Udindo wa Makampani ndi Magulu: Buku Lonse la 2026

Kodi Kampani Ya kholo Imakhala Ndi Udindo Wotani Pa Ngongole za Makampani Omwe Amathandizana Nawo?

Kampani ikalephera kugwira ntchito ndipo obwereketsa akasiyidwa opanda kanthu, funso lofunika kwambiri nthawi zambiri limabuka: kodi kampani yaikulu ikhoza kuimbidwa mlandu? Munkhaniyi, muphunzira zonse zokhudza udindo wa makampani ndi magulu ku Netherlands. Tikufotokoza momveka bwino nthawi yomwe kampani yayikulu iyenera kulipira ngongole za makampani ake, komanso chitetezo chomwe chilipo.

Kaya ndinu wobwereketsa amene akufunafuna thandizo, mkulu wa kampani yaikulu yomwe ikufuna kuchepetsa zoopsa, kapena mlangizi woyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka makampani - bukuli lathunthu limapereka zida zothandiza komanso chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha zamalamulo.

Munkhaniyi muphunzira izi:

• Pamene makampani akuluakulu ali ndi udindo wolipira ngongole zothandizira
• Kusiyana pakati pa chilengezo cha 403 ndi udindo wa gulu
• Chitetezo chogwira ntchito kwa mabungwe amakampani
• Momwe obwereketsa angathandizire kwambiri
• Mlandu wapano chilamulo ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwapa (2025)
• Nthawi zochepetsera ndi momwe mungazizimitsire

Nthawi yowerenga: Mphindi 15 | Yasinthidwa komaliza: Disembala 2025

Kodi Udindo wa Kampani ndi Gulu ndi Chiyani?

Tisanaphunzire zambiri, tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo zoyambira. Udindo wa makampani ndi wa magulu ndi njira zalamulo zomwe zimaletsa makampani kubisala kumbuyo kwa zomangamanga zovuta zamakampani.

Mwachidule:

• Udindo wa kampani = Kampani yaikulu imakhala ndi udindo pa ngongole za makampani ake
• Udindo wa gulu = Makampani ambiri mkati mwa gulu ali ndi udindo wogwirizana pa kuwonongeka komwe amayambitsa pamodzi

Malamulo awa amateteza obwereketsa omwe akanasiyidwa olemera komanso ouma pamene kusweka kwa ndalama kumachitika mkati mwa mabungwe amakampani.

Maziko a Malamulo: Ndi Malamulo Ati Amene Amalamulira Izi?

Malamulo aku Dutch amapereka njira ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zopezera udindo m'makampani. Zonse ziwiri zili mu Civil Code koma zimagwira ntchito mosiyana kwambiri.

Njira 1: Chilengezo cha 403 (Nkhani 2:403 Dutch Civil Code)

Uwu ndi mtundu wodziwika bwino wa milandu yamakampani. Kampani yayikulu imadzilengeza yokha kuti ili ndi mlandu wogwirizana komanso wosiyana ndi ena pa ngongole za makampani ake.

N’chifukwa chiyani kholo lingachite izi?
Kawirikawiri izi zimakhala zofunikira kuti pakhale maubwino ena a akaunti. Kampani yothandizira ikhoza kufalitsa malipoti afupikitsa azachuma, omwe ndi osavuta kuyendetsa.

Zotsatira za obwereketsa:
Mukhoza kupeza thandizo mwachindunji kuchokera ku kampani yaikulu (nthawi zambiri yolemera). Palibe vuto ndi makampani opanda kanthu - kholo limalipira.

Nkhani Zofunika:

• Nkhani 2:403 Khodi Yachikhalidwe ya ku Dutch: Chilengezo cha 403 chokha
• Nkhani 2:404 Khodi Yachikhalidwe ya ku Dutch: Pamene udindo uwu utha
• Nkhani 2:24a ndi 2:24b Dutch Civil CodeTanthauzo la kholo, kampani yothandizira, ndi gulu

Njira Yachiwiri: Udindo wa Gulu (Nkhani 6:166 Dutch Civil Code)

Njirayi imagwira ntchito mosiyana. Apa ikukhudza machitidwe osaloledwa ndi makampani ambiri pamodzi.

Kodi izi zikugwira ntchito liti?
Ngati makampani omwe ali mgulu achita chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimabweretsa kuwonongeka, onse ali ndi mlandu pamodzi komanso payekhapayekha. Ngakhale si kampani iliyonse yomwe yayambitsa kuwonongekako payekhapayekha.

Ulili:
Kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kuyenera kuti kunawalepheretsa kuchita zinthu mwanzeru. Mwa kuyankhula kwina: akanatha ndipo anayenera kuoneratu kuti zochita zawo zonse pamodzi zingabweretse kuwonongeka.

Chitsanzo chothandiza:
Tiyerekeze kuti makampani atatu omwe ali mgulu akutaya zinyalala za mankhwala pamodzi. Kampani imodzi imayang'anira zoyendera, imodzi ikupereka migolo, imodzi ikupereka oda. Onse atatuwa akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu wa kuwonongeka konse kwa chilengedwe, ngakhale kuti kampani iliyonse inachita gawo laling'ono chabe.

Kodi "Kukhala ndi Udindo Wogwirizana ndi Wosiyana" Kumatanthauza Chiyani?

Mawu otsatirawa ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Amatanthauza kuti: wobwereketsa akhoza kupatsa aliyense wa omwe ali ndi mlandu ndalama zonse.

Ubwino kwa obwereketsa: Simukuyenera kutenga ndalama kuchokera ku kampani iliyonse. Mumangosankha gulu lomwe lili ndi ndalama zambiri.

Zotsatira za makampani: Ngati gulu limodzi lalipira zonse zomwe zawonongeka, gululi likhoza kudzudzula magulu enawo chifukwa cha gawo lawo (izi zimatchedwa "return").

Lamulo Lofunika Kwambiri la Mlandu: Kodi Mumakhala ndi Udindo Liti?

Lamulo limapereka dongosolo, koma makhothi amasankha momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito. Zigamulo izi ndizofunikira kuti timvetsetse pamene mlandu umabwera.

Chigamulo cha Comsys: "Kodi Makolo Ayenera Kulowererapo Liti?"

Chinachitika ndi chiyani?
Kampani ina inalephera kugwira ntchito. Obwereketsa ndalama anadzifunsa kuti: kodi kampani yaikuluyo sinayenera kulowererapo?

Kodi Khoti Lalikulu linagamula chiyani? (ECLI:NL:HR:2009:BH4033)
Kampani yaikulu ili ndi udindo wosamalira omwe ali ndi ngongole ku kampani yake pokhapokha pazifukwa zapadera. Mwachitsanzo:

✓ Kholo limagwira ntchito mwakhama mu ndondomeko ya kampani ya inshuwalansi
✓ Kholo mwadala limalola kuti zoopsa zichitike kwa obwereketsa
✓ Kholo limanyenga obwereketsa za momwe zinthu zilili pa zachuma

Tanthauzo lothandiza:
Kholo siliyenera nthawi zonse kulowererapo pamavuto ku kampani yaying'ono. Koma iwo amene mwadala amalola zoopsa kuchitikira kapena kusokeretsa obwereketsa akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu - ngakhale popanda kulengeza 403.

Udindo wa Gulu: “Kuchita Pamodzi = Kulipira Pamodzi”

Chiweruzo chaposachedwa cha 2025 (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1055)
Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikiza kuti: ngati makampani omwe ali m'gulu awononga pamodzi, onse ali ndi mlandu pamodzi komanso payekhapayekha. Ngakhale si kampani iliyonse yomwe yawonongayo payokha.

Lamulo:
Ndi za machitidwe a gulu ndi kudziwikiratu za kuwonongeka. Kodi akanayenera kumvetsetsa kuti zochita zawo zonse pamodzi zingabweretse kuwonongeka? Ndiye kuti onse ali ndi mlandu.

Mafunso ofunikira otsatira:

• Kodi kampani iliyonse iyenera kuti inapereka ndalama zofanana? Ayi
• Kodi kampani iliyonse iyenera kuti inawononga mwachindunji? Ayi
• Kodi kampani iliyonse iyenera kuti inatenga nawo mbali pa chisankhocho? Ayi

Chofunikira: kampani iliyonse iyenera kuti yapereka chithandizo chofunikira pa khalidwe la gulu lomwe linabweretsa kuwonongeka.

Kupititsa patsogolo Malamulo

Zigamulo za ECLI:NL:HR:2015:837 ndi ECLI:NL:HR:2018:1899 zinafotokoza bwino komwe kuli malire. Ulusi wofanana: attribution ndiye mawu ofunikira.

Munthu amangofunika kukhala ndi mlandu ngati khalidwe lomwe linabweretsa kuwonongeka lingakhale chifukwa cha kampaniyo. Kungokhala m'gulu sikokwanira.

Kodi ndi liti pamene kampani ya kholo singakhale ndi udindo?

Mwina ili ndi funso lofunika kwambiri kwa makampani akuluakulu: ndi liti pamene simuyenera kulipira ngongole kapena zolakwa za kampani yanu?

Malamulo Atatu Aakulu

1. Kupanda Utsogoleri Weniweni = Kupanda Udindo

Ngati kampani yaikulu sinapereke utsogoleri weniweni ku khalidwe lomwe linabweretsa kuwonongeka, silili ndi mlandu.

Chitsanzo chothandiza:
Kampani ina yothandizana nayo imataya zinyalala mosaloledwa. Kholo silinakhudzidwe ndi chisankhochi ndipo silinadziwe kalikonse za icho. Kholo silili ndi mlandu, pokhapokha ngati likanalowererapo (onani chigamulo cha Comsys).

2. Kusapereka Mosazindikira = Kusapereka Udindo

Kholo liyenera kuti linathandiza mwadala kuchita zinthu zoopsa. “Kusadziwa” kungakhale chitetezo, koma samalani: ngati mukanadziwa, mungakhalebe ndi mlandu.

3. Palibe Mphamvu Yosankha = Palibe Udindo

Chofunika kwambiri pa malamulo a mpikisano ku Ulaya: kholo limakhala ndi mlandu pokhapokha ngati lakhala ndi mphamvu pa khalidwe la kampani.

Kupereka umboni wokwanira: Kholo liyenera kusonyeza kuti silinakhudze chilichonse. Izi zitha kuwonetsedwa mwa kusonyeza kuti:

• Kampaniyo inkagwira ntchito payokha
• Zisankho zinapangidwa popanda makolo kudziwa
• Panalibe kusokoneza malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku

Kodi "Kupatsa" Kumatanthauza Chiyani?

Mawu ovomerezeka awa ndiye maziko a malire a udindo. Nkhani 6:166 Dutch Civil Code imafuna kuti:

1. Khalidwe loyambitsa kuwonongeka zitha kutchulidwa kwa kholo
2. Kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka akanayenera kuletsa kholo la khalidwe limenelo

Kumasulira kothandiza:

• Kodi kholo linakhudza chisankhocho? → Inde = kutchulidwa
• Kodi kholo lingadziwiretu kuwonongeka? → Inde = akanayenera kuletsa
• Kodi kholo silinachitepo kanthu? → Ayi = palibe cholembedwa = palibe udindo

Lamulo la Mpikisano ku Ulaya: Malamulo Apadera

Pa milandu ya cartel, malamulo ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ( ECLI:NL:HR:2023:965 ):

Kuganiza kuti ali ndi mphamvu:
Ngati kholo lili ndi magawo 100%, likuyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira.

Kutsutsa lingaliro ili:
Izi zitha kuchitika posonyeza kuti kampani yothandizayi inkagwira ntchito yokha. Kupereka umboni ndikofunikira kwambiri:

• Magulu otsogolera osiyana
• Kusankha zochita paokha
• Palibe kusokoneza kwa makolo pa njira
• Njira yogulitsira yokha

Chitukuko Chaposachedwa: Mayeso Okhwima (2020-2025)

Mu ECLI:NL:HR:2020:1726 , Khoti Lalikulu linagogomezera kuti kugawa ndalama ndiye malire enieni.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani pochita?
Makhothi tsopano akuyang'ana kwambiri kutenga nawo mbali kwenikweni. Maubwenzi ovomerezeka (monga kugawana magawo) sikokwanira. Payenera kuti panali mphamvu yeniyeni pa khalidwe lowononga.

Nkhani yabwino kwa makampani otsogolera: Ngati mungathe kuonetsa kuti simunachite nawo, muli ndi udindo wolimba kwambiri.

Chitetezo cha Makampani Payekhapayekha: “Sindinachite Chilichonse!”

Kampani ya gulu limodzi nthawi zambiri imakhala pamavuto. Muli m'gulu limodzi, kuwonongeka kudachitika chifukwa cha zochita za gulu, koma simunachite nawo mwachindunji. Kodi muli ndi mlandube?

Chitetezo Chofunika Kwambiri: "Palibe Chopereka Chogwirizana"

Lamulo lochokera ku chigamulo cha TVM (ECLI:NL:HR:2015:2914):
Mudzakhala ndi mlandu pokhapokha ngati mwapanga zopereka zogwirizana ku khalidwe lomwe linabweretsa kuwonongeka.

Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe sichikwanira pa udindo?

❌ Kungokhala membala wa gululo
❌ Kulandira ndalama kuchokera kwa mamembala ena a gulu
❌ Kupezeka pamisonkhano
❌ Kupindula pambuyo pake ndi khalidwe lanu

Kodi chofunika ndi chiyani pa udindo?

✓ Kuchita nawo zinthu zomwe zinawonjezera chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka
✓ Podziwa kapena ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti chiopsezochi chinalipo
✓ Kuchita nawo mbali pakusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zawonongeka

Chitsanzo Chothandiza Kuchokera ku Malamulo a Milandu (2025)

Mlandu: Makampani atatu mkati mwa gulu akuimbidwa mlandu wokhudza mlandu wa gulu. Kampani A idapanga zisankho, Kampani B idazitsatira, Kampani C idalandira ndalama zokha.

Chiweruzo (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:659):

• Kampani A: udindo (anapanga zisankho)
• Kampani B: wolakwa (wophedwa)
• Kampani C: osalakwa (kulandira ndalama zokha sikofunikira)

Kodi Mumateteza Bwanji Ululu Umenewu?

Gawo 1: Tsimikizani ndi kutsimikizira
Sikokwanira kungonena kuti “Sindinachite chilichonse.” Muyenera kupereka mfundo zenizeni:

• Mphindi zomwe zikusonyeza kuti simunachite nawo
• Maimelo osonyeza kuti simunadziwitsidwe
• Ma chart a bungwe omwe akusonyeza kuti mulibe ulamuliro
• Mau a mboni ochokera kwa omwe akukhudzidwa

Gawo 2: Kanizani lingaliro lakuti mukutenga nawo mbali
Ngati muli m'gulu, makhothi amangoganiza kuti munali nawo. Tsukani lingaliro limenelo ndi umboni wa:

• Kupanga zisankho padera
• Kapangidwe ka kayendetsedwe kake
• Palibe chidziwitso cha zochitikazo
• Palibe phindu kuchokera ku khalidweli (kupatula phindu lachibadwa)

Gawo 3: Onetsani kuti simunadziwe za chiopsezocho
Ngakhale mutachita chinachake, muli ndi mlandu pokhapokha ngati mukudziwa kapena muyenera kudziwa zoopsa zake.

Chitsanzo:
Mumagulitsa zinthu ku kampani ina. Simunadziwe kuti kampani ina imagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi pa zinthu zosaloledwa. Kenako mutha kusonyeza kuti mulibe chifukwa chokayikira izi.

Umboni Wovuta: Ndani Ayenera Kutsimikizira Chiyani?

Gawo 1 - Wobwereketsa:
Ayenera kutsimikizira mfundo zomwe gulu lingatsatire.

Gawo 2 - Kampani yanu:
Ziyenera kuoneka kuti simunaperekepo kanthu koyenera.

Dziwani: "Kupanga zinthu kukhala zotsimikizika" sikovuta kwambiri kuposa "kutsimikizira momveka bwino." Simuyenera kukhala wotsimikiza 100%, koma muyenera kuthandizira motsimikiza kuti simunachite nawo.

Malangizo kwa Obwereketsa: Kodi mumasankha njira iti?

Monga wobwereketsa mkati mwa dongosolo la kampani, muli ndi chisankho chofunikira: kodi mungasankhe kulengeza 403 (Article 2:403 Dutch Civil Code) kapena udindo wa gulu (Article 6:166 Dutch Civil Code)? Ndipo kodi mungagwiritse ntchito njira zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi?

Uthenga Wabwino: Mutha Kusankha (ndi Kuphatikiza!)

Zatsimikizika mu milandu (ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:1328):

• ndinu ovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri
• ndinu osakakamizika kusankha
• Mungagwiritse ntchito njira zonse ziwiri pamodzi
• Mungayese njira zonse ziwiri chimodzi pambuyo pa chinzake

Njira 1: Chilengezo cha 403

Kodi mumasankha liti njira iyi?

✓ Chilengezo cha 403 chaperekedwa
✓ Mukufuna kupita mwachindunji ku kampani yayikulu
✓ Simukufuna kupereka umboni woti mwachita nawo
✓ Mukufuna gulu lolemera kwambiri

ubwino:

• Udindo wolunjika za kholo - palibe kukambirana za kutenga nawo mbali
• Maziko omveka bwino - kholo ladzipatsa udindo
• Thandizo kuchokera ku chipani cholemera kwambiri - makampani akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera kwambiri
• Umboni wosavuta - muyenera kungowonetsa chikalata cha 403 ndi ngongole

kuipa:

• Zimatheka pokhapokha ngati pali chilengezo cha 403
• Chilengezocho chikhoza kukhala chitachotsedwa (onani nthawi yosinthira Nkhani 2:404 Dutch Civil Code)
• Zokhazokha kwa magulu omwe akhudzidwa ndi chilengezocho

Njira Yachiwiri: Udindo wa Gulu

Kodi mumasankha liti njira iyi?

✓ Palibe chilengezo cha 403
✓ Makampani ambiri adakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu
✓ Pali khalidwe losaloledwa
✓ Mukufuna kuti onse omwe akukhudzidwa akhale ndi udindo

ubwino:

• Bwalo lalikulu a magulu omwe ali ndi udindo
• Palibe kulengeza kwa 403 kofunikira - nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito ndi gulu
• Onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi mlandu - ngakhale chipani chimodzi chitakhala chopanda phindu
• Udindo wogwirizana ndi zingapo - chilichonse kwa zonse

kuipa:

• Muyenera kutsimikizira kuti panali khalidwe la gulu
• Muyenera kusonyeza kuti kuwonongeka kunali koyembekezeredwa
• Makampani akhoza kudziteteza okha (palibe chopereka chofunikira)
• Milandu yambiri ndi zokambirana

Ndondomeko Yanzeru: Phatikizani

Bwanji osatero?

Mukhoza kutsatira njira zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Izi zimawonjezera mwayi wanu.

Njira yothandiza:

Gawo 1: Fufuzani ngati pali chilengezo cha 403

• Yang'anani malipoti azachuma a kampani yothandizana nayo
• Onaninso Kaundula wa Zamalonda
• Funsani gululo mwachindunji

Gawo 2: Kulemba mndandanda wa makampani onse omwe akukhudzidwa

• Ndani anasankha?
• Ndani anapha?
• Ndani anapindula?

Gawo 3: Kuyitanitsa kwa maziko onse awiri

• Choyamba: 403 udindo wa kampani yayikulu
• Gawo laling'ono: udindo wa gulu la onse omwe akukhudzidwa
• Zambiri zothandizira: udindo wachindunji pa kampani iliyonse

Zoletsa Zofunika:
Simungalandire ndalama zoposa zomwe mwawononga. Ngati wina walipira, enawo amamasulidwa (Nkhani 6:7 Dutch Civil Code).

Tebulo Loyerekeza: Ndi Njira Iti Yokuyenererani?

Chitsanzo Chothandiza: Kodi Mumasankha Bwanji?

Mkhalidwe:
Ndinu ogulitsa. Kampani ina siinakulipireni ndipo yalephera kugwira ntchito. Kampani yaikuluyo yapereka chikalata cha 403. Mukuganiza kuti makampani atatu a magulu adagwirizana dala kuti akuvulazeni.

Njira yanzeru:

1. Chofunikira choyambirira: 403 udindo wotsutsana ndi kholo (njira yosavuta)
2. Chikalata chothandizira: Udindo wa gulu motsutsana ndi makampani onse atatu omwe akukhudzidwa (ngati 403 yalephera)
3. Chikalata china chowonjezera: Udindo wachindunji pa kampani iliyonse

Zotsatira zake: Mumawonjezera mwayi wanu ndipo mumasunga zosankha zonse zotseguka.

Nthawi Zoletsa: Musadikire Kwambiri!

Chimodzi mwa zolakwa zomwe obwereketsa amachita nthawi zambiri ndi kudikira nthawi yayitali. Nthawi yochepetsera ngongole m'mabungwe ikhoza kukhala yovuta.

Lamulo Loyambira: Zaka Zisanu

Pa njira zonse ziwiri (Nkhani 2:403 ndi 6:166 Dutch Civil Code), nthawi yayikulu yochepetsera ndi iyi:

Patatha zaka zisanu mutadziwa za:

1. Kuwonongeka
2. Munthu wolakwa

Pazipita: Zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene chochitikacho chinawononga (Nkhani 3:310 Dutch Civil Code)

Gawo Lovuta: Nthawi Zosiyana Zoletsa

Chofunika: Malamulo aliwonse ali ndi nthawi yake yoletsa . Izi zikutanthauza:

• Nthawi yoletsa ya chilengezo cha 403 ikhoza kutha pamene nthawi yoletsa udindo wa gulu ikadalipo.
• Muyenera kuletsa malire padera pa njira iliyonse
• Muyenera kuletsa malire padera pa gulu lililonse lomwe lili ndi udindo

Chitsanzo chothandiza:
Munapeza kuwonongekako pa Januwale 1, 2020. Munadziwa nthawi yomweyo za chilengezo cha 403, koma munangodziwa makampani ena omwe anali nawo pa Januwale 1, 2021.

Zotsatira:

• Malire a pempho la 403: Januwale 1, 2025
• Malire a pempho la udindo wa gulu: Januwale 1, 2026

Kodi Mumaletsa Bwanji Kulephera?

Lamulo lapadera: Tumizani chidziwitso cholembedwa kwa aliyense amene ali ndi mlandu payekhapayekha.

Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chiyenera kukhala mu chidziwitso ichi?

✓ Kufotokozera momveka bwino za kuwonongeka
✓ Kuchuluka kwa zomwe zapemphedwa
✓ Chizindikiro cha munthu amene ali ndi mlandu
✓ Kusunga ufulu moonekeratu
✓ Kutchula maziko onse awiri alamulo (403 ndi 6:166 Dutch Civil Code)

zofunika:

• Imelo ndi yokwanira (koma sungani umboni!)
• Makalata olembetsedwa ndi otetezeka kwambiri
• Kuyitanitsa kumalepheretsanso malire
• Onetsetsani kuti chidziwitsocho chafika ku bungwe lovomerezeka loyenera

Zolakwa Zofala

❌ Kutumiza kokha ku kampani yayikulu
Zotsatira zake: Malire a mabungwe ogwirizana sakusokonezedwa

❌ Kungotchula maziko amodzi okha alamulo
Zotsatira zake: Kuletsa maziko ena sikusokonezedwa

❌ Mapangidwe osamveka bwino
Zotsatira zake: Khoti likhoza kunena kuti kusokoneza sikunali komveka bwino

❌ Kutumiza mochedwa kwambiri
Zotsatira zake: Chigamulo chanu chatsekedwa nthawi

Malangizo Othandiza: Yambitsani Kalendala

Mwamsanga kuwonongeka kukachitika:

1. Zindikirani nthawi yomweyo: Kodi munazindikira liti kuwonongekako?
2. Weretsani: Malire amatha patatha zaka 5
3. Konzani alamu: 6 miyezi isanathe
4. Chitani: Tumizani chidziwitso chosokoneza anthu onse
5. Konzanso: Bwerezani zaka 4 zilizonse ngati simunayambe ntchito

Kuchotsedwa kwa Chilengezo cha 403: Chenjerani!

Kampani yaikulu ikhoza kuchotsa chikalata cha 403. Izi ndizofunikira kudziwa ngati wobwereketsa.

Palibe Zotsatira Zobwerera M'mbuyo - Koma Yang'anirani Tsiku

Nkhani yabwino: Kuchotsa ngongole sikubweretsa vuto lililonse pa ngongole zomwe zilipo kale.

Lamulo (Nkhani 2:404 Dutch Civil Code):
Kholo lidzakhalabe ndi mlandu pa ngongole zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha milandu yomwe yachitika pamaso Kuchotsa ndalamazo kunayamba kugwira ntchito motsutsana ndi inu monga wobwereketsa.

Kodi kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumagwira ntchito liti?
Pokhapokha mutafalitsa ndi kudziwitsa bwino. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mutha kudalirabe chilengezo cha 403.

Kodi Muyenera Kuchita Chiyani Ngati Wobwereketsa?

Ngati mukumva za kuchotsa ndalama:

1. Chitanipo kanthu nthawi yomweyo: Tumizani chidziwitso chosokoneza
2. Umboni wotetezeka: Sonkhanitsani zikalata zonse zosonyeza kuti ngongoleyo idabwera musanachotsedwe
3. Taganizirani izi: Yambani ndondomekoyi musanayambe kugwira ntchito yochotsa ntchito
4. Kambiranani: Mwina pemphani chitetezo pa zomwe zanenedwa kale

Zofuna Zamtsogolo

Pa zochitika zatsopano mutachotsa , kholo silikhalanso ndi mlandu. Chitani bizinesi yatsopano ndi kampani yothandizana nayo ngati muli ndi chidaliro kuti ili ndi ngongole.

Thandizo: Ndani Amalipira Mkati?

Kampani imodzi ikalipira zonse zomwe zawonongeka, funso limabuka: ndani ayenera kupirira izi pamapeto pake?

Lamulo Lofunika: Kugawana Zofanana

Malinga ndi Article 6:166 Dutch Civil Code, mamembala a gulu ayenera kupereka ndalama zofanana mkati mwa kampani, pokhapokha ngati ndalamazo zikufunika mwanjira ina.

Chitsanzo:
Makampani atatu onse ali ndi udindo wolipira kuwonongeka kwa €300,000. Kampani A imalipira chilichonse. Kampani A ikhoza kubweza:

• €100,000 kuchokera ku Kampani B
• €100,000 kuchokera ku Kampani C

Zosiyana: Ngati Equity Ikufunika Mosiyana

Makhothi akuyang'ana:

• Ndani kwenikweni amene anawononga zinthuzo?
• Ndani amene wapindula kwambiri?
• Kodi udindo wa chipani chilichonse unali wotani?
• Kodi magulu awiriwa adagwirizana chiyani mkati mwa bungweli?

Chitsanzo:
Kampani A inapereka lamulo, Kampani B yaperekedwa, Kampani C yokha ndi imene inkadziwa za lamuloli. Khoti likhoza kugamula kuti:

• Kampani A: 60% ya kuwonongeka
• Kampani B: 35% ya kuwonongeka
• Kampani C: 5% ya kuwonongeka

Mgwirizano Wamgwirizano

Nkhani yabwino kwa makampani a magulu: Mutha kupanga mapangano amkati okhudza kugawa ngongole.

zofunika:

• Ziyenera kukhala zolembedwa
• Ziyenera kukhala zomveka bwino komanso zosamveka bwino
• Sizingasemphane ndi kulingalira bwino komanso chilungamo
• Imagwira ntchito mkati mwa kampani (osati motsutsana ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole)

Malangizo othandiza:
Lembani mapangano awa mu:

• Mapangano ogawana nawo
• Mapangano a ntchito zoyang'anira
• Zikalata za ndondomeko ya gulu

Kutenga Chigamulo: Kodi Mungatayebe Ufulu Wanu?

Ngakhale ngati malirewo sanathe, mutha kutaya ufulu wanu kudzera mu kulandidwa.

Kodi Kugonjetsedwa Kumachitika Liti?

Lamulo lokhwima:
Kupita kwa nthawi ndi nthawi sikokwaniraPayenera kukhala zifukwa zina zomwe:

1. Munthu amene ali ndi mlandu anayembekezera kuti simungagwiritsenso ntchito ufulu wanu
2. Kungakhale kosamveka kulolabe kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu

Yatsimikizika pamilandu (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:162)

Zitsanzo Zothandiza

Kulandidwa kwalandiridwa:

• Munalemba kuti: “Sindidzakuimbani mlandu”
• Munakambirana kwa zaka zambiri popanda zotsatira ndipo simunatumize chikumbutso
• Munthu amene ali ndi mlandu adapanga zisankho zamalonda kutengera kusachita kwanu

Kulandidwa kwa udindo kunakanidwa:

• Munangoyembekezera zaka zingapo
• Munali mu zokambirana
• Munkafufuza njira zothetsera mavuto

Kodi Mumapewa Bwanji Kugonjetsedwa?

Zambiri:

1. Tumizani zikumbutso nthawi zonse
2. Sungani ufulu wanu momveka bwino
3. Musanene mawu osonyeza kuti simudzanena
4. Pitirizani kukambirana

Zotsatira Zothandiza kwa Magulu Onse

Kwa Makampani a Makolo: Kuyang'anira Zoopsa

Kodi zoopsa zanu ndi ziti?

⚠️ Ngongole zophatikizana ndi zina zambiri ndi chilengezo cha 403 cha ngongole zonse zothandizidwa
⚠️ Udindo wosamalira obwereketsa ndalama zothandizira pazochitika zapadera
⚠️ Udindo wokhudzana ndi kutenga nawo mbali pazinthu zoopsa

Kodi mumaletsa bwanji zoopsa?

✓ Ganizirani mosamala asanapereke chilengezo cha 403
✓ Ndemanga kupanga zisankho zonse ndi kutenga nawo mbali
✓ Pangani njira zomveka bwino zoyendetsera boma
✓ Chotsani inshuwalansi yokwanira
✓ polojekiti ntchito zothandizira pafupi
✓ Lembetsani nthawi ndi mavuto

Kwa Mabungwe Ochepa: Njira Zotetezera

Kodi zoopsa zanu ndi ziti?

⚠️ Kuli ndi udindo wogwirizana komanso wochuluka pamene mukuchita nawo zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto m'gulu
⚠️ Chiwopsezo chopita ku makampani ena a magulu
⚠️ Njira zochepa zodzitetezera zomwe zimatenga nawo mbali mwachangu

Kodi mumadziteteza bwanji?

✓ Ndemanga udindo wanu ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwanu
✓ Pangani mapangano amkati okhudza kugawa ngongole
✓ kufotokoza kusungitsa malo ochitira zinthu zoopsa pagulu
✓ Kulankhulana nthawi yake yokhudza zotsutsa
✓ Inshuwaransi motsutsana ndi zoopsa za gulu

Kwa Obwereketsa: Ndalama Zokwanira Zothandizira

Kodi mungasankhe chiyani?

✓ Kusankha pakati pa kulengeza kwa 403 ndi udindo wa gulu
✓ Phatikizani njira zonse ziwiri
✓ Funani thandizo kuchokera kwa anthu olemera kwambiri
✓ Kuletsa kusokoneza padera pa gulu lililonse

Kodi mumakulitsa bwanji mwayi wanu?

✓ Fufuzani nthawi yomweyo ngati pali chilengezo cha 403
✓ Dziwani makampani onse okhudzidwa
✓ Sungani umboni wa khalidwe la gulu
✓ Chitani mwachangu ndi zidziwitso zosokoneza
✓ Muzichita loya wapadera wazamalamulo
✓ Kambiranani mwanzeru ndi magulu angapo

Zaposachedwa (2020-2025)

Kulimbitsa Zofunikira

Zigamulo zaposachedwa za Khoti Lalikulu zikusonyeza njira yofunika kwambiri:

Zochitika: Ubale wamba mkati mwa gulu siwokwanira. Payenera kukhalapo kwenikweni pakuchita zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto.

Zotsatira zake: Makampani omwe ndi makolo ali ndi udindo wolimba ngati angathe kusonyeza kuti sanachite nawo.

Chitetezo cha Obwereketsa Zotsala

Pa nthawi yomweyo, makhothi akupitiriza kuteteza obwereketsa ku zomangamanga zomwe zingatseke mwayi wopeza ndalama.

Zochitika: Chilengezo cha 403 chikadali chida champhamvu. Makhothi amatanthauzira izi mokulirapo pokomera obwereketsa.

Kufotokozera Malamulo Oletsa Kulephera

Malamulo a milandu abweretsa kumveka bwino pa:

• Nthawi zodziyimira pawokha malinga ndi malamulo
• Kufunika kwa kusokoneza malamulo molunjika pa chilichonse komanso pa chipani chilichonse
• Umboni wokhudza kuyamba kwa malire

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi kampani yaikulu ingakhale ndi mlandu popanda chilengezo cha 403?
Inde, kudzera mu chiphunzitso cha Comsys (udindo wosamalira) kapena kudzera mu udindo wa gulu (Nkhani 6:166 Dutch Civil Code).

Kodi ine monga wobwereketsa ndingathe kupempha ngongole kuchokera kwa kholo ndi kampani ina?
Inde, ndi mlandu wogwirizana komanso wochuluka mutha kupempha ndalama zonse kuchokera kwa aliyense amene ali ndi mlandu.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati chilengezo cha 403 chachotsedwa?
Mumakhalabe otetezedwa ku ngongole zomwe zinabuka musanayambe kubweza ngongole.

Kodi ndiyenera kupempha nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kawirikawiri zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene ngozi yapezeka komanso munthu amene ali ndi mlandu, zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene ngoziyo yachitika.

Kodi ndingathe kupempha ndalama kuchokera ku makampani onse a magulu?
Kuchokera kwa iwo okha omwe adathandizira kwambiri pa khalidwe la gulu lomwe limayambitsa kuwonongeka.

Nanga bwanji ngati kampani imodzi yalipira kale?
Kenako zina zonse zimamasulidwa zonse (Nkhani 6:7 Dutch Civil Code), koma wolipirayo angapemphe thandizo.

Kutsiliza

Udindo wa makampani ndi magulu ndi gawo lovuta koma lopangidwa bwino lalamulo ku Netherlands. Lamuloli limapatsa obwereketsa mwayi wofunikira wopezera njira kudzera mu Article 2:403 Dutch Civil Code (403 declaration) ndi Article 6:166 Dutch Civil Code (udindo wamagulu), pomwe mabungwe amakampani amatha kudziteteza okha ngati sanaperekepo kanthu kofunikira pa khalidwe lowononga.

Zitengera Zapadera:

✓ Makampani a makolo sizikhala ndi mlandu wokha; chofunika ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwenikweni kapena kulengeza 403
✓ Makampani amagulu akhoza kudziteteza posonyeza kuti sanathandizepo pa khalidwe la gulu
✓ Ngongole ali ndi ufulu wosankha pakati pa maziko osiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kuwaphatikiza
✓ Nthawi zoletsa kuyendetsa pamaziko onse ndi pa gulu lililonse; kusokoneza kolunjika ndikofunikira
✓ Kubwerera pakati pa makampani a magulu zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi equity
✓ Kulanda amavomerezedwa mopanda malire; pakufunika zochitika zapadera

Malangizo Omaliza:

Kwa onse omwe akhudzidwa, uphungu wa zamalamulo waluso m'mabungwe ovuta amakampani akulangizidwa kwambiri. Malamulo a milandu akupitilira kukula ndipo zenizeni ndi zochitika za mlandu uliwonse zimatsimikiza zotsatira zake.

Musadikire mpaka zitachedwa - kaya ndinu wobwereketsa amene mukufuna thandizo kapena kampani yomwe ikufuna kuchepetsa udindo wanu, kuchitapo kanthu pa nthawi yake komanso zikalata zabwino ndikofunikira.

Kusinthidwa komaliza : Disembala 2025

Magwero : Malamulo aku Dutch ndi milandu ya 2009-2025, kuphatikizapo ECLI:NL:HR:2009:BH4033 (Comsys), ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1055, ECLI:NL:HR:2023:965, ECLI:NL:HR:2015:2914 (TVM), ECLI:NL:PHR:2025:1328, ndi zigamulo zina zambiri zokhudzana nazo.