Ufulu wochita ziwonetsero umateteza zambiri kuposa momwe mungaganizire. Koma si ufulu wololedwa. Chitsogozo cha zamalamulo kudzera mu malamulo oyendetsera dziko, malamulo a milandu ndi malamulo aposachedwa a Khoti Lalikulu. Kumvetsetsa ufulu wochita ziwonetsero ndikofunikira musanasankhe zochita zina.
30 Meyi 2026 · Nthawi yowerengera mphindi 12 · kutengera zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu 2025–2026
nkhani ya Constitution. 9 • nkhani ya ECHR. 11 • Lamulo la Misonkhano Yapagulu • Khoti Lalikulu 2025–2026 • Kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa nyengo
Msewu waukulu watsekedwa. Sitima yopakidwa utoto. Meya akulowa ndi lamulo ladzidzidzi. Kuchita ziwonetsero ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zoonekera bwino za moyo wa demokalase - komanso chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo. Kodi lamuloli limapereka chitetezo chotani kwa anthu omwe akutenga malo opezeka anthu ambiri? Ndipo milandu yaupandu imayambira pati?
Ufulu wofunikira: chitetezo ndiye poyambira
Nkhani 9 ya Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko la Netherlands imavomereza ufulu wosonkhana ndi kuchita ziwonetsero. Nkhani 11 ya Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe imateteza kusonkhana mwamtendere. Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chili chopanda malire, koma choletsa choletsacho chimayikidwa mwadala: boma likhoza kulamulira kayendetsedwe ka zinthu - nthawi, malo, njira - koma osati zomwe zili mu uthengawo.
Lamulo la Public Assembly Act (Wet open bare manifestaties, WOM) limapereka izi zothandiza. Zoletsa zimaloledwa kuti ziteteze thanzi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kapena kupewa chisokonezo. Lamulo la boma lopanda maziko amenewo silingaletse ziwonetsero. Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikizira izi mosapita m'mbali chaka chino:
"Choncho lamuloli silingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa ufulu wochita ziwonetsero monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Nkhani 9(1) ya Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko."
Khoti Lalikulu 2026, ECLI:NL:HR:2026:483
Malamulo a upandu ndi osiyana ndi ziwonetsero - koma vuto silisiyananso
Ufulu wofunikira umateteza kutenga nawo mbali pa ziwonetsero, osati chilichonse chomwe chili mkati mwake. Malamulo wamba okhudza milandu akadalipobe: chiwawa cha anthu onse (Nkhani 141 ya Criminal Code), kuyika pachiwopsezo magalimoto pamsewu (Nkhani 5 ya Road Traffic Act), kulephera kutsatira lamulo lovomerezeka (Nkhani 184 ya Criminal Code). Koma: kusokoneza, kusokoneza ndi kusokoneza kwakanthawi kwa moyo wamba si chifukwa choika munthu kunja kwa chitetezo cha ufulu wofunikira.
Chofunikira kwambiri ndi chakuti ngati munthu amene akukhudzidwayo wachita “cholakwa” yekha — mlandu wa munthu payekha, wosiyana ndi ziwonetsero zonse. Mu chigamulo cha tram-penting (Supreme Court 2025), mlandu unaloledwa chifukwa womenyera ufuluyo anawononga pomwe akanathanso kufotokoza maganizo ake mwanjira ina. Popanda mlandu wa munthu payekha, chitetezo cha Article 11 ECHR chimakhalabe chokhazikika, ngakhale apolisi atalowererapo.
Kodi khoti limayesa bwanji kukakamiza anthu kuti achite zaupandu? Kuyesa kwa magawo atatu
- Kodi chiwonetserochi chili mwamtendere? Chiwonetsero chokhala ndi zolinga zachiwawa sichili mbali ya chitetezo cha Nkhani 11 ya ECHR. Ngati cholingacho chili chamtendere, chitetezo ndiye poyambira.
- Kodi munthu amene wachita nawo zimenezi wachita chinthu choipa? Kuwonongeka kwa katundu, chiwawa cha anthu onse, kutsekedwa kwa msewu kwakukulu komwe kumaika anthu ena pachiwopsezo — izi zimaphwanya chitetezo. Zovuta wamba sizimatero.
- Kodi mayankho onse a boma ndi ofanana? Kuchotsa anthu, kumanga, kulandidwa ufulu, kuimbidwa mlandu ndi chilango zimayesedwa pamodzi. Ngati njira zochepa zomwe sizingagwire ntchito bwino zikanakwanira, njira zina zowonjezerera zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri.
Gawo lachitatu limenelo ndi lofunika kwambiri. Mu zigamulo ziwiri kuyambira mu 2025 (ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1313 ndi ECLI:NL:HR:2025:1436) Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti kugwira ntchito mwamtendere — monga unduna ndi banki — sikunayeneretse kumangidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu kwa maola ambiri, chifukwa kuchotsedwa ntchito kukanakhala kokwanira. Ngati yankho lonse silili lofanana, lamulo la upandu liyenera kusiyidwa losagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zake: kuchotsedwa pa milandu yonse ina.
Zotsatira zake zochititsa mantha: lamulo la milandu siliyenera kuletsa anthu kuchita ziwonetsero
Kumbuyo kwa mayeso oyerekeza kuli mfundo yozama: kuletsa "zotsatira zochititsa manyazi" zosaloledwa. Kulanga milandu sikuyenera kuletsa kufunitsitsa kusonyeza. Izi si kungoyesa kwa munthu payekha - ndi mayeso ofunikira kuti aone ngati malamulo amilandu akuphwanya ufulu wofunikira pakati pawo.
Khoti Lalikulu la The Hague linagwiritsa ntchito izi moyenera mu 2026 pamilandu yokhudza ziwonetsero za A12. Kudzimanga pakhoma la ngalande kunagwa pansi pa Nkhani 184 ya Malamulo Okhudza Upandu, koma pochita zinthu mwamtendere popanda kuwononga, mlandu wina sunafunike (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2026:12907). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi: kutseka A12 ndi magalimoto, omwe ambulansi inali yotsekedwa, kunalidi chilango - chomwe chimaposa kuchuluka kwa chisokonezo chomwe chiloledwa kuchokera ku ziwonetsero (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2026:12915).
Malamulo adzidzidzi: Meya akufunika zambiri kuposa kufulumira
Meya akapereka lamulo ladzidzidzi (Nkhani 175 ya Municipalities Act) m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za WOM wamba, malamulo okhwima amagwira ntchito. Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo linanena momveka bwino kuti mu 2024:
"Meya ayenera kupereka lamulo ladzidzidzi ndi zifukwa zomveka, ndipo ngati n'kotheka, liyenera kutsatiridwa ndi kukonzekera mosamala."
Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo 2024, ECLI:NL:GHMS:2024:3747
Ngati lamulo ladzidzidzi likunena kuti zida za WOM zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba koma izi sizikupezeka pafayilo ya mlanduwo, sizikugwirizana ndi lamulo la subsidiarity. Zotsatira zake motsatira lamulo la milandu: kumasulidwa kwa mlandu motsatira Nkhani 184 ya Criminal Code. Chitetezo china: lamulo loti mlandu uthetsedwe motsatira Nkhani 7 ya WOM likhoza kutsutsidwa kudzera mu Nkhani 11 ya WOM, osati kudzera mu Nkhani 184 ya Criminal Code. Kusokonezeka pa maziko alamulo kwachititsa kuti anthu achotsedwe mlandu mobwerezabwereza.
Okonza: sadzaweruzidwa pa zomwe ena amachita
Funso lomwe limafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi lakuti kodi wokonza zinthu angaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa cha khalidwe la anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Yankho ndi lakuti: ayi, osati chifukwa cha udindo wawo monga wokonza zinthu yekha. Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikizira mu 2026 (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:115) kuti kuchita zinthu mogwirizana kumafuna mgwirizano wapafupi komanso woganizira, ndi kuthandizira mokwanira pa mlandu womwewo. Kukhalapo, kupereka chithandizo cha zinthu kapena kuteteza poyera chiwonetsero sikokwanira. Udindo waupandu umachitika pokhapokha ngati munthu akuchitapo kanthu - monga kunyalanyaza lamulo la WOM - kapena ngati pali njira yodziwikiratu ya khalidwe laupandu la ena.
Pomaliza: lamulo la milandu ngati njira yomaliza, osati yankho loyamba
Lamulo la Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti ang'onoang'ono kuyambira 2025 mpaka 2026 limapereka chithunzi chogwirizana: ufulu wochita ziwonetsero ndiye poyambira, WOM ndiye njira yachizolowezi yoletsera, ndipo lamulo la milandu ndiye gawo lomaliza. Zovuta ndi kusokoneza ndi mtengo wa demokalase yomwe imawona ufulu wofunikira kukhala wofunika kwambiri. Kuwononga zinthu, chiwawa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu zimadutsa mu chitetezo chimenecho - koma ngakhale zili choncho, sitepe iliyonse mu unyolo wokakamiza imafuna kulungamitsidwa kwake ndi malamulo.
Mafunso ofunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza ufulu wochita ziwonetsero ndi apolisi
Kodi apolisi angandichotse pa chiwonetsero?
Osati choncho basi. Kuchotsa munthu m'nyumba kumaloledwa kokha potengera mphamvu za meya wa WOM kapena ngati pali chisokonezo chenicheni. Muyesowu uyenera kukhala wolingana ndi zofuna zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Nkhani 2 ya WOM: thanzi, magalimoto kapena kupewa chisokonezo. Kuchotsa munthu m'nyumba popanda zifukwa zomveka n'kosaloledwa.
Kodi ndingaimbidwe mlandu ngati ndalephera kutsatira lamulo?
Pokhapokha ngati lamulolo lili ndi maziko okwanira alamulo, lidadziwika ndipo lidaperekedwa kwa inu ngati munthu. Kuphatikiza apo, khothi la milandu limayang'ana ngati yankho lonse - kumangidwa, kuimbidwa mlandu ndi chilango kuphatikiza - linali lofanana. Muzochitika zamtendere popanda kuwonongeka, kuimbidwa mlandu kungalephereke malinga ndi lamulo la ECHR ngakhale kuti silinatsatire malamulo, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi kuchotsedwa ku milandu ina yonse.
Kodi kutsekeredwa kwa msewu nthawi zonse kumakhala chilango?
Osati malinga ndi tanthauzo lake. Khothi limayang'ana ngati kutsekedwako kukuposa vuto lachizolowezi la ziwonetsero komanso ngati kuwonongeka kwenikweni kapena ngozi kwa anthu ena kwachitika. Kutsekedwa kwa magalimoto kwa nthawi yayitali masana, kulepheretsa ntchito zadzidzidzi, kwaweruzidwa kuti kulangidwa. Kutsekedwa kwakanthawi ndi owonetsa omwe anakhala pansi popanda kuwonongeka kunapangitsa, m'milandu yofanana, kuti achotsedwe mu mlandu.
Kodi meya angaletse ziwonetsero?
Inde, koma pazifukwa zomwe zalembedwa mokwanira mu Nkhani 2 WOM komanso pambuyo podziwitsa. Kuletsa ndi njira yomaliza. Khothi limawunikiranso bwino mfundo, kufanana ndi kudalirana. Kuletsa konsekonse popanda umboni weniweni, kwenikweni, kumathetsedwa.
Kodi ine, monga wokonza, ndili ndi udindo pa zomwe ophunzira amachita?
Ayi, osati chifukwa cha udindo wanu monga wokonza zinthu. Kulakwa pa mlandu kumafuna kuti muzichita nokha mlandu kapena kuti mwatsogolera kapena kupangitsa kuti munthu wina achite zinthu zinazake. Kungokonza, kukhalapo kapena kuteteza ziwonetsero poyera sikukwanira kuti mugwirizane kapena kuyambitsa ziwawa.
Kodi "zotsatira zozizira" ndi chiyani ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani zili zofunikira mwalamulo?
Zotsatirapo zochititsa mantha zimachitika pamene kukakamiza milandu kapena kuopseza kuti anthu aimbidwe mlandu kukulepheretsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wofunikira. Makhothi amaganizira izi poyesa zilango: kuyankha milandu mopitirira muyeso kapena mopitirira muyeso kungatsutsane ndi Nkhani 11 ya ECHR, ngakhale mlanduwo utatsimikiziridwa mwalamulo. M'milandu yaposachedwa yokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo, chitetezochi mobwerezabwereza chinapangitsa kuti munthu achotsedwe m'milandu yonse kapena kuti achepetse zilango.
Kodi ndingatsutse chisankho cha meya chokhudza chiwonetsero changa?
Inde. Chitsutso chingaperekedwe ku boma motsutsana ndi chigamulo cha WOM, kenako ndi apilo ku khoti loyang'anira. Popeza ziwonetsero nthawi zambiri zimachitika njira yoyang'anira isanayambe, pempho la njira yochepetsera nthawi (kuyimitsa chisankho) ndilo njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera vutoli. Chidwi chovomerezeka chimapitirirabe ngakhale pambuyo pa ziwonetsero, kuti ziwunikenso za malamulo pambuyo pake.
Kodi ndimatetezedwa ku milandu yaupandu ndikachita nawo ziwonetsero?
Kuchita ziwonetsero kumatetezedwa ndi Nkhani 9 ya Constitution ya ku Netherlands ndi Nkhani 11 ya Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya, koma chitetezo ichi sichokwanira. Kusokoneza kapena kusokoneza kwakanthawi sikokwanira kutaya chitetezo chimenecho, koma kuchita upandu payekha, mosiyana ndi ziwonetsero zokha, kungakhale.
Kodi Khoti Lalikulu linagamula chiyani pa mlandu wopaka utoto wa tram?
Mu chigamulo cha 2025 chimenecho, mlandu unaloledwa chifukwa womenyera ufuluyo anawononga pomwe akanathanso kufotokoza maganizo ake m'njira zina, kusonyeza kuti chochita cholakwa cha munthu payekha chingalepheretse chitetezo chomwe nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa kwa owonetsa ziwonetsero.
Ndi milandu iti yomwe imachitika kawirikawiri pokhudzana ndi ziwonetsero?
Zitsanzo zomwe zatchulidwazi zikuphatikizapo chiwawa cha anthu onse (Nkhani 141 ya Criminal Code), kuyika pachiwopsezo magalimoto pamsewu (Nkhani 5 ya Road Traffic Act), ndi kulephera kutsatira lamulo lovomerezeka (Nkhani 184 ya Criminal Code).
Kodi makhothi amaona bwanji ngati kukakamiza munthu wochita ziwonetsero kuti achite ziwonetsero n'koyenera?
Makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso pang'onopang'ono omwe amayamba ndi ngati chiwonetserocho chinali chamtendere, popeza chiwonetsero chokhala ndi zolinga zachiwawa sichiteteza ufulu wofunikira.
