Introduction
M'gulu lathu lomwe likukula mwachangu, cryptocurrency ikukula kwambiri. Pakali pano, pali mitundu yambiri ya cryptocurrency, monga Bitcoin, Ethereum, ndi Litecoin. Ma Cryptocurrencies ndi digito yokha, ndipo ndalama ndi ukadaulo zimatetezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa blockchain. Tekinoloje iyi imasunga mbiri yotetezedwa yazochitika zilizonse pamalo amodzi. Palibe amene amawongolera blockchain popeza maunyolowa amagawidwa pakompyuta iliyonse yomwe ili ndi chikwama cha cryptocurrency.
Ukadaulo wa Blockchain umapatsanso anthu osadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za digito. Kusowa ulamuliro ndi kusadziwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kungayambitse zoopsa zina kwa amalonda omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za digito m'makampani awo. Nkhaniyi ikupitiliza nkhani yathu yapitayi, 'Ndalama za digito: mbali zalamulo zaukadaulo wosintha' . Pomwe nkhani yapitayi idayang'ana kwambiri mbali zonse zalamulo za ndalama za digito, nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri zoopsa zomwe eni mabizinesi angakumane nazo akamachita ndi ndalama za digito komanso kufunika kotsatira malamulo.
Chiwopsezo chokayikiridwa kuti andibera ndalama
Pomwe kutchera ndalama kwa cryptocurrency kukupezekabe, sikunalembetsedwe ku Netherlands ndi ku Europe konse. Oweruza akuyesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo atsatanetsatane, koma izi zikhala nthawi yayitali. Komabe, makhothi amtundu waku Dutch adapereka kale zigamulo zingapo pamilandu yokhudza cryptocurrency. Ngakhale zisankho zochepa zomwe zinkakhudza maudindo a cryptocurrency, milandu yambiri inali mkati mwa milandu. Kupatula ndalama kunatenga mbali yayikulu m'maweruzo awa.
Kutsuka ndalama ndi gawo lomwe liyenera kuganiziridwa kuti bungwe lanu lisagwere pansi pa lamulo la Dutch Criminal Code. Kutsuka ndalama ndi mlandu wolangidwa ndi lamulo la Dutch Criminal Code . Izi zakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani 420bis, 420ter ndi 420 za lamulo la Dutch Criminal Code. Kutsuka ndalama kumatsimikiziridwa pamene munthu abisa mtundu weniweni, chiyambi, kulekanitsidwa kapena kusamutsidwa kwa chinthu china, kapena kubisala yemwe ndi wopindula kapena mwini wa chinthucho pamene akudziwa kuti chinthucho chimachokera ku zochita zaupandu.
Ngakhale pamene munthu sanali kudziŵa bwino lomwe chenicheni chakuti chabwinocho chimachokera ku zochita zaupandu koma akanatha kuganiza moyenerera kuti zimenezo zinali choncho, iye angapezedwa wolakwa pa kuba ndalama. Mchitidwewu ndi chilango cha kumangidwa kwa zaka zinayi (chifukwa chodziwa chiyambi cha zigawenga), kumangidwa mpaka chaka chimodzi (chifukwa chokhala ndi malingaliro oyenera) kapena chindapusa cha 67.000 euro. Izi zakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani 23 ya Dutch Criminal Code. Munthu amene ali ndi chizolowezi chobera ndalama akhoza kumangidwa mpaka zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Pansipa pali zitsanzo zochepa zomwe makhothi achi Dutch adagwiritsa ntchito cryptocurrency:
- Panali milandu yomwe munthu amamuimbira mlandu wakuba ndalama. Analandira ndalama zomwe zimapezeka ndikusintha ma bitcoins kukhala ndalama za fiat. Ma bitcoins awa adapezeka kudzera pa intaneti yamdima, pomwe ma IP-ma adilesi a ogwiritsa ntchito amabisidwa. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti tsamba lakuda limagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kugulitsa zinthu zosaloledwa, kuti liperekedwe ndi ma bitcoins. Chifukwa chake, khotilo likuganiza kuti bitcoins zopezeka kudzera pa intaneti yakuda ndizachinyengo. Khotilo lidati wokayikirayo adalandira ndalama zomwe zimapezeka ndikusintha ma bitcoins omwe amachokera kuupandu kukhala ndalama za fiat. Wokayikirayo amadziwa kuti ma bitcoins nthawi zambiri amakhala achifwamba. Komabe, sanafufuze komwe ndalama za fiat zomwe adapeza. Chifukwa chake, wavomera mwadala mwayi womwe ndalama zomwe adalandira zidachitidwa pazochita zosaloledwa. Anapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa ndalama. [1]
- Pankhaniyi, Fiscal Information and Investigation Service (mu Dutch: FIOD) idayambitsa kufufuza kwa amalonda a bitcoin. Wokayikira, pamenepa, adapatsa ma bizinesi kwa amalonda ndikuwasintha kuti akhale ndalama za ndalama. Wokayikirayo adagwiritsa ntchito chikwama cha pa intaneti pomwe ma bitcoins ambiri adasungidwa, omwe amachokera pa intaneti yakuda. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ma bitcoins awa amawaganizira kuti ndi ochokera kosaloledwa. Wosakayikirayo anakana kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za komwe ma bitcoins adachokera. Khotilo lidati wokayikirayo amadziwa bwino komwe kunachokera ma bitcoins mosavomerezeka chifukwa adapita kwa amalonda omwe amatsimikizira kusadziwika kwa makasitomala awo ndikupempha komiti yayikulu ntchito imeneyi. Chifukwa chake, khotilo lidati zomwe akuganiza zitha kuganiziridwa. Anapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa ndalama. [2]
- Mlandu wotsatira ukukhudzana ndi banki ya Dutch, IN. ING idalowa mgwirizano wamabanki ndi wamalonda wa bitcoin. Monga bank, ING ili ndi zowunikira zina komanso kufufuza. Adazindikira kuti kasitomala wawo amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti agule ma bitcoins kwa anthu ena. ING idathetsa chiyanjano chawo kuyambira komwe ndalama zomwe amalipira ndalama sizingayang'anitsidwe ndipo ndalama zitha kupezeka kudzera pazinthu zosaloledwa. ING imamverera ngati kuti sangathe kukwaniritsa udindo wawo wa KYC popeza sakanatha kutsimikizira kuti maakaunti awo sagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndalama komanso kupewa ngozi zokhudzana ndi umphumphu. Khotilo linati kasitomala wa ING sanakwanitse kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zandalama zinali zovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, ING idaloledwa kuthetsa ubale wamabanki. [3]
Zigamulo izi zikuwonetsa kuti kugwira ntchito ndi cryptocurrency kumatha kukhala pachiwopsezo pakutsata. Pomwe chidziwitso cha cryptocurrency sichikudziwika, ndipo ndalama zake zimachokera ku tsamba lakuda, kukayikira zakupangira ndalama kumatha kubuka mosavuta.
Compliance
Popeza cryptocurrency sichinayendetsedwe ndipo kusadziwika pakugulitsa kumatsimikizika, ndi njira yolipirira yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazachiwembu. Chifukwa chake, cryptocurrency ili ndi malingaliro ena oipa ku Netherlands. Izi zikuwonetsedwanso kuti a Dutch Financial Services and Markets Authority amalangiza motsutsana ndi malonda a cryptocurrencies. Amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachinsinsi kumabweretsa ngozi pazachuma, chifukwa kuba ndalama mwachinyengo, chinyengo, chinyengo, ndi chinyengo zingabwere mosavuta.
[4] Izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kukhala olondola kwambiri pakutsata mukamachita ndi cryptocurrency. Muyenera kuwonetsa kuti ndalama za crypto zomwe mumalandira sizipezeka kudzera muzochita zosaloledwa. Muyenera kutsimikizira kuti mwafufuzadi chiyambi cha cryptocurrency yomwe mudalandira. Izi zitha kukhala zovuta kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cryptocurrency nthawi zambiri samadziwika. Nthawi zambiri, khothi lachi Dutch likakhala ndi chigamulo chokhudza cryptocurrency, limakhala mkati mwa zigawenga.
Pakadali pano, olamulira samayang'anira mwachangu malonda a cryptocurrencies. Komabe, cryptocurrency ili ndi chidwi chawo. Chifukwa chake, kampani ikakhala ndi ubale ndi cryptocurrency, olamulira amakhala tcheru. Akuluakulu angafune kudziwa momwe cryptocurrency imapezera komanso komwe ndalamazo zidachokera. Ngati simungathe kuyankha bwino mafunsowa, mungayambe kukayikira kuti mwabera ndalama kapena milandu ina iliyonse ndipo kafukufuku wokhudza bungwe lanu angayambitsidwe.
Kuwongolera kwa cryptocurrency
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, cryptocurrency sinayendebe. Komabe, malonda ndi ntchito cryptocurrencies mwina mosamalitsa malamulo, chifukwa zigawenga ndi mavuto ndalama cryptocurrency kumatanthauza. Kuwongolera kwa cryptocurrency ndi nkhani yokambirana padziko lonse lapansi. Bungwe la International Monetary Fund (bungwe la United Nations lomwe limagwira ntchito pa mgwirizano wa ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi, kupeza bata lazachuma komanso kuwongolera malonda apadziko lonse lapansi) likuyitanitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhudza ndalama za crypto monga idachenjeza pazachuma komanso zaupandu.
[5] European Union ikutsutsana ngati iwongolera kapena kuyang'anira cryptocurrencies, ngakhale sanapangebe malamulo enieni. Kuphatikiza apo, malamulo a cryptocurrency ndi nkhani yotsutsana m'maiko angapo, monga China, South Korea, ndi Russia. Maikowa akutenga kapena akufuna kuchitapo kanthu kuti akhazikitse malamulo okhudza ndalama za crypto. Ku Netherlands, Bungwe la Financial Services ndi Markets Authority linanena kuti makampani ogulitsa ndalama ali ndi udindo wosamalira akamapereka Bitcoin-futures kwa ogulitsa malonda ku Netherlands.
Izi zikutanthawuza kuti makampani opanga ndalamawa ayenera kusamalira chidwi cha makasitomala awo mwaukatswiri, mwachilungamo komanso mwachilungamo.[6] Kukambitsirana kwapadziko lonse pakuwongolera kwa cryptocurrency kukuwonetsa kuti mabungwe ambiri akuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo amtundu wina.
Kutsiliza
Ndizosavomerezeka kunena kuti cryptocurrency ikukula. Komabe, anthu akuwoneka kuti amaiwala kuti kugulitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazi kungayambitsenso zoopsa zina. Musanadziwe, mutha kugwera mkati mwa Dutch Criminal Code pochita ndi cryptocurrency. Ndalamazi nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi zigawenga, makamaka kuwononga ndalama. Kutsatira malamulo ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa makampani omwe sakufuna kuimbidwa milandu chifukwa chamilandu.
Kudziwa za chiyambi cha cryptocurrencies kumathandizira kwambiri pa izi. Popeza cryptocurrency ili ndi malingaliro oyipa, mayiko ndi mabungwe akukangana ngati akhazikitse malamulo okhudza cryptocurrency kapena ayi. Ngakhale maiko ena achitapo kale njira zoyendetsera malamulo, zingatenge nthawi kuti malamulo adziko lonse akwaniritsidwe. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti makampani azikhala osamala pochita ndi cryptocurrency ndikuwonetsetsa kuti akutsatira.
Lumikizanani
Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena ndemanga mutatha kuwerenga nkhaniyi, chonde khalani omasuka kulankhulana ndi a Ruby van Kersbergen, loya pamilandu ku. Law & More kudzera [imelo ndiotetezedwa], kapena Tom Meevis, loya-wamilandu pa Law & More kudzera [imelo ndiotetezedwa], kapena imbani +31 (0)40-3690680.
[1] ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:5716, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:5716.
[2] ECLI:NL:RBROT:2017:8992, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBROT:2017:8992.
[3] ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2017:8376, https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2017:8376.
[4] Autoriteit Financiële Markten, 'Reële cryptocurrencies, https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/nov/risico-cryptocurrencies.
[5] Lipoti la Fintech ndi Financial Services: Zofunika Kuziganizira Poyamba , International Monetary Fund 2017.
[6] Autoriteit Financiële Markten, 'Bitcoin Futures: AFM op', https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/dec/bitcoin-futures-zorgplicht.
