Kuchepetsa lendi pambuyo poti boma latseka: liti ndipo ndalama zingati?

Ngati boma lalamula kuti malo anu amalonda atsekedwe, mudakali ndi ngongole ya lendi, koma mutha kupempha kuti lendi ichedwe chifukwa cha zinthu zosayembekezereka motsatira Article 6:258 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW). Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) linatsimikizira izi pa 24 Disembala 2021 (ECLI:NL:HR:2021:1974) ndipo linakhazikitsa njira yowerengera; imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pa lendi zomwe zachitika pasanafike 15 Marichi 2020 komanso mabizinesi omwe amadalira makasitomala omwe amabwera pamalowo.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:258 BW, khothi likhoza kusintha kapena kuthetsa mgwirizano ngati pali zinthu zomwe maguluwo sanagwirizane nazo ndipo zomwe ndi zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti mbali inayi singayembekezere kuti mgwirizanowo upitirirebe kusintha. Malingaliro a Khothi Lalikulu samangokhala pa mliriwu: ndi dongosolo la chochitika chilichonse chofanana ndi chakunja chomwe chimasokoneza mgwirizano.

Kodi muyenera kupitiriza kulipira lendi ngati malo anu atsekedwa?

Inde, mfundo yaikulu: lendi imapitirirabe ngakhale panthawi yamavuto palibe gulu lomwe linaneneratu. Zotsatirazi zimadalira ngati munaletsedwa mwalamulo kugwira ntchito, chifukwa alendo ndi malo ogulitsira zinthu zosafunikira anali mu 2020 ndi 2021, kapena munasankha kutseka mwaufulu pamene munaloledwa kukhala otseguka.

Ngati mutseka mwaufulu, kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe mumapeza kumakhala pafupi ndi chiopsezo cha bizinesi, chomwe Article 6:258(2) BW imasiya pa akaunti yanu. Kenako pempho loti musinthe lendi limaweruzidwa mlandu uliwonse ndipo limapambana kawirikawiri.

Kodi mungadalire mphamvu yaikulu?

Kawirikawiri. Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa nyumba kumaloledwa ngati force majeure (overmacht) pokhapokha ngati sikungatchulidwe kuti ndi kwa wobwereketsa, koma lendi ndi ngongole ya ndalama, ndipo makhoti nthawi zambiri samalola kulipira pazifukwa zimenezo. Nkhani 6:258 BW yakhala njira yothandiza m'malo mwake.

Yang'anani kaye lendi yanu. Mabizinesi ambiri aku Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika ya Real Estate Council (Raad voor Onroerende Zaken, ROZ), ndipo malamulo ake onse amayesa kuyika zoopsa zina, monga njira za boma, kwa wobwereka. Zigawo zimenezo zimatha kuchepetsa zomwe munganene, choncho werengani musanasiye kulipira.

Kodi kuchepetsedwa kwa lendi kumawerengedwa bwanji?

Khoti Lalikulu linayambitsa njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zokhazikika (vastelastenmethode). Mwachidule: gawo la lendi la ndalama zokhazikika za boma (TVL) limachotsedwa pa lendi, yotsalayo imachepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zatayika, ndipo zotsatira zake zimagawidwa 50/50 pakati pa mwini nyumba ndi wobwereka.

Gawo ndi gawo, khothi limafotokoza lendi ngati gawo la ndalama zonse zomwe mwakhala mukuzifuna ndipo limachotsa gawo la TVL lomwe mungapemphe. Kenako limayerekeza ndalama zomwe mwabweza ndi nthawi yodziwikiratu mliri usanachitike kuti lipeze ndalama zomwe zabweza. Kuchepetsa ndi (lendi yochotsa gawo la TVL) × kutayika kwa ndalama zomwe zabweza × 50%, pokhapokha ngati kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo kumafuna kugawa kosiyana.

Khoti Lalikulu linapereka chitsanzo chake: lendi ya €4,500, ndalama zokhazikika za €25,000, TVL ya €10,000 ndi ndalama zokhazikika za €20,000 motsutsana ndi ndalama zokhazikika za €100,000. Lendi ndi 18% ya ndalama zokhazikika, kotero €1,800 ya TVL imachotsedwa; €2,700 × 80% kutayika kwa ndalama zokhazikika × 50% kumachepetsa €1,080, kapena 24% ya lendi.

Kodi kutsekedwa kwa nyumba ndi vuto pa malo obwereka?

Ayi. Mu chigamulo chomwecho, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti kutsekedwa kwa nyumba ndi lamulo la boma si vuto (gebrek) malinga ndi tanthauzo la Nkhani 7:204 BW, chifukwa sizikukhudza malo enieniwo. Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa lendi ya zolakwika malinga ndi Nkhani 7:207 BW sikukugwira ntchito.

Chikalata chokhudza vuto la nyumbayo chingakhalepo ngati pali vuto lenileni ndi nyumbayo, monga denga lotuluka madzi, nkhungu kapena chilolezo chogwirira ntchito chomwe sichingapezeke chifukwa nyumbayo ilibe potulukira mwadzidzidzi.

Kodi bizinesi yanu iyenera kupitilirabe kugwira ntchito nthawi ya kutseka?

Ayi, si pamene boma limalamula mtundu wa bizinesi yanu kuti itseke. Mapangano ambiri a ROZ ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito malowo "moyenera, mokwanira, moyenera komanso payekha", koma wobwereka amene akutsatira lamulo lotseka sakuphwanya lamuloli.

Monga olemba ntchito muyeneranso kusunga malo ogwirira ntchito otetezeka motsatira lamulo la Working Conditions Act (Arbeidsomstandhedenwet), ndipo mwini nyumba sangakukakamizeni kuti mugwire ntchito motsatira udindo umenewo. Mukatseka mwaufulu chifukwa chodera nkhawa antchito kapena makasitomala, pempho la mwini nyumba la chilango cha pangano kapena kuwonongeka lidzayesedwa motsutsana ndi kuyenerera ndi chilungamo (Nkhani 6:248 BW).

Kodi mungasinthe kupita ku chakudya chotengera kapena chotumizira?

Kawirikawiri inde, ngakhale kuti lendi imakhazikitsa njira yovomerezeka yogwiritsira ntchito ndipo njira yotumizira si nthawi zonse imakhala yofanana ndi kuyendetsa lesitilanti. Werengani mosamala, kugwiritsa ntchito kwina kungaphwanye lendi ndikuyambitsa chilango cha pangano.

Mwininyumba adzavutika kutsutsa izi. Muyenera kuchepetsa kutayika kwanu, ndipo kusunga ndalama zina kuti mulipire lendi kumachita zimenezo; kulola bizinesiyo kuyima osagwira ntchito kungakhale kovuta kukutsutsani.

Kodi udindo wochepetsa kutayika kwanu ukutanthauza chiyani apa?

Magulu onse awiri ayenera kuchepetsa kutayika kwawo, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la boma lomwe likupezeka asanapemphe mbali inayo kuti ilandire. Njira yokhazikika ya ndalama imapanga izi: TVL yomwe munganene kuti imachotsedwa, kaya munapemphadi kapena ayi.

Kawirikawiri mwini nyumba ndi wobwereka nthawi zambiri amavomerezana mgwirizano wakanthawi: gawo lina la lendi limalipidwa nthawi yomwe ikuyenera kulipidwa ndipo lotsala limachotsedwa ndalama zonse zikabwezedwa. Ngati simukugwirizana, khothi lachigawo (kantonrechter) limasankha, chifukwa limasamalira milandu yonse yobwereka mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwake.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wobwereka nyumba?

• Kaya lendi yanu inatha pasanafike pa 15 Marichi 2020 kapena pambuyo pake.
• Kaya kutsekedwa kwa nyumbayo kunalamulidwa ndi boma kapena munasankha nokha.
• Zimene lendi ndi malamulo a ROZ amanena zokhudza mphamvu ya boma komanso njira zoyendetsera boma.
• Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mwapeza panthawi yotseka bizinesi yanu komanso nthawi yofananira.
• Ndi chithandizo chiti cha TVL kapena china chomwe mudalandira kapena chomwe mukanachitenga.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati mwini nyumba?

• Kaya bizinesi ya wobwereka imadalira makasitomala omwe amabwera ku malowo.
• Ziwerengero za kusintha kwa ndalama kwa wobwereka nyumba ndi zisankho za TVL, komanso ngati zatha.
• Ngati wobwereka nyumbayo akanatha kugwiritsa ntchito malowo mwanjira ina, mwachitsanzo popereka katundu.
• Ndalama zanu zokhazikika komanso ndalama zothandizira, zomwe zingathandize kugawa ndalama zina kupatula 50/50.
• Kaya dongosolo lililonse lalembedwa ngati kuchedwetsa kwakanthawi kapena kuchepetsedwa komaliza.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa lendi mutatseka nyumba?

Timalangiza eni nyumba ndi eni nyumba za bizinesi; zambiri zokhudza ntchito yathu zili patsamba lathu la loya wa lendi.

• Timawunikanso lendi yanu ndi malamulo a ROZ okhudza zigawo zomwe zimayika chiopsezo cha njira zomwe boma lingatenge.
• Timawerengera kuchepetsedwa kwa lendi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika ya ndalama kuchokera ku ziwerengero zanu.
• Timalemba lingaliro kapena mgwirizano wokhudza kuchedwetsa kapena kuchepetsa.
• Timayankha pempho la mwini nyumba loti alipire, chilango kapena kuchotsedwa m'nyumba.
• Timachita milandu pamaso pa khoti laling'ono ngati simukugwirizana.

Chidule

• Lendi imapitirira kugwira ntchito nthawi yotseka; funso ndilakuti kodi lendi ingasinthidwe motsatira Article 6:258 BW.
• Kukakamiza anthu kuti abwereke nyumba sikuli koyenera kulipira lendi, ndipo kutseka nyumba si vuto pa malo (Nkhani 7:204 BW).
• Pansi pa ECLI:NL:HR:2021:1974 kuchepetsedwa ndi (lendi kupatula gawo la TVL) × kutayika kwa ndalama zogulira × 50%, kwa mapangano omwe atsirizidwa isanafike 15 Marichi 2020.
• Kutseka mwaufulu kumaonedwa mozama kwambiri kuposa kutseka komwe muyenera kutsatira.
• Magulu onse awiri ayenera kuchepetsa kutayika kwawo, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la boma.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI