Kufika pa msinkhu wa penshoni ya boma la Dutch (AOW) ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri pazachuma, zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kwa ndalama zomwe mumapeza, misonkho, ndi zochita zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku. Kwa anthu osudzulana omwe amalipira kapena kulandira thandizo la ndalama kwa okwatirana, kusinthaku nthawi zambiri kumadzutsa funso lofunika kwambiri pazamalamulo lokhudza maudindo awo azachuma omwe akupitilira.
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kusamalira banja kumayima nthawi yomweyo wolandira kapena wolipira akayamba kulandira penshoni yawo ya AOW. Malamulo a mabanja aku Dutch amathetsa vutoli mozama kwambiri, kutengera tsatanetsatane wa ukwati wanu, mgwirizano wanu wa chisudzulo, komanso momwe mulili ndi ndalama.
Kumvetsetsa malamulo enieni okhudza kusamalira ana ndi kupuma pantchito kungakuthandizeni kupeŵa mavuto azachuma osayembekezereka kapena mikangano yayitali yamilandu. Bukuli likufotokoza malamulo omwe alipo, zinthu zofunika kuti muwonjezere nthawi yosamalira ana, komanso momwe ndalama zomwe mumapeza pa penshoni zimakhudzira ufulu wanu ndi maudindo anu azamalamulo.
Lamulo lalikulu lalamulo la alimony ndi kupuma pantchito
Malamulo akuluakulu olamulira alimony ya okwatirana ku Netherlands amapezeka mu Dutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, kapena BW). Malinga ndi Article 1:157 BW, alimony ya okwatirana siimatha yokha munthu akafika msinkhu wa AOW. M'malo mwake, udindowo umatha pambuyo pa nthawi inayake yovomerezeka, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa ukwati ndi zaka za wolandirayo.
Malire okhazikika a malamulo
Pa mabanja ambiri a masiku ano, lamulo limapereka nthawi yokwanira yopezera ndalama zothandizira banja. Udindowu nthawi zambiri umakhala wa zaka zosakwana zisanu, kapena theka la nthawi ya ukwati ngati ukwatiwo unatha zaka zosakwana khumi (Nkhani 1:157 ndime 1 BW).
Kuphatikiza apo, udindo wa alimony nthawi zonse umatha nthawi yomweyo ngati wolandirayo akwatiranso, alowa mu mgwirizano wolembetsedwa, kapena ayamba kukhala limodzi ndi mnzanu watsopano ngati kuti akwatirana (Nkhani 1:160 BW).
Kupatula ukwati wa zaka 15
Pali nkhani imodzi yeniyeni pomwe zaka za AOW zimakhala ngati mapeto ovuta a malamulo a alimony. Malinga ndi Article 1:157 ndime 2 BW, udindo wa alimony udzapitirira mpaka wolandirayo atafika zaka za AOW ngati zinthu ziwiri zokhwima zakwaniritsidwa:
- Ukwati unatenga zaka zoposa 15.
- Pa nthawi ya chisudzulo, wolandira thandizo la ndalama za makolo anali wamng'ono ndi zaka 10 kuposa zaka zoyenera za AOW.
Ngati muli m'gulu lapaderali, udindo wa alimony udzathadi mukafika msinkhu wa AOW. Nthawi zina zonse, tsiku lotha ntchito limalamulidwa ndi malire alamulo, tsiku lomwe munagwirizana mu pangano lanu la chisudzulo, kapena tsiku linalake lomwe woweruza milandu amalikhazikitsa.
Kukulitsa chithandizo chamankhwala kupitirira zaka za AOW
Nthawi zina, nthawi yokhazikika ya alimony imatha, koma wolandirayo amakumanabe ndi mavuto azachuma. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:157 ndime 7 BW, wolandira alimony akhoza kupempha khothi kuti liwonjezere nthawi yosamalira. Pempho ili liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene nthawi yoyambirira ya alimony itha.
Kuti apambane, wolandirayo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti kuthetsa vuto la alimony sikuvomerezeka malinga ndi miyezo yanzeru komanso chilungamo.
Umboni wofunika kwa wolandira
Makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso okhwima kwambiri poyesa zopempha zowonjezera nthawi. Udindo wonse wopereka umboni uli kwa wolandira thandizo la ndalama za makolo. Muyenera kupereka umboni weniweni wosonyeza zochitika zapadera.
Chofunika kwambiri, woweruza adzayang'ana kwambiri ngati wolandirayo wachita khama lokwanira kuti akhale wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu (monga ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BF3928) zimatsimikizira kuti wolandirayo ayenera kusonyeza kuti wachita zonse zomwe akuyembekezeka kuti apeze ndalama zake, monga kufunsira ntchito mwachangu kapena kupitiliza maphunziro.
Kodi kusowa penshoni kumatanthauza kuti nthawi yowonjezera ichitike?
Mfundo yomwe anthu ambiri amaika ndi yakuti analephera kupeza penshoni yokwanira panthawi ya ukwati kapena pambuyo pake. Ngakhale kusowa kwa penshoni ndi chifukwa chofunikira, makhoti apereka chigamulo chakuti izi zokha sizili vuto lapadera.
Oweruza nthawi zambiri amaona kuti kusowa kwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ngati chiopsezo chodziwikiratu chosagwira ntchito kapena kulephera kukonza ndalama zolipirira penshoni panthawi ya chisudzulo. Pokhapokha ngati kusowa kwa penshoni kumeneku kukuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zazikulu, zosayembekezereka monga mavuto azaumoyo osayembekezereka kapena kulephera kugwira ntchito mokwanira, woweruza sangathe kupereka nthawi yowonjezera chifukwa cha ndalama zochepa zopuma pantchito.
Momwe AOW ndi mapenshoni owonjezera amasinthira zosowa zachuma
Ngakhale nthawi ya alimony isanathe mwalamulo, kufika pa msinkhu wa AOW kungakhudzebe malipiro a mwezi uliwonse. Malinga ndi Article 1:401 BW, mbali iliyonse ikhoza kupempha kusintha kwa ndalama za alimony ngati pakhala kusintha kwakukulu pazochitika.
Wolandira thandizo la ndalama akayamba kulandira ndalama zothandizira komanso penshoni yowonjezera, ndalama zonse zomwe amapeza pamwezi zimasintha. Wokondedwa wakale amene amalipira anganene kuti ndalama zatsopanozi zimachepetsa kapena kuthetseratu zosowa za wolandirayo zachuma (behoefte) zosamalira zina.
Woweruza adzawerengera ndalama zomwe wolandirayo amapeza panopa, kuphatikizapo ndalama zomwe amalandira, ndikuziyerekeza ndi moyo womwe amakhala nawo panthawi ya ukwati. Ngati ndalama zopuma pantchito zili zokwanira kusunga muyezo umenewo, woweruzayo angachepetse ndalama zolipirira ana mpaka zero.
Udindo wa woweruza milandu ndi njira zalamulo
Pakabuka mikangano yokhudza thandizo la ndalama zothandizira ana ndi zaka za AOW, khoti limakhala ndi udindo wapadera komanso wochepa.
Palibe malingaliro ochokera kwa mkulu wina
Woweruza sangaganize kuti pali zifukwa zapadera zowonjezerera ndalama zothandizira ana. Ngati wolandirayo alephera kupereka umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira mavuto ake azachuma komanso khama lake lopeza ntchito, woweruzayo ayenera kukana pempho lowonjezera. Khothi sililoledwa kusonkhanitsa mfundo zina paokha kupatula zomwe magulu awiriwa apereka panthawi ya mlanduwo.
Mfundo yomvera mbali zonse ziwiri
Pa nthawi ya milanduyi, woweruza milanduyo amatsatira kwambiri Nkhani 19 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv), yomwe imatsimikizira ufulu womvedwa ( audi alteram partem ). Izi zikutanthauza kuti woweruza milanduyo ayenera kupatsa wolipirayo komanso wolandirayo mwayi woyankha mfundo zonse ndi umboni womwe waperekedwa. Woweruza milandu sangapange chisankho pa zikalata kapena malingaliro azachuma omwe chipani chinacho sichinapeze mwayi wowunikanso ndikutsutsa.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Kodi ndi mwayi wotani womwe wolandira thandizo la ndalama ali nawo wopempha kuti awonjezeredwe malinga ndi kuyenerera ndi chilungamo akafika msinkhu wa AOW?
Wolandirayo akhoza kupempha kuti awonjezere nthawi yake malinga ndi Nkhani 1:157 ndime 7 BW ngati kuthetsa vuto la alimony sikuvomerezeka kutengera kumveka bwino komanso chilungamo. Pempho ili liyenera kuperekedwa kukhothi mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene nthawi yoyambirira ya alimony yatha. Khothi limagwiritsa ntchito mayeso okhwima kwambiri, omwe amafuna kuti wolandirayo atsimikizire zochitika zapadera ndikuwonetsa kuti adachita khama lokwanira kuti akhale wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma.
Kodi wolipira ndalama za alimony angadziteteze ku nthawi yowonjezera ndalamayo ponena kuti wolandirayo sanachite khama lokwanira kuti akhale wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma?
Inde. Uwu ndi umodzi mwa njira zodzitetezera zolimba komanso zodziwika bwino zomwe wolipira ndalama zothandizira angagwiritse ntchito. Malamulo a Khoti Lalikulu amanena kuti woweruza ayenera kuganizira momveka bwino ngati wolandirayo adachita zonse zomwe amayembekezera kuti apeze ufulu wodzilamulira pazachuma. Ngati wolandirayo walephera kufunafuna ntchito kapena kusintha ndalama zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito, khothi mwina lingakane pempho lowonjezera nthawi.
Kodi ndi udindo wotani wotsimikizira womwe umakhala pa wolandira thandizo la ndalama akamawonetsa zochitika zapadera zowonjezera pambuyo pa zaka za AOW?
Wolandirayo ndiye ali ndi udindo wonse wopereka umboni. Ayenera kupereka zikalata zenizeni zosonyeza chifukwa chake kuchotsedwa ntchito sikuli koyenera. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupereka umboni wa zaka zawo, zolemba zachipatala ngati thanzi lawo ndi vuto, umboni wa ma fomu ofunsira ntchito, ndi tsatanetsatane wa momwe alili pazachuma zomwe zikusonyeza mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa zosowa zawo zachuma ndi ukwati wawo.
Kodi kusapeza ndalama zokwanira zothandizira penshoni kwa wolandirayo kumachita chiyani poyesa momwe zinthu zilili pazochitika zapadera?
Kusowa kwa ndalama zolipirira penshoni n'kofunika koma sizitanthauza kuti ndi vuto lalikulu. Makhothi nthawi zambiri amaona kuti kulephera kupanga penshoni ndi chiopsezo chodziwikiratu, makamaka ngati magulu awiriwa asankha kusapereka ndalama zolipirira penshoni panthawi ya chisudzulo. Izi zitha kuthandiza pempho lowonjezera pokhapokha ngati litaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zazikulu komanso zosayembekezereka monga matenda a nthawi yayitali.
Kodi wolipira ndalama zothandizira anthu okalamba anganene kuti wolandirayo akulandira ndalama zothandizira anthu okalamba komanso penshoni yowonjezera amachepetsa kufunika kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu okalamba?
Inde. Kulandira ndalama zothandizira ndi penshoni yowonjezera kumatanthauza kusintha kwa zinthu malinga ndi Nkhani 1:401 BW. Wolipirayo akhoza kupempha khoti kuti liwerengerenso ndalama zothandizira. Ngati ndalama zatsopano za wolandirayo zikukwanira mokwanira ndalama zomwe amafunikira pa moyo wake—poyerekeza ndi moyo wapabanja—woweruza milandu akhoza kuchepetsa udindo wa ndalama zothandizira kapena kuthetseratu.
Kodi woweruza milandu angayese bwanji ex officio ngati pali zochitika zapadera ngati wolandirayo apereka umboni wosakwanira?
Woweruza saloledwa kuyesa milandu yapadera ex officio (payekha). Lamulo limafuna kuti wolandira thandizo la ndalama za akaidi anene ndi kutsimikizira mlandu wake. Ngati wolandirayo apereka umboni wosakwanira wa milandu yapadera kapena kuyesetsa kwake kupeza ntchito, woweruzayo sangawonjezere mfundozo ndipo ayenera kukana pempho lowonjezera.
Kodi woweruzayo amakakamizidwa bwanji ndi mfundo yomvera mbali zonse ziwiri panthawi yowunikira milandu ya ex officio?
Woweruza milandu amatsatira mfundo yomvera mbali zonse ziwiri ( audi alteram partem ), monga momwe zalembedwera mu Article 19 Rv. Ngakhale khothi litapereka chigamulo kapena kupempha kuti lifotokozedwe bwino pa zikalata zinazake, mbali zonse ziwiri ziyenera kupatsidwa mwayi wonse wowunikiranso nkhaniyi ndikupereka mfundo zawo zotsutsana. Woweruza milandu sangapange chigamulo pa mfundo zomwe mbali imodzi sinathe kutsutsa.
Kuteteza tsogolo lanu la zachuma mukapuma pantchito
Kuyenda pakati pa zaka za penshoni za okwatirana ndi zaka za penshoni za boma kumafuna kusamala kwambiri ndi mfundo zenizeni za mgwirizano wanu wosudzulana ndi malamulo a ku Netherlands omwe alipo. Chifukwa lamuloli silimalola kuti munthu athetsedwe mwadzidzidzi akafika msinkhu wa AOW, kuganiza kuti ngongole zanu zachuma zatha kungayambitse zodabwitsa zambiri zalamulo.
Unikaninso pangano lanu la chisudzulo nthawi yayitali inu kapena mnzanu wakale musanayambe zaka zopuma pantchito. Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa zachuma kwanu kumafuna kusintha kapena kuwonjezera nthawi yosamalira banja, funsani loya wa zamalamulo a mabanja kuti aone umboni wanu ndikufotokozerani zomwe mungachite mwalamulo. Kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kumatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwanu kupita ku penshoni kumakhala kotetezeka komanso kodziwikiratu momwe mungathere.
