Mlandu wa milandu ku Netherlands: umachitika bwanji, pang'onopang'ono?

Mlandu wa milandu ku Netherlands umadutsa m'magawo anayi akuluakulu: kufufuza kwa apolisi, chisankho cha woimira boma (officer van justitie), kumvetsera khothi, ndipo ngati chipani chikuchita apilo, apilo kapena cassation. Nthawi yomaliza ndi yochepa: apilo iyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pa chigamulo. Chidule chathu cha dongosolo la chilungamo cha milandu ku Netherlands chikufotokoza mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani panthawi yofufuza apolisi?

Apolisi amafufuza nkhaniyi motsogozedwa ndi woimira boma pa milandu. Pa nthawi imeneyi mukhoza kufunsidwa mafunso, kumangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndipo njira zokakamiza monga kufufuza ndi kulanda zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Muli ndi ufulu wofunsa loya musanafunsidwe mafunso komanso kukhala ndi loya panthawi yofunsa mafunso. Simukukakamizidwa kuyankha mafunso. Zimene mukunena zimathera mu fayilo ya mlandu yomwe woimira boma ndi khoti pambuyo pake amakhazikitsa zisankho zawo.

Kodi woimira boma angasankhe chiyani?

Kafukufuku akatha, woimira boma amasankha zomwe zidzachitike. Pali njira zitatu zazikulu:

• Kutaya mlandu. Izi zimachitika ngati palibe umboni wokwanira, kapena pazifukwa za mfundo.
• Lamulo lachilango (strafbeschikking). Wosuma mlandu amathetsa nkhaniyi popanda khoti ndipo amapereka chindapusa kapena chilango china. Lamulo lolanga limawerengedwa ngati kupeza mlandu.
• Mayitanidwe. Mumaitanidwa kuti mukaonekere kukhoti la milandu.

N’chifukwa chiyani muyenera kusamala ndi chilango?

Kulandira chilango mwa kungolipira ndi chisankho chomwe chili ndi zotsatirapo zake. Lamuloli lalembetsedwa mu dongosolo la zikalata za khothi ndipo lingakhudze pempho lanu la Satifiketi Yokhala ndi Khalidwe Labwino (Verklaring Omtrent het Gedrag, VOG). Ngati simukugwirizana, mupereka chitsutso (verzet) ku ofesi ya wotsutsa milandu yotchulidwa mu lamuloli. Malinga ndi Nkhani 257e ya Code of Criminal Procedure (Sv), tsiku lomaliza ndi masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pamene lamuloli linaperekedwa kwa inu pamasom'pamaso; chindapusa cha mpaka €340 chotumizidwa ndi positi, ndi milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Kenako mlanduwu umayankhidwa ndi woweruza.

Nanga bwanji ngati wozenga mlandu asankha kuti asamuzenge mlandu?

Chisankho chosatsutsa mlandu nthawi zonse sichikhala chomaliza. Munthu amene ali ndi chidwi mwachindunji, monga wozunzidwayo, akhoza kudandaula kukhoti la apilo motsatira ndondomeko ya Article 12. Khoti la apilo likhoza kulamula wotsutsa mlandu kuti atsutsane mlandu.

Ndi khoti liti lomwe limamvera mlanduwu?

Woweruza uti amene angamvere mlandu wanu amadalira kukula kwake komanso zovuta zake. Pali njira zitatu zomwe zingasankhidwe kukhothi la chigawo:

• Woweruza wa khothi la apolisi (politierechter). Woweruza mmodzi amamva milandu yolunjika yomwe wozenga mlandu angafune kuti akhale m'ndende kwa chaka chimodzi chokha. Woweruza milandu wa kukhoti la apolisi nthawi zambiri amapereka chigamulo pakamwa, nthawi yomweyo mlandu utatha.
• Chipinda cha oweruza atatu (meervoudige kamer). Milandu yoopsa kwambiri kapena yovuta kwambiri imapita kwa oweruza atatu. Chipinda chino nthawi zambiri sichimasankha nthawi yomweyo; chigamulo cholembedwa chimatsatira, nthawi zambiri, mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pamene mlanduwo unamvedwa.
• Woweruza wa khoti laling'ono (kantonrechter). Milandu yaying'ono (overtredingen), monga milandu yambiri ya pamsewu, imapita kwa woweruza milandu wa khothi laling'ono, yemwe nthawi zambiri amapereka chigamulo nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa mlandu.

Kodi mlandu wa khoti upitirira bwanji?

Kumvetsera mlandu kumatsatira lamulo lokhazikika. Woweruza amatsegula mlanduwo ndipo mlanduwo umawerengedwa. Kenako woweruzayo amakufunsani mafunso; simukuyenera kuyankha. Kenako, umboni womwe uli mufayilo umakambidwa.

Kenako woimira boma amafotokoza mlanduwo ndipo amatsiriza ndi pempho lopereka chigamulo. Loya wanu amayankha ndi pempho loteteza, kenako woimira boma angayankhe. Nthawi zonse mumakhala ndi mawu omaliza khoti lisanayambe kukambirana.

Wozunzidwayo angagwiritse ntchito ufulu wolankhula (spreekrecht) pamlandu ndipo akhoza kupempha chipukuta misozi mkati mwa mlandu ngati munthu wovulala.

Kodi khoti lifika bwanji pa chigamulo chake?

Khothi limayankha mafunso anayi motsatira dongosolo lokhazikika. Yankho la funso lililonse limatsimikiza ngati khothi lipita ku lotsatira:

1. Kodi mlanduwu watsimikizika?
2. Kodi khalidwe lotsimikizika ndi mlandu?
3. Kodi woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi mlandu?
4. Ngati ndi choncho, ndi chiganizo kapena muyeso uti woyenera?

Ngati funso loyamba layankhidwa motsutsa, khoti limakumasulani (vrijspraak). Ngati funso lachiwiri kapena lachitatu layankhidwa motsutsa, khoti limakumasulani ku milandu ina (ontslag van rechtsvervolging). Khoti limapereka chigamulo pokhapokha ngati zonse zitatu zayankhidwa motsimikiza.

Kodi mungathe kuchita apilo pa chigamulochi?

Inde. Muyenera kupereka apilo ku khoti la apilo (gerechtshof) mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pamene chigamulo chomaliza chaperekedwa. Woimira boma akhozanso kupereka apilo. Khoti la apilo kenako limayang'ananso mlanduwo, pa mfundo ndi malamulo. M'milandu ina yaying'ono, khoti la apilo liyenera kaye kupereka chilolezo apilo isanayambe.

Potsutsa chigamulo cha khoti la apilo, mutha kuchita apilo ku Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad), kachiwiri mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi. Khoti Lalikulu siliwunikanso mfundo zake. Limangoyang'ana ngati lamulo linagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola komanso ngati chigamulocho chinali ndi zifukwa zomveka.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wokayikira?

Monga wokayikira, zisankho zanu zoyambirira zimatengedwa ku polisi komanso mukalandira chilango kapena kuyitanidwa. Onani mfundo izi:

• Kodi munayamba mwafunsa loya musanapite kukafunsidwa mafunso ndi apolisi, ndipo kodi loya alipo panthawiyi?
• Kodi mwalandira chikalata cholembedwa cha ufulu wanu, ndipo ngati pakufunika, womasulira?
• Kodi lamulo la chilango lomwe mudalandira limafotokoza zoona zenizeni, ndipo nthawi yotsutsa ya masiku khumi ndi anayi imatha liti?
• Kodi chigamulo chokhudza kuweruzidwa kuti ndi wolakwa kapena chilango chingakhudze Satifiketi Yochita Zabwino (VOG) yomwe mukufuna kuti mugwire ntchito kapena chilolezo?
• Kodi tsiku la chigamulo lalembedwa, kotero kuti tsiku lomaliza la apilo la masiku khumi ndi anayi silinaphonyedwe?

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati wozunzidwa?

Monga wozunzidwa simuli mbali ya mlandu, koma muli ndi ufulu wanu pa mlanduwu. Onani mfundo izi:

• Kodi mwapereka lipoti ku polisi ndipo mwasunga kopi yake?
• Kodi mwalowa nawo mu mlanduwu ngati munthu wovulala (benadeelde partij) ndipo mwalemba zomwe mwawononga ndi ma invoice ndi malisiti?
• Kodi mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wanu wolankhula pamsonkhano, ndipo mwauza ofesi ya woimira boma pa nthawi yake?
• Ngati wozenga mlandu asankha kuti asazenge mlandu, kodi mwaganizirapo za mlandu wa Article 12 ku khoti la apilo?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani pa mlandu waupandu?

Maloya athu a milandu amathandiza anthu omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi ozunzidwa kuyambira pomwe apolisi adakumana koyamba ndi Khoti Lalikulu:

• Tikukulangizani musanayambe komanso panthawi yoyankhulana ndi apolisi ku siteshoni.
• Timawunikanso lamulo la chilango ndikupereka chitsutso (verzet) mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi omalizira.
• Timaphunzira fayilo ya mlanduwo ndikupempha kufufuza kwina kapena mboni kuchokera kwa woimira boma kapena khoti.
• Timakonzekera ndikupereka ndemanga yodziteteza pa msonkhano.
• Timapereka apilo kapena kuwunika mlandu mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi ndikulemba zifukwa.
• Kwa ozunzidwa, timakonzekera pempho la munthu wovulalayo ndi mlandu wa Article 12.

Chidule

• Mlandu waupandu umayambira pa kafukufuku wa apolisi mpaka pa chisankho cha woimira boma mpaka pa mlandu wa khothi, ndipo mwina apilo ndi kuchotsedwa.
• Muli ndi ufulu wokhala ndi loya musanayambe komanso mukamafunsidwa mafunso ndi apolisi, ndipo simukukakamizidwa kuyankha mafunso.
• Lamulo lopereka chilango limawerengedwa ngati kupeza mlandu ndipo lingakhudze VOG; tsiku lomaliza lotsutsa ndi masiku khumi ndi anayi, kapena masabata asanu ndi limodzi a zilango zazing'ono zotumizidwa ndi positi.
• Woweruza milandu ya khothi la apolisi amamvetsera milandu yosavuta yomwe imafuna chaka chimodzi chokha ndipo nthawi zambiri amasankha nthawi yomweyo; chipinda cha oweruza atatu chimasankha pambuyo pake, mwa kulemba.
• Apilo ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu ziyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI