolakwa.
Lamuloli limapitirira apo. Pa milandu imeneyo khothi lingaganize kuti ndalama zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mlandu usanachitike, ndi katundu wopezedwa m'nthawi imeneyo, zikuyimira phindu lopezedwa mosaloledwa pokhapokha ngati pali gwero lovomerezeka. Khothi likhoza kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa. Zotsatira zake ndi katundu womwe kwenikweni umakhala pa wotsutsa kuti awerengere zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zandalama.
Ndalama, olakwa angapo, ndi kuchepetsa ndalamazo
Zomwe zingachotsedwe
Art. 36e Sr imalola kuchotsera ndalama zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kumalizidwa kwa milandu ndipo zikuyenera kuchotsera:
- Kawirikawiri ndalama zomwe zingachotsedwe: ndalama zomwe popanda mlanduwo sizikanatheka — mtengo wogulira katundu womwe umagulitsidwanso pambuyo pake, ndalama zoyendera mwachindunji kapena zogulira.
- Kawirikawiri sizimachotsedwa ndalama: ndalama zogulira zinthu zofunika pa moyo, ndalama zogulira zinthu zofunika pa moyo, chindapusa, ndi ndalama zodzitetezera. Ndalama zonse zogulira zinthu ndi ndalama zolipirira bizinesi, komanso ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa m'nyumba zosaloledwa, zimagweranso kunja kwa ndalama zomwe zachotsedwa: ndalama zokhazo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuphwanya malamulo ndi zomwe zingalipiridwe.
- Pamene katunduyo anagwidwa ndi kutayidwa pa mlandu wa milandu, nkhani si kuchotsa ndalama koma kubweza kawiri. Chifukwa kulanda katundu ndi kubwezeretsa osati chilango, mtengo wa chinthu chomwe chinatengedwa kwa wotsutsidwayo ndi kutayidwa pa mlandu wake wa milandu uyenera kulipidwa pa ngongole yolipira (HR 31 Meyi 2022, ECLI:NL:HR:2022:808). Khothi likhoza kupanga chiweruzo chimenecho ngakhale kuti chiweruzocho sichinathe, koma sichikakamizidwa kutero; ngati sichitero, munthu wopezeka ndi mlanduyo angapemphe kuti chiweruzocho chichepe pamene chiweruzocho chikhala chosasinthika (art. 6:6:26 Sv).
Anthu angapo omwe akhudzidwa
Pamene anthu angapo adapeza mwayi, art. 36e Sr imalola khothi kuti lipereke mlandu wogwirizana ndi angapo kapena kugawa mwayi pakati pawo. Mlandu wogwirizana ndi angapo umatanthauza kuti aliyense akhoza kutsatiridwa kwathunthu - kuwonekera kwakukulu m'milandu yamagulu, yoyenera kutsutsidwa koyambirira ndi umboni wa zomwe wophunzira aliyense adalandira. Sizolakwika: otsutsa ayenera kuwonetsa kuti omwe akukhudzidwawo ankagwira ntchito ngati gawo lazachuma. Pamene gawo limenelo, kapena gulu la katundu wamba, likusowa, khothi limapereka mwayiwo potengera komwe unathera.
kuchepetsa
Khothi likhoza kuyika ndalamazo pansi pa phindu lomwe likuyembekezeka, ngati wotsutsayo apempha kapena ngati akufuna, poganizira momwe angalipire panopa komanso momwe angakwaniritsire kulipira. Kulephera kulipira ndi nkhani yamoyo pa mlanduwo, osati pambuyo pake.
Kutalika kwambiri kwa milandu ndi njira yachiwiri: pamene chitsimikizo cha nthawi yoyenera cha 6 ECHR chaphwanyidwa, ndalamazo zimachepetsedwa. Ndondomekoyi ndi HR 17 June 2008, ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BD2578, yomwe imafotokoza momwe kuchepetsa kumagwirira ntchito pamilandu yolanda katundu.
Kuchepetsa kapena kukhululukira mlandu kungapemphedwenso kuchokera kukhoti panthawi yokakamiza, motsatira chigawo 6:6:26 Sv.
Kukakamiza, ndi kusunga anthu omwe salipira ngongoleyo
Lamulo likatha, kusonkhanitsa ndalama kumakhala koyang'anira komanso kosalekeza. Makonzedwe olipira ndi otheka, kubweza ndalamazo kumatsatira mfundo za boma, ndipo katundu wogwidwa mosamala amayikidwa pa ngongoleyo.
Ngati malipiro sanaperekedwe, wozenga mlandu akhoza kupempha kukhoti kuti amupatse gijzeling — kumangidwa mokakamiza — motsatira chigawo cha 6:6:25 Sv. Motsatira chigawo cha 36e Sr khoti limakhazikitsa nthawi yokwanira popereka lamuloli, lowerengedwa potengera ndalamazo, malinga ndi zaka zitatu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. Zinthu ziwiri ndizofunikira:
- Ndi kukakamiza, osati chilango: njira yokakamiza munthu amene angathe kulipira koma sadzalipira.
- Sizimatha ngongole. Mosiyana ndi chiganizo chosasinthika chomwe chimalowa m'malo mwa chindapusa, kutumikira nthawi ya gijzeling Munthu amene amalipira ndalama zonse zomwe wapatsidwa amakhalabe ndi ngongole yonse.
Ndicho chifukwa chake ngongole zolanda katundu zimatsatira anthu kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake ziyenera kumenyedwa pa siteji yowerengera ndalama osati pa siteji yosonkhanitsa.
Anthu ena: makampani, akazi ndi obwereketsa
Ngati katundu wanu wagwidwa ndi kulanda katundu wina, njirayo ndi yomweyi malinga ndi art. 552a Sv, yomwe yaperekedwa ngati munthu wokhudzidwa. Khothi liyenera kuganizira, lisanasankhe, ngati wina aliyense kupatula wodandaulayo ayenera kuonedwa ngati munthu wokhudzidwa.
Kuyesedwa kwa munthu wina amene akunena kuti ndi mwiniwake wa chinthu chomwe chagwidwa motsatira nkhani ya 94a Sv kumafuna: mu ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BL2823 Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti ngati n'zosakayikitsa kuti wodandaulayo ndiye mwiniwake.
- Kampani amene maakaunti kapena masheya ake atsekedwa chifukwa chakuti director ndi wokayikiridwa ayenera kulemba kusiyana kwa katundu wa kampani ndi kuwonongeka kwa malonda.
- Mkazi kapena mnzanu ayenera kukambirana za nkhani ya katundu wa m'banja: pansi pa dongosolo la katundu, mfundo yakuti katundu ndi "wawo" wokha ndi yovuta kwambiri.
- Wobwereketsa kapena chipani chotetezedwa ayenera kupereka zikalata za ngongole ndi chitetezo nthawi yomweyo; udindo wotetezedwa wolembedwa, womwe ulipo kale, ndiye mlandu wamphamvu kwambiri womwe ulipo kwa anthu ena.
Misonkho ndi zomwe wozunzidwayo akufuna
Misonkho. Ndalama sizitha kuthamangitsidwa msonkho chifukwa zidapezeka mosaloledwa; akuluakulu amisonkho amatha kuziyesa popanda mlandu waupandu, ndipo kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa ziwirizi ndikwabwinobwino. Lamulo lolanda katundu ndi kuwerengera msonkho pa ndalama zomwezo zitha kuchitika pamodzi, kotero milandu, kulanda katundu ndi misonkho ziyenera kugwirizanitsidwa kuyambira pachiyambi: zovomerezeka mu forum imodzi zimawerengedwa mu zina. Kulipira lamuloli sikubweretsa mpumulo kumbali ya msonkho: art. 3.14 ya Income Tax Act 2001 (Wet IB 2001) imachotsa mwachindunji chindapusa ndi zolipira zomwe zimaperekedwa pansi pa lamulo lolanda katundu kuti zisachotsedwe ngati ndalama zabizinesi.
Wozunzidwayo. Kulanda katundu ndi kubwezera, osati chilango chachiwiri, ndipo Boma silisonkhanitsa kawiri pa ndalama zomwezo. Art. 36e Sr ikunena kuti ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa anthu ovulala, ndi maudindo olipira Boma kuti apindule nawo, zimachotsedwa pa ndalama zomwe zalandidwa. Ngati munthu wovulalayo walowa nawo mlandu, chigamulo chimenecho chiyenera kuwerengedwa mwadala.
Chidziwitso chokhudza Code of criminal procedure yomwe ikubwera
Wetboek van Strafvordering yomwe idasinthidwanso idavomerezedwa ndi Senate pa 24 February 2026 ndipo idasindikizidwa mu Staatsblad pa 13 March 2026. Iyamba kugwira ntchito pa tsiku lokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo lachifumu, ndipo dongosolo ndilakuti malamulo okhazikitsa ndi malamulo owonjezera onse agwire ntchito nthawi imodzi m'malo molemba buku ndi buku. Tsiku lomwe boma likuyembekezera ndi 1 April 2029, koma mpaka lamulolo litaperekedwa palibe chomwe chimasintha. Chilichonse pamwambapa chalembedwa pa Code yomwe ikugwira ntchito lero. Manambala a nkhani adzasintha; chinthucho chikuyembekezeka kupitilira.
Ngati katundu wagwidwa, dziwani nthawi yomweyo ngati malowo ndi a art. 94 Sv kapena a art. 94a Sv, pezani ndikuyang'ana zolemba zovomerezeka ndi kulanda, ndikukonzanso chithunzi cha zachuma - ndalama zovomerezeka, ngongole, mphatso, katundu wakunja - lipotilo lisanalembedwe m'malo molemba pambuyo pake. Malangizo athu okhudza milandu yaupandu amafotokoza njira yonse, ndipo gulu lathu loteteza milandu yaupandu limagwira ntchito pa madandaulo a kulanda ndi kulanda kuyambira tsiku loyamba la kafukufuku.
Kodi apolisi angalande akaunti yanga yakubanki ndisanaimbidwe mlandu?
Inde. Kutenga mosamala malinga ndi nkhani. 94a Sv kumadalira kukayikira, osati pa mlandu kapena chigamulo, ndipo kumafuna chilolezo cha woweruza wofufuza malinga ndi nkhani. 103 Sv. Ndalama zomwe zili m'banki ndi ufulu wa katundu ndipo zimagwera mkati mwa tanthauzo la zinthu. Simuyenera kudikira kuti mlandu utsutsidwe: madandaulo malinga ndi nkhani. 552a Sv ikhoza kuperekedwa nthawi yomweyo ndipo imamvedwa m'zipinda.
Kodi ndalama zolandidwa zimawerengedwa bwanji?
Khotilo limayesa ubwino wa umboni wovomerezeka, nthawi zambiri kuyambira pa lipoti la ofufuza. Likhoza kuwerengera zochitika ndi zochitika, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosamveka bwino - lipoti la ndalama poyerekeza ndalama zomwe zikulowa ndi zomwe zikutuluka, kapena kuyerekeza katundu kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa nthawi. Ndalama zokhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuchita mlanduwu zitha kuchotsedwa; ndalama zonse zokhudzana ndi moyo ndi chindapusa sizingachotsedwe.
Kodi muyezo wa umboni ndi wofanana ndi wa umboni wotsimikizira?
Ayi, ndipo uwu ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu. Kupezeka ndi mlandu kumafuna umboni wovomerezeka komanso wotsimikizika. Lamulo lolanda katundu limafuna kuti khothi liwerengere phindu lomwe lingabwere chifukwa cha umboni wovomerezeka, womwe ndi malire ochepa kwambiri. M'milandu yowonjezereka yolanda katundu, khothi lingagwirenso ntchito poganizira za zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe mwagwiritsa ntchito komanso zomwe mwagula, zomwe zingakupatseni mwayi wowerengera ndalama zanu.
Nanga chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati sindingathe kulipira?
Kukweza kulephera kulipira pa mlandu wokhudza kulandidwa kwa katundu: khothi lingakhazikitse ndalama zochepa poganizira momwe mulili panopa komanso momwe mukufunira kulipira. Pa nthawi yokakamiza, kuchepetsa kapena kukhululukidwa mlandu kungapemphedwenso kukhothi. Kusachita chilichonse ndi njira yoyipa kwambiri, chifukwa wozenga mlandu angapemphe kumangidwa mokakamiza, ndipo kutumikira sikuchotsa ngongoleyo.
Katundu wa kampani yanga analetsedwa chifukwa cha mnzanga wa bizinesi. Ndingatani?
Perekani madandaulo motsatira Article. 552a Sv ngati munthu wokhudzidwa. Article. 94a Sv imalola kulanda katundu wa munthu wina pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zina zofunika kuziganizira, cholinga chofuna kulepheretsa kubweza katunduyo, komanso kudziwa kwa munthu winayo. Kuyesa umwini wa munthu wina n'kovuta, choncho perekani zikalata za nthawi yomweyo - maakaunti, mapangano, chitetezo - nthawi yomweyo.
Kodi kupita kundende chifukwa cha mlanduwu kumathetsa pempho la ndalama?
Ayi. Chilango ndi lamulo lolanda katundu ndi zosiyana. Kulanda katundu ndi njira yobwezera yomwe imayikidwa mu ndondomeko yake motsatira artt. 511b mpaka 511i Sv ndipo imapanga ngongole ku Boma yomwe imapulumuka chilangocho. Kumangidwa mokakamiza chifukwa chosalipira sikumathetsanso. Mayankho okhawo okhazikika ndi kuyerekezera kochepa, kuchepetsa, kulipira, kapena kulipira.
