Kulemba mapangano ku Netherlands: kodi malamulo aku Dutch amafuna chiyani?

Ku Netherlands, pangano limayamba chifukwa cha kupereka ndi kuvomereza kwake; Buku 6 la Dutch Civil Code silifuna mawonekedwe enaake pa mapangano ambiri. Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti pangano lililonse limawonjezeredwa ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, limachepetsedwa ndi kumveka bwino komanso chilungamo, kotero gawo likhoza kuchotsedwa malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili ngakhale magulu onse awiri adasaina.

Palibe lamulo lofunikira polemba, palibe fomu yolembera mapangano wamba amalonda komanso palibe lamulo loti munthu aganizirepo. Kulemba kumafunika pazochitika zochepa chabe, monga zigawo zosapikisana komanso zoyeserera mu mgwirizano wantchito.

Kodi n’chiyani chimapangitsa kuti mgwirizano ukhale womangika malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch?

Pangano limakhala lolimba ngati magulu awiriwa agwirizana (wilsovereenstemming) pa mfundo zofunika. Malamulo aku Dutch amaona zomwe gulu lililonse lingamvetse bwino kuchokera m'mawu ndi machitidwe a gulu lina, osati kokha zomwe gulu lililonse likufuna payekha.

Chinthu cholunjika chimenecho chimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zake. Munthu amene amasaina popanda kuwerenga nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wochita zimenezo. Kusaloledwa kwa mkati komwe sikunafotokozedwe nthawi zambiri sikofunikira.

Fomu ndi yaulere. Mgwirizano womwe wapangidwa ndi imelo, mu uthenga wochezera kapena mwa kuchita zinthu ndi wofanana ndi womwe wasainidwa ndi inki. Saini yamagetsi ndi yovomerezeka; mulingo wa chitsimikizo umakhudza momwe ungatsimikiziridwe mosavuta. Kulemba kumafunika pamilandu yochepa, ndipo milandu imeneyo ndi yofunika chifukwa chilango nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosagwira ntchito. Zitsanzo ndi gawo losapikisana ndi loyesa mu mgwirizano wantchito, kugula nyumba ndi wogula, ndi zina zochepa zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi malamulo.

Pali malire awiri pa ufulu wa mgwirizano. Choyamba, mgwirizano womwe zomwe zili kapena cholinga chake zimasemphana ndi lamulo lovomerezeka, dongosolo la anthu kapena makhalidwe abwino ndi zopanda pake. Chachiwiri, zomwe magulu omwe ali ndi ngongole wina ndi mnzake sizimangotsatira zomwe zavomerezedwa komanso malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zofunikira za kulingalira bwino komanso chilungamo. Zofunikira zimenezo zimadzaza mipata ndipo, m'milandu yapadera, zimaletsa kudalira gawo lomwe linavomerezedwa moyenera. Makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yoletsa imeneyo moletsa, koma ndi yeniyeni: ndichifukwa chake gawo lomasulira lomwe lalembedwa kwambiri si mapeto a zokambiranazo.

Kodi mgwirizano uliwonse umafuna chiyani?

Pangano lililonse limafuna anthu odziwika, siginecha yovomerezeka, mgwirizano pa zinthu zofunika, chinthu chovomerezeka, maudindo ofotokozedwa bwino komanso kusankha lamulo ndi malo olankhulirana. Gome likuwonetsa chifukwa chake gawo lililonse ndi lofunika.

Kodi maudindo akugwira kale ntchito panthawi yokambirana?

Inde. Magulu omwe akukambirana amalowa muubwenzi wolamulidwa ndi nzeru ndi chilungamo, ndipo kuthetsa zokambirana kungakhale kosaloledwa, nthawi zina.

Lamulo lokhazikika mu lamulo la milandu ndilakuti chipani chili ndi ufulu wochoka. Ufulu umenewo ukhoza kutayika pamene chipani china chingayembekezere kuti mgwirizano wina uchitike, kapena pamene kusweka sikungakhale kovomerezeka pazifukwa zina. Zikatero chipani chokhumudwa chingabweze ndalama zake ndipo, nthawi zina kwambiri, phindu lake lotayika.

Zotsatira ziwiri zothandiza zimatsatira. Choyamba, lembani momwe zokambiranazo zilili. Chikalata chofotokozera cholinga nthawi zambiri chimatsatiridwa ngati chikunena kuti palibe mgwirizano womangika womwe umachitika mpaka mgwirizano wotsimikizika utasainidwa, ndipo kuti gulu lililonse lili ndi ndalama zake. Chachiwiri, samalani ndi mawu oti "mwagwirizana". Imelo yotsimikizira kuti magulu akugwirizana pa mtengo, kukula ndi tsiku loyambira ikhoza kukhala kale mgwirizano. Mfundo zotsalazo zimathetsedwa ndi lamulo lowonjezera, chilichonse chomwe maguluwo akufuna kusaina pambuyo pake.

Nthawi yomweyi imakhala ndi ntchito zodziwitsa. Gulu lomwe likudziwa kuti chinthu chomwe liyenera kudziwa kuti ndi chosankha kwa mbali inayo, ndipo limakhala chete, limakhala pachiwopsezo chothetsedwa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kulakwitsa (kuswa). Kuthetsa mgwirizano kumathetsa mgwirizanowo ndi zotsatira zakumbuyo. Kuulula mfundo yosasangalatsa ndikuthana nayo mu gawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika mtengo kuposa kuteteza mlandu wolakwika patatha zaka ziwiri. Nkhani yathu yokhudza mgwirizano ndi magulu aku Dutch ikukhudza mbali yothandiza ya gawoli.

Kodi malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse zimagwira ntchito liti?

Malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse (algemene voorwaarden) amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati zalengezedwa kuti zikugwira ntchito ndipo zavomerezedwa, komanso ngati chipani chinacho chinali ndi mwayi wokwanira woziganizira. Ngati lamulo lachiwiri silikukwaniritsidwa, chipani chinacho chikhoza kuthetsa ziganizozo.

Chofunika choyamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa. Malamulowo ayenera kuti adalengezedwa kuti ndi ogwirizana ndi kuvomerezedwa. Zimenezo zimachitika mosavuta, ndipo zitha kuchitika kudzera mu chikalata chotsimikizira kuti chipani china sichikutsutsana.

Chofunika chachiwiri ndi udindo wopereka malamulo. Wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo onse ayenera kupatsa mbali ina mwayi wokwanira wowalemba asanayambe kapena panthawi yopereka mgwirizano. Mwachidule, zimenezo zikutanthauza kuwapereka kapena kuwatumiza. Kutchula tsamba lawebusayiti ndikokwanira pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zina zomwe zafotokozedwa. Kusindikiza malamulo kumbuyo kwa invoice yomwe imafika pambuyo popereka sikokwanira. Ngati udindowu sunakwaniritsidwe, mbali ina ikhoza kuthetsa zigawozo, ndipo mgwirizanowo umapitirira popanda iwo. Umu ndi momwe malire olembedwa mosamala a udindo amathera.

Kodi ndi chitetezo chotani chowonjezera chomwe ogula ali nacho?

Kwa mapangano ndi ogula, Malamulowa amapitirira. Amalemba zigawo zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kwambiri komanso zigawo zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizo, ndipo ogula amatha kuthetsa zigawo zilizonse.

Lamulo la ogula ku Europe likuwonjezera gawo lina: khothi liyenera kuyesa mfundo zomwe zili mu mgwirizano wa ogula womwe ukufuna, kaya kasitomala apereka mfundoyo kapena ayi. Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono sapindula ndi mndandandawo mwachindunji. Komabe, makhoti akhala akuvomereza kwa nthawi yayitali kuti miyezoyo imatha kuonekera kwa mnzake waung'ono pamalo ofanana.

Nanga bwanji ngati onse awiri agwiritsa ntchito mawu awoawo?

Malinga ndi lamulo la Dutch, gawo loyamba la malamulo limagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati chipani chachiwiri chakana mwachindunji. Chitsimikizo cha oda yanu chomwe chikukana mwachindunji malamulo a mbali inayo ndichofunika kwambiri kuposa gawo lalitali la malamulo.

Zigawo zazikulu za mgwirizano, monga mtengo ndi kufotokozera zomwe zikuperekedwa, sizinthu zonse ndipo sizikugwirizana ndi dongosololi. Buku lathu lotsogolera pakulemba malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse limagwira ntchito kudzera mu gawo lililonse.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'anira chiyani mu mgwirizano wantchito?

Pangano la ntchito lilipo pomwe munthu mmodzi amagwira ntchito kwa wina, kuti alandire malipiro, muubwenzi wogonjera. Chizindikiro chomwe chili pa chikalatacho sichimasankha zotsatira: makhothi amawona zomwe zinavomerezedwa ndi momwe magulu awiriwa adachitiradi.

Pangano la ogwira ntchito limodzi (CAO) lingagwire ntchito ku gawo lanu. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati ndinu membala wa bungwe la olemba anthu ntchito lomwe lili ndi mgwirizano, kapena ngati CAO yalengezedwa kuti ndi yomangirira anthu onse. Ngati CAO ikugwira ntchito, malamulo ake okhudza malipiro, nthawi yogwira ntchito, ndalama zothandizira ndi chidziwitso zimaposa chilichonse chomwe sichili bwino mu mgwirizano wa munthu aliyense. Yang'anani ngati CAO ikugwira ntchito musanalembe ntchito, osati pambuyo pake. M'magawo ambiri, chitukuko cha malipiro chimayikidwa pamlingo wa anthu onse osati pakukambirana payekha, ndipo masikelo ndi maperesenti oyenera amafalitsidwa ndi CAO yokha.

Kodi lamulo la unyolo wa mapangano a nthawi yokhazikika limagwira ntchito bwanji?

Bwana akhoza kulemba mapangano atatu otsatizana a nthawi yokhazikika kwa zaka zosapitirira zitatu. Mgwirizano wopitirira malire onsewa umakhala mgwirizano wa nthawi yosatha malinga ndi lamulo.

Lamulo la unyolo (ketenregeling) limawerengera mapangano motsatizana ngati nthawi yomwe ili pakati pawo sipitirira nthawi yosokoneza malamulo, yomwe pakadali pano ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. CAO ikhoza kusintha magawo a lamuloli m'magawo ofotokozedwa.

Kusintha kukubwera. Pansi pa Wet meer zekerheid flexwerkers, yomwe yavomerezedwa, nthawi yosokoneza mu lamulo la unyolo idzakhala zaka zitatu m'malo mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yomwe ilipo. Izi zimathetsa mchitidwe woyambitsanso unyolo pambuyo pa nthawi yochepa. Tsiku loyambira kugwira ntchito lakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo lachifumu; maziko a lamuloli akuyembekezeka kugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2028. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, lamuloli likugwira ntchito. Dziwaninso kuti lamulo la masiku anayi loitanira antchito omwe akubwera si latsopano: lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira 2020. Zolemba zathu za glossary pa lamulo la unyolo la mapangano a nthawi yokhazikika zikuwonetsa momwe kuwerengera kumagwirira ntchito.

Kodi malamulo okhudza nthawi yoyeserera, nthawi yosagwirizana ndi mpikisano ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi ati?

Gawo loyesera ndi gawo losapikisana ziyenera kuvomerezedwa polemba. Gawo lomwe silikukwaniritsa zofunikira zalamulo ndi lopanda ntchito kapena lingathetsedwe ndi khothi.

Nthawi yoyeserera siyenera kupitirira malire okhazikika mwalamulo, zomwe zimatengera nthawi ya mgwirizano:

• palibe kuyesedwa konse kwa mgwirizano wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kuchepera;
• mwezi umodzi pa mgwirizano wopitilira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi koma wochepera zaka ziwiri;
• miyezi iwiri pa mgwirizano wa zaka ziwiri kapena kuposerapo, kapena pa mgwirizano wosatha.

Gawo loyesera lomwe lapitirira malire ake limakhala lopanda ntchito yonse, osati longochepetsedwa. Choncho, olemba ntchito omwe achita mopitirira muyeso amataya gawo lonselo.

Chiganizo chosapikisana (concurrentiebeding) chiyenera kuvomerezedwa mwa kulemba ndi wantchito wazaka zonse. Chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha mu mgwirizano wosatha si cholondola. Chingaphatikizidwenso mu mgwirizano wa nthawi yokhazikika, koma pokhapokha ngati abwana alemba mu chiganizocho zofuna za bizinesi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira. Chifukwa cholembedwacho chiyenera kukhala cholimba ngati chayesedwa. Pazochitika zonse, khothi likhoza kuthetsa chiganizo chonse kapena pang'ono, kapena kupereka chipukuta misozi, pamene wantchitoyo wasowa cholungama poyerekeza ndi chiwongola dzanja chomwe abwana akuteteza. Lembani mofatsa mu kukula, nthawi ndi malo; chiganizo chachikulu ndicho chomwe chingachotsedwe ngati chili chofunikira.

Kodi mungalembe bwanji mgwirizano ndi kontrakitala wodzilemba ntchito?

Lembani ngati pangano la ntchito (overeenkomst van opdracht) ndipo onetsetsani kuti ubale weniweniwo ukugwirizana nawo. Chiwopsezo chachikulu ndichakuti ubalewo pambuyo pake umaonedwa kuti ndi ntchito, zomwe zingakhudze msonkho wa malipiro, zopereka zachitetezo cha anthu, ufulu wa tchuthi ndi chitetezo chochotsedwa ntchito.

Mayesowa ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito: ntchito, malipiro, komanso, motsimikiza, ngati pali ubale wa ulamuliro. Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) lanena momveka bwino kuti cholinga cha maguluwa si chinthu china chosiyana pa mayesowo. Mu chigamulo cha Deliveroo cha pa 24 Marichi 2023 (ECLI:NL:HR:2023:443) linanena kuti sizikukhudza ngati maguluwa akufuna kuti mgwirizano wawo ukhale pansi pa malamulo okhudza mapangano a ntchito. Chofunika ndi ufulu ndi maudindo omwe adagwirizana nawo komanso momwe ubalewo unagwirira ntchito.

Pangano lonena za ufulu wodziyimira pawokha koma limafotokoza malangizo a tsiku ndi tsiku, maola okhazikika ogwira ntchito pamalo a kasitomala ndi ndalama zokhazikika pamwezi mosasamala kanthu za zomwe zatuluka sizingapitirire kufufuzidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mgwirizano weniweni susokonezedwa ndi chinthu chimodzi chosasangalatsa.

Kodi n’chiyani chasintha posachedwapa kwa makontrakitala odzipangira okha ntchito?

Kuletsa kukakamiza akuluakulu amisonkho kunatha pa 1 Januwale 2025, ndipo lamulo lovomerezeka loti munthu agwire ntchito kutengera mtengo wa ola limodzi likubwera. Lamuloli silikugwira ntchito.

Kuyambira pamene lamulo loletsa ntchito linatha, akuluakulu a misonkho akhoza kuyikanso malamulo okonza zinthu pamene ubale ndi ntchito. Malamulo okonza zinthuwo amayamba kuyambira tsiku limenelo m'malo mobwerera m'mbuyo m'zaka zoyambirira. Mosiyana, malamulo omwe amayambitsa lingaliro loti ntchito iyenera kutsutsidwa pansi pa malire a ola limodzi avomerezedwa, ndipo kuyamba kugwira ntchito kudzakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo lachifumu. Gawo la lingaliro loyambirira lomwe likanafotokoza bwino mayeso a ulamuliro linasiyidwa. Mpaka lingalirolo litayamba kugwira ntchito, kuwunikaku kumadalira pa lamulo lomwe lilipo kale.

Kodi mgwirizanowu uyenera kusonyeza chiyani?

Lembani zotsatira osati njira. Fotokozani zomwe zingachitike, nthawi yomaliza ndi njira zovomerezeka, ndipo siyani kwa kontrakitala kuti afotokoze momwe angachitire.

Pewani kudzipatula, ndipo nenani momveka bwino kuti kontrakitala angagwire ntchito kwa ena. Perekani njira zina zosinthira ntchito ngati mtundu wa ntchitoyo ukulola. Lolani kontrakitala agwiritse ntchito zida zake, azilipirira ndalama zake za bizinesi komanso azinyamula inshuwaransi yakeyake yaukadaulo. Apempheni kuti apereke invoice potengera nthawi yomwe apatsidwa, m'malo molandira ndalama zokhazikika pamwezi zomwe zimakhala ngati malipiro.

Phatikizanipo zigawo zamalonda zomwe ubale wa bizinesi ndi bizinesi umafuna. Izi zikuphimba umwini wa katundu wanzeru, womwe susamutsidwa wokha motsatira lamulo la Dutch ndipo umafuna chikalata cha ufulu wa olemba; chinsinsi; udindo ndi malire ake; ndi zotsatira za kutumiza mochedwa. Unikani dongosololi nthawi ndi nthawi poyerekeza ndi momwe ntchitoyo ikuchitikira, chifukwa ndi machitidwe, osati chikalatacho, chomwe chidzafufuzidwa. Nkhani yathu yonena za nthawi yomwe kontrakitala adzakhala wantchito imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zofunikira.

Kodi chofunika kwambiri pa mgwirizano wamalonda ndi chiyani?

Gwiritsani ntchito khama lanu polemba zinthu zinayi: zomwe zikuperekedwa, nthawi yomwe malipiro ayenera kulipidwa, yemwe ali mwini wa zotsatira zake, ndi zomwe zimachitika zinthu zikasokonekera. Zina zonse nthawi zambiri zimakambidwa; izi zinayi ndi komwe mikangano imayambira.

Fotokozani zomwe zili mu gawoli pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zenizeni zomwe zingatheke, njira zovomerezeka, komanso zofunika kwambiri, zopatula. Mfundo zomwe zili m'ndandanda wa zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa zimaletsa mikangano yambiri ya zomwe zili mu gawoli isanayambe, ndipo njira yolembera yosinthira imaletsa zina zonse. Pamene magulu agwirizana pa zolinga, siyanitsani bwino pakati pa udindo wokwaniritsa zotsatira ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu. Malamulo aku Dutch amawachitira mosiyana kwambiri pamene ntchitoyo siili bwino.

Kodi muyenera kukonza bwanji malipiro?

Sakanizani magawo ndi zochitika zazikulu osati madeti okha, kotero kuti palibe mbali iliyonse yomwe ili ndi chiopsezo chonse cha kuchedwa kwa winayo. Ikani nthawi yolipira ndipo fotokozani zotsatira za kupitirira nthawiyo.

Mu mapangano a bizinesi ndi bizinesi, chiwongola dzanja chamalonda chovomerezeka chimachitika pamalipiro ochedwa. Mtengowo umasindikizidwa kawiri pachaka, kotero gawoli liyenera kunena za mtengo wovomerezeka m'malo mobwereza chiwerengero chomwe chidzabwerezedwa. Ndalama zosonkhanitsira katundu kunja kwa khoti zitha kubwezedwanso. Mulingo wovomerezeka wa ndalamazo ndi wofunikira kokha m'mapangano ndi ogula; pakati pa mabizinesi mungavomereze mgwirizano wosiyana. Kusunga umwini, kuti katundu akhalebe wanu mpaka mutalipira, ndikosavuta kuvomereza ndipo nthawi zambiri kumasiyidwa.

Ndani ali ndi katundu wanzeru?

Katundu wanzeru satsatira invoice. Ufulu wachinsinsi womwe wapangidwa ndi kontrakitala umakhala ndi kontrakitala pokhapokha ngati waperekedwa ndi chikalata (Nkhani 2 ya Dutch Copyright Act, Auteurswet).

Gawo losamutsa ufulu pa malipiro omaliza, pamodzi ndi chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zingaperekedwe pakadali pano, ndilofunika mu mgwirizano uliwonse wa chitukuko kapena kapangidwe. Ngati wopanga ndi wantchito amene akuchita ntchito zake, olemba ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala mwiniwake wa ufulu malinga ndi lamulo. Ichi ndi chifukwa china chofotokozera bwino za udindo wa munthu amene akugwira ntchitoyo.

Kodi mungachepetse bwanji udindo wanu?

Zigawo zoletsa ndi zochotsera anthu ndi zovomerezeka mu malamulo aku Dutch, koma sizokwanira. Khothi silingalole kudalira gawo lotere pomwe sizingavomerezedwe malinga ndi miyezo yoyenera komanso yachilungamo.

Zigawozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi mu mgwirizano uliwonse wamalonda. Nthawi zambiri zimaletsa udindo pamtengo wa mgwirizano kapena ndalama zomwe zimalipidwa kwa nthawi inayake ndipo sizimachotsa kutayika komwe kungachitike. Nthawi zambiri malire osavomerezeka amadutsa pamene kutayikako kudachitika mwadala, kapena chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa oyang'anira. Malire omwe ndi osalingana kwambiri ndi chiopsezo chomwe chaperekedwa, kapena omwe amasiya winayo wopanda njira yothetsera vuto lililonse, nawonso ndi ofooka.

Lembani moyenerera. Chiletso chogwirizana ndi mtengo wa mgwirizano, chokhala ndi cholinga chofuna komanso kusasamala mwadala komanso kuphwanya chinsinsi kapena ufulu waumwini wa munthu wina, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri kuposa chiletso chomwe chimayesa kuchotsa chilichonse. Gwirizanitsani chiletsocho ndi chivundikiro pansi pa inshuwaransi yanu ya ngongole. Onetsetsaninso kuti mawu onse omwe chiletsocho chilipo adaperekedwa moyenera; apo ayi chiletsocho chikhoza kuthetsedwa musanayang'ane zomwe zili mkati mwake. Chidule chathu cha mitundu ya mgwirizano wamalonda pansi pa lamulo la Dutch chimafotokoza ziganizo zomwe mtundu uliwonse umafuna.

Kodi mumathetsa bwanji pangano molondola?

Choyamba dziwani njira zitatu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito: kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano chifukwa cha kulephera kugwira ntchito, kudziwitsa kuti mgwirizano utha, kapena kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano chifukwa cha vuto la kapangidwe kake. Malamulo aku Dutch amaona izi padera, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kolakwika ndi cholakwika chofala komanso chokwera mtengo.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mungathe kuthetsa mgwirizano?

Kutha kwa ntchito (kuletsa) ndi njira yothetsera kulephera kuchita bwino. Kulephera kulikonse pakuchita bwino kumapatsa munthu winayo ufulu wotha ntchito, pokhapokha ngati kulepherako kuli kochepa kwambiri moti sikungamuthandize kuchita bwino.

Nthawi zambiri kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano kumafuna kuti munthu amene walephera kubweza ngongoleyo ndiye amene poyamba walephera. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza kuti munthu amene walephera kubweza ngongoleyo alembe kalata yoti apereke nthawi yokwanira yoti achite zimenezo. Palibe chifukwa chodziwitsira ngati ntchitoyo yakhala yosatheka kwamuyaya kapena ngati zikuonekeratu kuti ntchitoyo sidzachitika. Kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizanowu kumagwira ntchito mtsogolo ndipo kumapanga maudindo oti athetse zomwe zachitika, ndipo kungaphatikizidwe ndi pempho la ndalama zowonongera. Chikalata cholembedwa ndi chokwanira; lamulo la khothi silikufunika.

Kodi mumapereka bwanji chidziwitso chothetsa ntchito?

Chidziwitso chothetsa mgwirizano (kuletsa mgwirizano) chimathetsa mgwirizano wopitilira mtsogolo popanda kulephera kuchita chilichonse. Ngati mgwirizanowu ukupereka izi, tsatirani gawo lomwe lili m'ndimeyi molondola, kuphatikizapo nthawi yodziwitsa ndi njira yofunikira yodziwitsira.

Ngati panganoli ndi la nthawi yosatha ndipo silinena chilichonse, kwenikweni limatha. Lamulo la milandu limafuna kuti zochitikazo ziganiziridwe. Kutengera nthawi ya ubale, ndalama zomwe zayikidwa komanso kudalira kwa mbali ina, pangafunike chifukwa chokwanira, nthawi yodziwitsa kapena chipukuta misozi. Kuthetsa ubale wogawa kapena kupereka womwe wakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali pa nthawi yochepa ndi gwero lodziwika bwino la milandu m'mabizinesi aku Dutch.

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kuletsa ndi kuletsa?

Kuletsa (vernietiging) kumatsutsa kupangidwa kwa mgwirizano m'malo mochita bwino. Zifukwa zake ndi kulakwitsa, chinyengo, kukakamiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu, ndipo kuletsa kumachitika mobwerera m'mbuyo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusagwira ntchito kumagwira ntchito potsatira lamulo pamene mgwirizanowo ukuphwanya lamulo lofunikira kapena makhalidwe abwino.

Kodi izi zimagwira ntchito bwanji pa mapangano a ntchito?

Mapangano a ntchito ali kunja kwa dongosololi. Sangathe kuthetsedwa ndi kalata yodziwitsa monga momwe pangano lamalonda lingathere.

Pangano lokhazikika la miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kuposerapo limafuna chidziwitso cholembedwa panthawi yake chokhudza ngati lidzapitilizidwa. Pangano losatha lingathe kuthetsedwa pokhapokha ngati mgwirizano wa onse awiri wolembedwa mu mgwirizano wothetsa mavuto (vaststellingsovereeenkomst), ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku UWV (Employee Insurance Agency) pazifukwa zachuma kapena kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena ndi khoti lachigawo pazifukwa zina zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. Malipiro osinthira (transitievergoeding) ayenera kulipidwa kuyambira tsiku loyamba la ntchito, kuphatikizapo nthawi yoyeserera. Malinga ndi nkhani 7:673c ya Dutch Civil Code, si ngongole yomwe olemba ntchito ali ndi ngongole.

Kodi mgwirizano wa mayiko ena uyenera kuphimba chiyani?

Pangano lodutsa malire liyenera kunena kuti ndi chilankhulo chiti chomwe chikugwira ntchito, ndi lamulo liti lomwe limagwira ntchito komanso khoti liti kapena bungwe loweruza milandu lomwe limasankha mikangano. Pangano la Chingerezi, Chijeremani kapena chilankhulo china chilichonse ndi lovomerezeka ku Netherlands, chifukwa lamuloli limafuna mgwirizano, osati chilankhulo china.

Ndi lamulo liti ndipo ndi khoti liti lomwe limagwira ntchito?

Mu European Union, lamulo loyenera la mgwirizano wamalonda limatsatira lamulo la Rome I. Limapereka mphamvu pa kusankha lamulo ndipo, popanda lamulo limodzi, limasonyeza lamulo la dziko lomwe chipani chopereka magwiridwe antchito chinakhazikitsidwa. Malamulo ofunikira oteteza ogula ndi antchito akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito.

Ulamuliro umachokera ku lamulo losinthidwa la Brussels I. Limapereka mphamvu ku gawo la ulamuliro ndipo limasonyeza komwe wotsutsidwayo amakhala kapena komwe akugwira ntchito. Kuweruza milandu ndi njira ina yoyenera kuganizira komwe kukakamiza milandu kudzachitikira kunja kwa Europe.

Msampha umodzi uyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera. Pakugulitsa katundu padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa mabizinesi omwe akhazikitsidwa m'maiko omwe ali ndi mgwirizano, Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Mapangano Ogulitsa Katundu Padziko Lonse (CISG) umagwira ntchito yokha, pamodzi ndi kusankha lamulo la ku Netherlands, pokhapokha ngati maguluwo achotsa. Umasintha malamulo okhudza kutsatira malamulo, kudziwitsa anthu ndi njira zothetsera mavuto. Sankhani ngati mukufuna, ndipo nenani zimenezo mu mgwirizano mwanjira iliyonse.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani mukamaliza kulemba pangano?

Monga gulu lolemba, mumayang'anira zolemba, ndipo mikangano yambiri imayamba ndi zomwe mudasiya. Onani mfundo izi:

• Pangano ndi bungwe lovomerezeka, osati dzina lamalonda, ndikuwona mphamvu ya wosaina mu Chamber of Commerce (KVK) kulembetsa.
• Musagwiritse ntchito chitsanzo cholembedwa cha ulamuliro wina; chikhoza kutanthauza mfundo zomwe malamulo aku Dutch alibe.
• Tumizani malamulo anu onse pamodzi ndi choperekacho, kuti udindo wodziwitsa wa Article 6:234 BW ukwaniritsidwe.
• Tanthauzirani mawu ofunikira monga kumaliza, kuswa zinthu ndi kuyesetsa koyenera, ndipo phatikizani njira yolembera yosinthira.
• Gwirizanani kusunga dzina la mwiniwake, nthawi yosungira chinsinsi, komanso kusankha lamulo ndi malo olankhulirana omwe ali ndi ulamuliro.
• Sankhani ngati CISG iyenera kulembetsa, ndipo ichotseni mwachindunji ngati sichoncho.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani mukalandira draft ya mbali inayo?

Monga wolandira, chiopsezo chanu chili m'magawo omwe mumavomereza osazindikira. Onani mfundo izi:

• Kaya mawu onse a chipani china adaperekedwa kale kapena panthawi ya mgwirizano; ngati sichoncho, mutha kuthetsa zigawo zawo motsatira Article 6:233(b) BW.
• Kaya chitsimikizo cha oda yanu chikukana momveka bwino malamulo awo.
• Kaya malire a udindo akukusiyirani njira yothetsera mavuto komanso kukuwonetsani cholinga ndi kusasamala mwadala.
• Kaya katundu wanzeru amasamutsidwa ndi chikalata cholipira, ndi chilolezo pakadali pano.
• Kaya gawo la chidziwitso, nthawi yodziwitsira, ndi njira yothetsa ntchito zikugwira ntchito kwa inu.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani polemba pangano?

Maloya athu amakampani amalemba ndikuwunikanso mapangano motsatira malamulo aku Dutch a mabizinesi aku Dutch ndi apadziko lonse lapansi. Kwa ogwira ntchito ochokera kunja, onaninso kalozera wathu wokhudza mapangano antchito ochokera kunja.

• Timalemba mapangano amalonda, makontrakitala ndi ntchito omwe akugwirizana ndi Buku 6 ndi Buku 7 la Dutch Civil Code.
• Tikuwunikanso mawu anu onse ndi momwe mumawaperekera motsutsana ndi Nkhani 6:233 ndi 6:234 BW.
• Timafufuza mgwirizano wa kontrakitala motsutsana ndi mayeso a ulamuliro wa chigamulo cha Deliveroo (ECLI:NL:HR:2023:443).
• Timalemba nkhani zokhudza udindo, chuma cha nzeru, kusankha malamulo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano.
• Timalemba chidziwitso cholephera, chidziwitso chothetsa ntchito kapena kalata yothetsa ntchito, kotero mugwiritse ntchito njira yoyenera yotulukira.

Chidule

• Pangano la ku Dutch limapangidwa ndi kupereka ndi kuvomereza; kulemba kumafunika pokhapokha pazochitika zinazake, monga zigawo zosapikisana komanso zoyeserera.
• Kuganiza bwino ndi chilungamo zimawonjezera mgwirizano uliwonse ndipo, nthawi zina, zimatha kuletsa kudalira gawo losainidwa.
• Malamulo onse amakutetezani pokhapokha ngati adalembedwa ntchito ndipo adaperekedwa kwa winayo asanayambe kapena panthawi ya mgwirizano.
• Ntchito ndi kudzilemba ntchito zimatsatira mfundo zenizeni, osati chizindikiro; cholinga cha magulu sichimasankha chiyeneretsocho.
• Sankhani njira yoyenera yotulukira (kuthetsa, kulengeza kapena kuletsa) ndipo ikani kusankha malamulo, malo olankhulirana ndi chilankhulo mu mgwirizano uliwonse wodutsa malire.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI