Kupezeka ndi mlandu komanso ufulu wanu wokhala ku Netherlands

Kwa nzika yachilendo ku Netherlands, mlandu waupandu umakhala ndi zotsatira ziwiri, osati chimodzi: chilango chomwe khoti la milandu limapereka, ndi zomwe bungwe la Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) limachita ndi chilolezo chanu chokhalamo pambuyo pake. Chachiwiri nthawi zambiri chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo chimasankhidwa padera, ndi akuluakulu ena, motsatira njira zosiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza izi: kutsika kwa kukula, kukana ndi kuchotsa chilolezo, chitetezo chomwe nzika za EU zimasangalala nacho, kusafunikira ndi ziletso zolowera, momwe zimakhudzira kuvomerezedwa kukhala nzika, ndi njira zoyezera motsatira Nkhani 8 ya Mgwirizano wa Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya.

Zisankho ziwiri, maulamuliro awiri

Khoti la milandu limasankha mlandu ndi chilango, osati ngati mungakhalebe. Kutaya malo okhala ndi zotsatira za ulamuliro, zomwe IND imalandira pamaziko a dongosolo la anthu ( openbare ord ). Mphamvu zake zili mu Aliens Act 2000 (Vreemdelingenwet 2000): nkhani 18 ndi 19 zokana kuwonjezera nthawi ndi kuchotsa chilolezo chokhazikika, nkhani 21 ndi 22 za chilolezo chokhazikika, nkhani 32 za chilolezo chothawira. Izi zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Aliens Decree 2000 (Vreemdelingenbesluit 2000), makamaka nkhani 3.86 ndi 3.98.

Zotsatira zitatu zimatsatira. Kumasulidwa nthawi zambiri kumathetsa chiopsezo cha kusamuka, koma kuweruzidwa sikuthetsa malo anu okhala: IND iyenerabe kuyesa yokha. IND nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito kuchokera ku chigamulo chomwe chakhala chomaliza ( onherroepelijk ), kotero apilo imakhudza nthawi ya kusamuka. Ndipo kuthetsa mlandu komwe kumapewa mlandu kungakhalebe kofunikira: chilango chochokera kwa wozenga mlandu ( strafbeschikking ) si zotsatira zosalowerera ndale. Malangizo Otsatira Malamulo a Aliens Act (Vreemdelingencirculaire) amaona chilango chomwe mwalandira mopanda malire mofanana ndi chigamulo chomwe chakhala chomaliza.

Zimene IND imalemera

Bungwe la IND siliganizira za mlanduwu motere. Limaganizira zinthu ziwiri: chiweruzo chonse cha zilango zosakhala ndi malire ndi njira zina zofanana zomwe zaperekedwa kwa inu, ndi nthawi yomwe mumakhala movomerezeka. Kumangidwa pansi pa lamulo la chipatala, ntchito ya anthu onse yomwe yasandulika kukhala kumangidwa, zilango zazifupi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri ndi milandu yomwe yachitika kunja zonse zitha kuwonjezera chiwerengero chimenecho.

Sikelo yotsetsereka (glijdende schaal)

Mulingo wocheperako womwe uli mu gawo 3.86 la Lamulo la Aliens 2000 umagwirizanitsa ziwerengero ziwirizi: mukakhala nthawi yayitali pano mwalamulo, chilangocho chiyenera kukhala cholemera kwambiri musanakanidwe kapena kuchotsedwa chilolezo chanu. Chimawerengera malo okhala mwalamulo omwe adamangidwa, m'magulu a nothing mpaka zaka zitatu, zaka zitatu mpaka khumi ndi zaka zoposa khumi, poyerekeza ndi nthawi ya chilango cha ndende kapena lamulo lotumikira anthu ammudzi lomwe laperekedwa mosasinthika. Lili ndi magawo atatu. Limodzi limagwira ntchito pa milandu yomwe ili ndi malire ochepera zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi m'ndende; lachiwiri, lomwe lili ndi malire otsika kwambiri, ku milandu yomwe ili ndi malire ochepera zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena kuposerapo mwalamulo; lachitatu kubwereza zolakwa, pomwe milandu imayesedwa mozungulira ndipo malirewo amakhala otsika kachiwiri.

Gome ili limafotokoza magulu osankhidwa okha. Mulingo womwe uli mu nkhani 3.86 ya Aliens Decree 2000 umayenda m'masitepe a pachaka mpaka zaka khumi zokhala m'dzikolo mwalamulo, kotero ulinso ndi magulu pakati pa omwe awonetsedwa pano — zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu, zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi — chilichonse chili ndi malire ake. Nthawi zonse gwiritsani ntchito mawu ophatikizidwa a nkhaniyi omwe akukhudzana ndi gulu lomwe likukugwirani ntchito.

Ziyeneretso ziwiri ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa ziwerengero. Choyamba, pambuyo pa zaka khumi zokhala movomerezeka, IND kwenikweni sidzakananso kuwonjezera nthawi kapena kuchotsa chilolezo chifukwa cha malamulo aboma. Kupatulapo ndi kochepa koma kwenikweni: milandu yomwe yatchulidwa mu nkhani 22b ya Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht), ndi milandu ya Opium Act yokhala ndi zaka zosachepera zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena kuposerapo. Ndicho chimene chimapangitsa kuti milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo ikhale yoopsa kwa nzika zakunja zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali. Mu chigamulo chake cha pa 16 Marichi 2023 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2023:1071) Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo ya Council of State idavomereza kuchotsedwa kwa chilolezo chokhazikika, ndi chiletso cha zaka khumi, kwa mwamuna yemwe adafika ali mwana ndipo adakhala movomerezeka kuyambira 1981, chifukwa chakuti mbiri yake inali mkati mwa izi.

Chachiwiri, sikelo ndi malire, osati chisankho: kuwoloka kumapangitsa kuti kuchoka pa banja kutheke, si kololedwa. Kuwunika kwa munthu payekha kuyenera kutsatiridwa, ndipo pamene moyo wa banja ukukhudzidwa, njira yoyezera ili pansipa.

Sikeloyo inali yolimba, ndipo inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali kale pano

Mulingowu ndi wokhwima kwambiri kuposa m'badwo wapitawo: malire adachepetsedwa m'mizere yonse, mayeso obwerezabwereza olakwira adachepetsedwa kotero kuti milandu itatu yokwanira, ndipo chitetezo chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa wokhalamo nthawi yayitali chidachepetsedwa ku nkhani 22b ndi kupatulapo Opium Act. Kulimbitsa kwamtunduwu nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu omwe akukhala kale pano pamene idayamba kugwira ntchito, komanso kuchitapo kanthu isanafike. Kukhala kwa nthawi yayitali pansi pa muyeso wakale sikumatseka chitetezo chomwe muyesowu udapereka. Mulingowu momwe ulili pano umachokera ku kusintha kwa nkhani 3.86 ya Aliens Decree 2000 yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2012, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo: kuchotsedwa komwe kudasankhidwa pambuyo poti kusinthaku kwayamba kugwira ntchito kumayesedwa motsutsana ndi muyeso womwe ukugwira ntchito panthawiyo, ngakhale pomwe zigamulo zomwe zili kumbuyo kwake ndi zakale. Bungwe la Boma lavomereza nthawi zonse njira imeneyo, poganiza kuti chisankho, osati mlandu, ndi nthawi yomwe muyesowu ukugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kukhala wokhazikika komanso kukhala wokhala nthawi yayitali ku EU

Chilolezo chokhazikika ndi champhamvu kuposa cha nthawi yokhazikika, koma sichimatetezedwa. Chikhoza kukanidwa motsatira nkhani 21 ya Aliens Act 2000 ndikuchotsedwa motsatira nkhani 22, ndi sikelo yotsika yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu nkhani 3.98 ya Aliens Decree 2000. Kubadwira ku Netherlands si chishango. Mu chigamulo chake cha pa 18 Okutobala 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:2984), chomwe chinali chokhudza mwamuna wobadwira kuno mu 1988 ndipo anali ndi chilolezo chokhazikika kuyambira 2001, Bungwe la Boma linavomereza mfundo yakuti chilolezo choterechi chikhoza kuchotsedwa, pomwe likuchotsa chisankhocho chifukwa Nduna ya Boma idaganiza mopepuka kwambiri pazifukwa zomwe kwenikweni zidadalira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mwiniwakeyo adasamukira kudziko lina. Phunziroli ndilofunika kulekanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zake: chilolezo chokhazikika chimakhala pachiwopsezo chochotsedwa pagulu komanso kuchotsedwa pazifukwa zina, ndipo kusapezeka kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphatikizapo kusapezeka m'ndende kunja, ndi chimodzi mwa izo.

Ufulu wokhala m'dziko la EU kwa nthawi yayitali uli ndi chitetezo chowonjezera ku Directive 2003/109/EC. Nkhani 6 imalola kukana udindowu chifukwa cha mfundo za boma kapena chitetezo cha anthu pokhapokha mutaganizira za kuopsa kwa mlanduwo, ngozi yomwe mukuyimira, nthawi yomwe mukukhala komanso maubwenzi anu ndi dzikolo. Nkhani 12 ikupita patsogolo: wokhala m'dzikolo kwa nthawi yayitali akhoza kuchotsedwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati ali pachiwopsezo chenicheni komanso chokwanira. Izi ndi zovuta kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito masamu osavuta a sikelo yotsika, ndipo ndiyofunika kuitenga. Chifukwa chake, IND singathe kuthetsa mlanduwu pogwiritsa ntchito masamu okha: pomwe nkhani 12 ikugwira ntchito, iyenera kuchita kuwunika kwa anthu onse komwe kuopsa kwa mlanduwo, nthawi yomwe mukukhala komanso ubale wanu zimayesedwa, motsatira njira zomwe Khothi Lachilungamo lachita.

Nzika za EU ndi mabanja awo: mayeso osiyana

Ngati ndinu nzika ya dziko lomwe lili membala wa EU kapena EEA kapena wa ku Switzerland, kapena membala wa banja la munthu amene ali ndi ufulu woyenda mwaufulu, muyeso woyenda sukugwira ntchito. Udindo wanu ukulamulidwa ndi Directive 2004/38/EC, yomwe yakhazikitsidwa mu Aliens Decree 2000. Nkhani 27 imakhazikitsa maziko: muyeso pa mfundo za boma kapena zifukwa zachitetezo cha anthu uyenera kukhazikika pa khalidwe lanu, ndipo khalidwelo liyenera kuyimira "chiwopsezo chenicheni, chomwe chilipo komanso chokwanira chomwe chikukhudza chimodzi mwazofunikira za anthu". Milandu yakale yaupandu siili ndi zifukwa zake zokha. Mawu akuti present amagwira ntchito yambiri: chigamulo chakale chotsatiridwa ndi khalidwe lokhazikika ndi maziko ofooka ochotsera nzika ya EU, ngakhale ngati chingadutse muyeso woyenda kwa nzika ya dziko lina. Nkhani 28 imawonjezera chitetezo chapamwamba:

• Kwa nzika iliyonse ya EU, akuluakulu ayenera kuganizira nthawi yokhalamo, zaka, thanzi, banja ndi zachuma, mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, komanso maubwenzi ndi dziko lochokera;
• nzika ya EU yokhala ndi ufulu wokhalamo kosatha ikhoza kuchotsedwa ntchito pokhapokha kwambiri zifukwa za mfundo za boma kapena chitetezo cha boma;
• nzika ya EU yokhala m'dziko lomwe lalandira alendo kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, komanso mwana wosakwanitsa zaka 10, akhoza kuchotsedwa ntchito pokhapokha chofunikira zifukwa za chitetezo cha anthu.

Mu mlandu wa Land Baden-Württemberg v Tsakouridis (mlandu C-145/09, chigamulo cha pa 23 Novembala 2010) Khoti Lachilungamo linagamula kuti "zifukwa zofunika kwambiri za chitetezo cha anthu" zimafuna kusamala kwambiri, kuti kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mokhazikika kungakwaniritse izi, ndipo ngakhale chilango cha zaka zisanu m'ndende sichingalungamitse kuchotsedwa: kuopseza kuyenera kuganiziridwa pokhudzana ndi kuyanjana, ubwana m'dziko lomwe likulandira komanso ubale wa m'banja. Nkhani 33 ikuwonjezera kuti kuchotsedwa sikungalangidwe ngati chilango chophatikizidwa ndi chilango chosungidwa.

Kulengeza za kusayenerera ndi kuletsa kulowa

Kutaya chilolezo ndi kuletsedwa kubwerera ndi zinthu zosiyana. Malamulo aku Dutch ali ndi zida ziwiri za lamulo la baloya, ndipo lomwe mumalandira limadalira kwambiri dziko lanu komanso udindo wanu.

Kuletsa kulowa kwa zaka khumi ndi komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusiya chifukwa cha mlandu, ndipo ndichifukwa chake anthu omwe amaganiza kuti angabwererenso pambuyo pake amalakwitsa. Zonsezi zitha kuchotsedwa, pofunsira ku IND. Kuchotsa kwakanthawi kungapemphedwe chifukwa cha zifukwa zomveka za m'banja, kupereka umboni, kapena kupezeka pamilandu yanu. Kuchotsa kotheratu kwa chiletso cholowera nthawi zambiri kumaganiziridwa pokhapokha mutagwiritsa ntchito gawo lalikulu la nthawi kunja kwa Netherlands ndipo mutha kulemba za khalidwe labwino kwina. Kulengeza kosafunikira kumachotsedwa pomwe kusunga kungasemphane ndi Pangano, kapena pamene mudzapatsidwa chilolezo pambuyo pake.

Nkhani 8 ya ECHR: kulinganiza moyo wa banja

Ngati kuchoka kapena kuletsa kulowa kungasokoneze moyo wabanja kapena wachinsinsi, Nkhani 8 ya Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya imafuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano. Zofunikira zake zikuchokera ku Boultif v Switzerland (nambala 54273/00, 2 Ogasiti 2001) ndipo zinakulitsidwa mu Üner v Netherlands (nambala 46410/99, Grand Chamber, 18 Okutobala 2006). Ulamuliro uyenera kuwerengera:

• mtundu ndi kuopsa kwa mlanduwo;
• nthawi yomwe mudzakhala m'dziko limene mudzatulutsidwemo;
• nthawi yapita kuyambira pamene munachita cholakwacho ndi khalidwe lanu kuyambira pamenepo;
• mafuko a anthu okhudzidwa;
• mkhalidwe wa banja lanu, kuphatikizapo kutalika kwa ukwati ndi zizindikiro zina za moyo weniweni wa banja, komanso ngati mnzanuyo ankadziwa za cholakwacho pamene chibwenzicho chinayamba;
• kaya pali ana, ndi zaka zawo;
• mavuto omwe mnzanu ndi ana anu angakumane nawo kudziko lomwe mukupita, komanso zabwino ndi ubwino wa ana; ndi
• kulimba kwa ubale wanu wa chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi banja ndi dziko lomwe mukupita komanso dziko lomwe mukupita.

Makhothi aku Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito njira izi mwachindunji. Mu chigamulo chake cha pa 14 Januwale 2021 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2021:68) Bungwe la Boma linavomereza kuchotsa chilolezo ndi chiletso cha zaka ziwiri cholowera chomwe chinaperekedwa kwa mwamuna wobadwira ku Netherlands, pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo yotsetsereka pamodzi ndi zinthu za Boultif ndi Üner ; kuphwanya malamulo mobwerezabwereza komanso maubwenzi ochepa ndi dziko lochokera kunamukhudza kwambiri. Mlanduwu ukukonza malingaliro awiri osiyana: kuti kubadwira kuno ndi chitsimikizo, ndipo mbiri yayitali imangopha. Ndi kulemera komwe kumasankha, ndipo nthawi kuyambira mlandu womaliza, ndi khalidwe labwino kuyambira pamenepo, ndi zina mwa zinthu zochepa zomwe muli nazo. Pamene milanduyi idachitika ali mwana, Maslov v Austria (nambala 1638/03, Grand Chamber, 23 June 2008) ikuwonjezera kulemera kwina kumbali yanu: zifukwa zazikulu kwambiri zikufunika kuti zitsimikizire kuthamangitsa mlendo wokhazikika yemwe adachita milanduyi ali mwana ndipo wakhala nthawi yayitali yaubwana wake ndi unyamata wake kudziko lomwe akulandira.

Kulandira chilolezo chokhala nzika ndi mafomu opempha chilolezo cholimba

Kupezeka ndi mlandu kumatsekerezanso njira kuti zisawonongeke. Malinga ndi nkhani 9 ya Kingdom Act on Netherlands Nationality (Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap), kuvomerezedwa kukhala nzika kumakanidwa pamene, chifukwa cha khalidwe lanu, pali zifukwa zazikulu zokayikirira kuti ndinu woopsa pa dongosolo la anthu, makhalidwe abwino a anthu kapena chitetezo cha Ufumu. IND imagwiritsa ntchito izi kudzera mu Handeliding Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap, yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi nthawi yokonzanso ya zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu isanafike pempho la zolakwa zomwe zaperekedwa ndi lamulo la chilango ( strafbeschikking ), chindapusa kapena lamulo la ntchito ya anthu ammudzi: ngati chilango choterocho chinaperekedwa mkati mwa nthawi imeneyo, kapena milandu ikuyembekezeredwa, pempholo limakanidwa ndipo nthawiyo imayambiranso. Handeliding imakhazikitsa malire: chilango chimodzi cha ndalama cha €900 kapena kuposerapo; zilango zingapo za €450 kapena kuposerapo chilichonse cha €1,350 kapena kuposerapo; lamulo limodzi la ntchito ya anthu ammudzi la maola 36 kapena kuposerapo; maoda angapo a ntchito ya anthu ammudzi a maola 18 kapena kuposerapo chilichonse cha maola 54 kapena kuposerapo; ndi chilango chilichonse chomangidwa, kaya choyimitsidwa kapena ayi.

Kukhazikika kwa anthu onse ndi chifukwa chokana chilolezo chokhazikika kapena kukhala nzika ya EU kwa nthawi yayitali, kotero kuweruzidwa kungakusiyeni ndi chilolezo cha nthawi yokhazikika chomwe IND imachiwunikanso nthawi iliyonse yokonzanso.

Zomwe zimachitika m'machitidwe

• Chidziwitso cha cholinga (voornemen). IND isanapange chisankho chotsutsana ndi chigamulocho, imatumiza chidziwitso cholembedwa chomwe chikufotokoza zomwe ikufuna kuchita ndi chifukwa chake, kuphatikizapo kuwerengera ziganizo zake ndi gulu loyesera lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito.
• View (zienswijze). Muli ndi nthawi yochepa yoti muyankhe polemba. Ichi ndi chikalata chofunikira kwambiri mufayilo: ndi pomwe kuwerengera kumatsutsidwa ndipo Boultif ndi Üner Zinthu zimaonekera, ndi ubale ndi zikalata za ana, malipoti a kusukulu, umboni wa zachipatala, umboni wa ntchito ndi zinthu zomwe zili pa ubale wanu.
• Kusankha. Bungwe la IND limasankha, nthawi zambiri limaphatikiza kuchotsa ndalama ndi chigamulo chobwezera ndalama komanso chiletso cholowera.
• Kutsutsa ndi apilo. Kutengera ndi chisankho, njirayo ndi yotsutsa (kutsutsa) ku IND kenako apilo ku khothi la chigawo, kapena apilo mwachindunji, ndi apilo yopitilira ku Council of State. Lamulo la Aliens la 2000 limakhazikitsa nthawi yake yochepa: monga lamulo lathunthu masabata anayi osati masabata asanu ndi limodzi a Awb, ndi sabata imodzi m'milandu yomwe Lamulo limatchula, pakati pawo zisankho pa zopempha chitetezo zomwe zatengedwa mu ndondomeko yayifupi ndi milandu yomangidwa (art. 69 Vw 2000). Kaya kupereka chitsutso kapena apilo kumakulolani kukhalabe ku Netherlands pamene ikuyembekezeredwa sikutsatira lamulo la malamulo oyendetsera dziko lonse; likulamulidwa ndi Aliens Act 2000 ndipo limasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa chisankho, choncho yang'anani pa mlandu uliwonse. Ngati silitero, pempho losiyana la mpumulo wa kanthawi (voorlopige voorziening) ndikofunikira.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri: kugwirizanitsa maloya onse awiri kuyambira tsiku loyamba

Pafupifupi kutayika kulikonse komwe kungapeweke pokhala kuli ndi chiyambi chofanana: mlandu waupandu unasamaliridwa mwanzeru malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili komanso moipa kwambiri pankhani yokhudza kusamukira, chifukwa palibe amene anayang'ana mafayilo onse awiri nthawi imodzi.

Chifukwa chake ndi masamu. IND imawerengera gawo lopanda malire la chiganizocho. Njira yodzitetezera yomwe imasinthanitsa chilango chachifupi ndi gawo lalitali lopanda malire ikhoza kukhala kupambana m'khothi la milandu komanso tsoka lalikulu ku IND. Momwemonso kulandira chilango kuti mupewe kumvetsera, kuvomereza chigamulo pamwamba pa malire, kapena kuvomereza mlandu wina waung'ono kuti mutseke fayiloyo pomwe kuchuluka kwa milandu ndi komwe kumakulowetsani mu mzere wobwerezabwereza wa wolakwayo. Mlanduwo ndi wofunikanso: ngati chigamulocho chili mkati mwa nkhani 22b kapena kupatulapo Opium Act kungasankhe ngati zaka khumi zokhala m'nyumba zimakutetezani. Mwachizolowezi:

• uzani wanu loya woteteza milandu pa kuyankhulana koyamba kuti simuli wa ku Netherlands, ndi udindo womwe muli nawo komanso kuyambira liti;
• loya wa anthu othawa kwawo ayang'anenso fayiloyo asanavomerezedwe pempho lililonse, chiweruzo kapena mgwirizano wokhudza chilango;
• sungani kuwerengerako m'malingaliro: chiweruzo chonse chopanda chiletso, kuchuluka kwa milandu yovomerezeka, chiwerengero cha milandu, zaka zokhala m'nyumba mwalamulo;
• kusunga umboni wa moyo wa banja ndi mgwirizano kuyambira pachiyambi, osati mwachangu pamene chidziwitso cha cholinga chikufika; ndi
• Musachoke ku Netherlands, kapena kuvomereza kuchoka mwaufulu, popanda uphungu.

Law & More ali lamulo lachifwamba ndi lamulo lokhudzana ndi anthu osamukira kudziko lina Eindhoven ndi Amsterdam, ndipo imagwira ntchito mu Chingerezi. Ngati mwaitanidwa, mwamangidwa, mwapatsidwa chilango kapena mwatumizidwa chidziwitso chokhudza cholinga chanu, nthawi yoti mafunso onse awiri akambirane pamodzi ndi ino, osati pambuyo poti mlandu watha.