Kodi loya wa milandu amawononga ndalama zingati ku Netherlands?

Ngati inu kapena wachibale wanu mwamangidwa ku Netherlands, mtengo wa loya woteteza nthawi zambiri umakhala funso lachiwiri, pambuyo poti "chimachitika ndi chiyani?". Yankho limadalira amene amalipira. Ndondomeko ya milandu ku Netherlands ili ndi ndondomeko ya loya yogwira ntchito yomwe imafikira munthu womangidwa yokha ndipo siilipiritsa wokayikira chilichonse, komanso thandizo lalamulo lothandizidwa lomwe limaphimba milandu yambiri yaupandu mwachindunji. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira iliyonse, zomwe imaphimba, ndi ndalama zomwe boma lingathe kulipira pa bilu yanu.

Chithunzi cha mtengo mwachidule

Zinthu zisanu zosiyana zitha kuwonekera pa lamulo loteteza milandu. Zimayendetsedwa ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, choncho sungani zosiyana.

Chinthu chimodzi sichikuwoneka : palibe ndalama zolipirira khothi (griffierecht) kwa woimbidwa mlandu pa mlandu waupandu. Ndalama zolipirira khothi ndi za milandu ya boma ndi ya utsogoleri.

Kumangidwa: ndondomeko ya loya wantchito (piket)

Momwe loya angakufikireni popanda kukuyimbirani foni

Malamulo a Milandu ya Upandu (Wetboek van Strafvordering) amapatsa aliyense wokayikira ufulu wothandizidwa ndi loya, m'nkhani 28. Kwa munthu amene wagwidwa ndi mlandu, ufuluwo umatsimikiziridwa ndi udindo wodziwitsa: motsatira nkhani 28b apolisi amadziwitsa Bungwe Lothandiza Alamulo (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand) kuti wokayikira akugwidwa, ndipo Bungwe limasankha loya wochokera ku gulu la ogwira ntchito. Iyi ndi njira yopezera loya. Simuyenera kudziwa dzina la loya, kulankhula Chidatchi, kapena kukhala ndi ndalama mu akaunti yanu: cholinga chake ndi kugwira ntchito ngati mulibe chilichonse mwa zinthu zimenezo.

Ufulu uwiri ukutsatira. Pansi pa nkhani 28c, wokayikiridwa womangidwa akhoza kufunsa loya asanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba ndi apolisi, kwa mphindi makumi atatu. Pansi pa nkhani 28d, loya akhoza kupezeka pa zokambiranazo ndikulowererapo panthawiyo. Loya sangakuyankheni mafunso, koma akhoza kufotokoza ufulu wanu wokhala chete ndikutsutsa ngati pali kukakamizidwa; tafotokoza momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito m'nkhani yathu yokhudza kumangidwa ndi kufunsa mafunso ndi apolisi.

Thandizo loyamba ili ndi laulere kwa woganiziridwayo: boma limalipira loya wogwirira ntchito. Ngati mwamangidwa ndikusungidwa, muli ndi zaka zosakwana 18, kapena mukuganiziridwa kuti mwachita mlandu waukulu, loya woyambayo sakulipidwa.

Zimene piket siziphimba

Piket ndi chivundikiro chadzidzidzi cha nthawi yosungidwa, osati choyimira mlandu wonse. Chimakhudza zokambirana musanayambe kuyankhulana, kupezeka pa zokambirana za apolisi ndi magawo oyamba a kusungidwa, ndipo chimatha pamene pempho loti musungidwe m'ndende (kuchenjeza kwa woweruza milandu) layankhidwa ndi woweruza milandu. Pambuyo pake, mlanduwo uyenera kutengedwa pa ntchito yoyenera kapena payekha.

Malire ena awiri ndi ofunika. Loya woyenerera ndi aliyense amene ali pa mndandanda wa anthu omwe adzalembetsedwe usiku umenewo: simunawasankhe ndipo simukuyenera kuwasunga. Ndipo ngati simunamangidwe koma mwangoyitanidwa ku kuyankhulana ngati wokayikiridwa, piket nthawi zambiri siimapempha ntchito, kotero nthawi zambiri mumakonza ndikulipira loya nokha pokhapokha ngati muli oyenerera thandizo la loya.

Loya kapena loya wosankhidwa amene mungasankhe

Machitidwe a ku Dutch amasiyanitsa pakati pa toegevoegde raadsman , loya wosankhidwa ndi Legal Aid Board, ndi gekozen raadsman , loya amene mumamuphunzitsa nokha. Kusiyanaku kumakhudza momwe loya adayambira kuchitapo kanthu, osati mtundu wa chitetezo kapena mphamvu za loya. Onse ali ndi mwayi wofanana wopeza fayiloyo, ufulu wofanana wopezeka pa zokambirana ndi kumvetsera milandu, komanso ntchito zomwezo kwa inu.

Mfundo imene mayiko ambiri amaiphonya nthawi zambiri ndi yakuti magulu awiriwa amafanana. Loya amene mumasankha nokha akhozanso kuchita ntchito inayake: ngati mwasankha kampani chifukwa imagwira ntchito m'Chingerezi, kampaniyo ikhoza kupempha ku Board kuti ikuthandizeni, bola ngati yalembetsedwa ndi Board ndipo mukukwaniritsa zofunikira. Kusankha loya wanu sikutanthauza kusiya thandizo la loya lothandizidwa.

Mukhozanso kusintha. Ngati loya wogwirira ntchito apita ku polisi ndipo mukufuna kuphunzitsa wina za nkhaniyo, loya watsopanoyo amatenga udindowo. Choletsa ndi nthawi, osati mfundo, choncho yambitsani ntchitoyi msanga.

Thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa: kubwerezabwereza

Thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa ndi ndalama limadalira Lamulo Lothandiza Zamalamulo (Wet op de rechtsbijstand), lomwe limayang'ana milandu yaupandu m'mutu wake, nkhani 43 mpaka 44a. Ngati ntchito yaperekedwa, Bungwe limalipira loya wanu ndalama zokhazikika zomwe zimawerengedwa kuchokera ku dongosolo la mfundo ndipo mumalipira ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe mumalipira nokha. Mtengo wa mfundo ndi mfundo pa mtundu uliwonse wa mlandu zimakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndipo zimalembedwa pachaka, ndichifukwa chake makampani awiri omwe ali ndi ntchito imodzi amalandira ndalama zomwezo.

Mayeso a njira ndi chaka chofotokozera

Kuyenerera kumayesedwa pa ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi ndalama zomwe mumapeza, komanso chaka chatha osati zomwe mumapeza lero. Chaka chofotokozera ( peiljaar ) ndi chaka chachiwiri cha kalendala chisanafike chaka chofunsira, ndipo Bungwe limatenga ndalama zomwe mumalipira msonkho ( verzamelinkomen ) ndi ndalama zanu za bokosi lachitatu za chaka chimenecho mwachindunji kuchokera ku deta ya bungwe la misonkho.

Miyezo ya ndalama ndi ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa sizili mu Legal Aid Act yokha. Zili mu Besluit eigen bijdrage rechtsbijstand, yosinthidwa pa 1 Januwale iliyonse ndikufalitsidwa ndi Raad voor Rechtsbijstand patsamba lake, choncho yang'anani chaka chomwe mwalembetsa m'malo modalira chiwerengero chomwe chatchulidwa m'nkhani. Miyezo yosiyana, yapamwamba imagwira ntchito ngati muli ndi mnzanu kapena ndinu kholo limodzi.

Ngati ndalama zanu zatsika kwambiri kuyambira chaka chodziwikiratu, mutha kupempha kuti zisunthidwe ku chaka chino. Izi ndi peiljaarverlegging , ndipo pempholi liyenera kufika ku Bungwe mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene chisankho choyamba chaperekedwa, nthawi yochepa yomwe ndi yosavuta kuphonya pamene mlandu waupandu ukupitirira.

Kupatula komwe kuli kofunika kwambiri pa milandu yaupandu

Apa pali gawo lomwe limasintha chithunzi cha okayikiridwa ambiri omwe ali m'ndende. M'milandu yambiri yaupandu ntchito imaperekedwa popanda mayeso aliwonse a momwe munthu alili. Ngati wokayikiridwa watengedwa m'ndende ndikubwezeretsedwa, ntchitoyo imachokera ku kumangidwa komweko osati kuwerengera ndalama. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pamene woimira boma kapena khothi apempha Bungwe kuti lipereke imodzi.

Zotsatira zake n'zakuti munthu amene akuganiziridwa kuti ndi wolemera kwambiri moti sangathandizidwe ndi malamulo pa chisudzulo akhoza kuimiridwabe pa ntchito ya upandu, chifukwa kumangidwa asanazengedwe mlandu kumayambitsa izi mosasamala kanthu za ndalama zomwe amapeza. Gawoli limagwiritsa ntchito Legal Aid Act (Wet op de rechtsbijstand): nkhani 43 ikufotokoza ntchito za loya ndi ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi khoti kapena wozenga mlandu mwiniwake, zomwe zimaperekedwa popanda mayeso aliwonse, pomwe nkhani 44 ikufotokoza ntchito yanthawi zonse, yomwe ndalama ndi ndalama zimayesedwa. Loya wanu adzakuuzani pamsonkhano woyamba zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Zopereka zaumwini (eigen bijdrage)

Ngati thandizo la zamalamulo laperekedwa panjira yachizolowezi, mumalipira ndalama zanu. Si gawo la ndalama zomwe loya amalipira: ndi ndalama zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu, ndipo gululo limatsimikiziridwa ndi ndalama zomwe mumapeza mu chaka chofotokozera, kotero kuti ndalama zochepa kwambiri zimalipira ndalama zochepa kwambiri ndipo ndalama zambiri zomwe zili mkati mwa denga zimalipira zazikulu kwambiri. Magulu ndi ndalamazo zimayikidwa mu Besluit eigen bijdrage rechtsbijstand, yomwe imalembedwa pa 1 Januwale iliyonse ndikufalitsidwa ndi Raad voor Rechtsbijstand; sikelo yosiyana, yotsika imagwira ntchito pomwe mumayamba kulandira upangiri kuchokera ku Juridisch Loket.

M'milandu ya milandu, zopereka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda pake. Palibe amene amaimbidwa mlandu ngati woimira boma kapena khoti lapempha Bungwe kuti lipereke ntchito, ndipo loya wothandizira pantchito ali m'ndende ( inverzekeringstelling ) saloledwa kupereka ndalama zake payekha. Nthawi zambiri anthu amaopa kuti lamuloli ndi laling'ono kwambiri.

Ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa sizimatayika nthawi zonse. Ngati mlanduwu utha ndi kumasulidwa kapena chisankho chosatsutsa ( sepot ), ndalama zomwe woimbidwa mlanduyo wapereka zitha kubwezedwa kuchokera ku boma pogwiritsa ntchito pempho motsatira art. 530 Sv, pamodzi ndi ndalama zina zonse za mlanduwo (onani pansipa). Pa milandu nthawi zambiri, pamene mbali inayo yalamulidwa kulipira ndalama zanu zamilandu, ndalamazo zitha kubwezedwa kapena kuchotsedwa m'malo motengedwa ndi inu.

Kulipira mwachinsinsi

Kunja kwa chithandizo cha zamalamulo, chitetezo cha milandu chimalipidwa m'njira imodzi mwa zitatu, nthawi zina kuphatikiza.

• Mtengo wa ola limodzi. Chitsanzo chofala kwambiri. Mtengo umawonetsa kukalamba ndi luso lapadera, ndipo VAT imawonjezedwa kwa makasitomala achinsinsi. Ndalama monga omasulira, malipoti a akatswiri ndi maulendo zimayikidwa pamwamba.
• Ndalama zokhazikika. Kuperekedwa pa ntchito yomveka bwino: kupezeka pa kuyankhulana ndi apolisi, kumva mlandu kamodzi pamaso pa apolisi, kutsutsa lamulo la chilango. Kumagwira ntchito pamene gawo la mlandu lingathe kudziwikiratu, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa pagawo lililonse osati pa mlandu wonse.
• Chosungira kapena kulipira pasadakhale. Makampani nthawi zambiri amapempha ndalama zolipirira asanayambe ntchito zaupandu zolipidwa payekha, zomwe zimatengedwa motsutsana ndi ma invoice anthawi yochepa. Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino, yolamulidwa ndi malamulo aukadaulo.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mlandu wa zigawenga ukhale waukulu nthawi zambiri si mtengo wa ola limodzi; ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Fayilo yokhala ndi masamba masauzande angapo, deta ya pa telefoni kapena yazachuma yomwe imafuna kusanthula, imapempha woweruza milandu kuti amve mboni, lipoti la dokotala wa matenda amisala, mlandu wa masiku ambiri, apilo, womasulira pamsonkhano uliwonse: chilichonse chimachulukitsa maola. Momwemonso kumangidwa, chifukwa kupita kundende kumatenga nthawi ndi maulendo.

Funsani za ndalama zomwe mukufuna polemba musanapereke malangizo kwa aliyense. Loya wa ku Dutch ayenera kukupatsani kalata yosonyeza mtengo kapena ndalama zomwe mukufuna, zomwe zimaphimba komanso momwe ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndipo ayenera kukuuzani ngati mungayenerere ntchito inayake.

Ndalama zomwe boma lingathe kulipira

Kupezeka ndi mlandu, kapena kulandira chilango, kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zachuma kuposa loya wanu.

• Zilango ndi malamulo a chilango. Chindapusa choperekedwa ndi khothi, kapena ndi bungwe lozenga milandu chilango cha chilango (strafbeschikking), imatengedwa ndi Central Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB).
• Ndalama zoyendetsera ndi zosonkhanitsa. CJIB imawonjezera ndalama zokhazikika zoyendetsera ntchito pa chindapusa chilichonse chomwe imasonkhanitsa ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito kukweza ndalama ngati mutalipira mochedwa. Ndalamazo zimayikidwa ndi malamulo ndipo zimasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi; ndalama zomwe zilipo pano zimalembedwa pa chidziwitso cha kulipira komanso patsamba la CJIB. Pa zilango za pamsewu pansi pa Wahv, kukwera koyamba ndi 50% ya chilango ndipo kwachiwiri ndi 100% ina, kotero chindapusa chomwe sichinalipidwe chingafike pamlingo wofanana ndi wake woyambirira.
• Kubwezera wozunzidwa. Khothi likhoza kulamula munthu wolakwa kuti alipire ndalama zomwe wataya monga momwe boma limachitira (art. 36f Sr), kotero wozunzidwayo sayenera kusuma mlandu payekha. Pansi pa ndondomeko yolipirira pasadakhale, boma limatengapo gawo pakatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu muyesowo utatha, kulipira wozunzidwayo zomwe zidakalipo kenako n’kufunafuna wolakwayo chifukwa cha zimenezo. Pa milandu ya chiwawa ndi milandu yogonana, ndalama zolipirira pasadakhale ndi zonse, popanda malire; pa milandu yokhudza katundu, ndalamazo zimayikidwa pamlingo wapamwamba womwe umakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi kulembedwa, ndipo umafalitsidwa ndi Centraal Justitieel Incassobureau.
• Chopereka chachikulu pa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo. Malingaliro oti anthu oweruzidwa kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira milandu yawo komanso ntchito zothandizira ozunzidwa aperekedwa kangapo, koma palibe bungwe la General bijdrage kosten strafvordering en slachtofferzorg idayamba kugwira ntchito, kotero palibe chilichonse cha mtundu umenewo chomwe chimalipidwa.

Kubweza ndalama zomwe mudawononga mutamasulidwa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito

Ngati mlandu wanu utha popanda chilango, mwa kumasulidwa kapena chifukwa chakuti wachotsedwa, mutha kupempha khothi kuti mulipire. Malamulo awiri a Malamulo a Milandu ya Upandu amagwira ntchito: gawo 530, lomwe limaphimba ndalama za loya wanu ndi ndalama zina za mlanduwo, ndi gawo 533, lomwe limaphimba nthawi yomwe mumakhala m'ndende musanaweruzidwe.

Pempholi liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene mlanduwu utha. Khoti lomwe linathetsa mlanduwu limagamula, pa fomu yolembedwa yomwe loya wanu amakonza. Zinthu zomwe zingafunsidwe zikuphatikiza ndalama za loya, ndalama zoyendera, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi zina monga ndalama zomwe zatayika. Makhothi amagwira ntchito ndi ndalama zokhazikika za tsiku ndi tsiku zomangidwira, zofalitsidwa m'malo ofotokozera zigamulo ndipo zalembedwa kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026.

Malire awiri ndi ofunika kudziwa. Malipiro sachitika zokha: khoti limayesa zomwe zili zoyenera ndipo lingapereke zochepa kuposa zomwe zanenedwa, kapena palibe chilichonse. Ndipo palibe chomwe chingapezeke pa nthawi yomwe mudamangidwa nthawi yomwe mudasungidwa kuti mufunsidwe mafunso.

Inshuwaransi ya ndalama zalamulo

Mabanja ambiri ali ndi inshuwaransi ya ndalama zalamulo (rechtsbijstandverzekering), yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi chivundikiro cha nyumba kapena galimoto. Pankhani zaupandu, phindu lake limakhala lochepa: mfundo nthawi zambiri sizimachotsa zolakwa mwadala ndipo zimangokhudza nkhani zosasamala, makamaka milandu ya pamsewu. Yang'anani momwe zinthu zilili musanauze aliyense, chifukwa makampani a inshuwaransi nthawi zambiri sadzabweza ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito asanadziwitsidwe za pempholo.

Ngati ndondomeko ya inshuwalansi yatha ndipo nkhaniyi ikaperekedwa kukhoti, malamulo aku Europe ndi Dutch amapatsa munthu amene ali ndi inshuwalansi ufulu wosankha loya wake, yemwe kampani ya inshuwalansi iyenera kumupatsa ndalama mkati mwa malire a ndondomekoyo. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kampani yomwe mungasankhe nokha kuposa kampani ya inshuwalansi, nenani izi poyamba.

Chani Law & More angathe

Chisankho chokwera mtengo kwambiri pa mlandu waupandu nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa m'maola oyamba, munthu asanayambe kukambirana za ndalama: zomwe mumanena mu kuyankhulana ndi apolisi. Law & More Amagwira ntchito m'malo mwa okayikira kuyambira kuyankhulana koyamba mpaka kuzenga mlandu ndi apilo, amapempha thandizo la zamalamulo ngati alipo, ndipo amalemba mawu ngati palibe. Ngati simukudziwa ngati mlandu wanu ukufunika loya, nkhani yathu yokhudza pamene mukufuna loya woteteza milandu ndi poyambira panzeru. Lumikizanani nafe musanafunsidwe mafunso, osati pambuyo pake.