Lamulo la milandu ku Dutch: kodi milandu ya khothi imagwira ntchito bwanji?

Lamulo la milandu ku Netherlands limatumiza mlandu wa anthu ku khothi limodzi mwa makhothi awiri oyamba: khothi lachigawo (kantonrechter) kuti lipeze madandaulo okwana €25,000 komanso milandu yonse yantchito, yobwereka ndi ya ogula, komwe mungagwire ntchito popanda loya, ndi khothi lachigawo (rechtbank) pazinthu zina zonse, komwe loya ndi wokakamiza. Njirayi imalembedwa makamaka, nthawi zambiri ndi kumvetsera kamodzi pakamwa, ndipo apilo iyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu, kapena milungu inayi pambuyo pa milandu yachidule (kort geding).

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe mlandu wa khothi la anthu wamba ku Netherlands umagwirira ntchito: khothi liti, njira zoyendetsera nkhaniyi, umboni, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, apilo ndi njira zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mopita kukhothi.

Ndi malamulo ati omwe amalamulira milandu ya anthu aku Netherlands?

Ndondomeko ya milandu ya boma yalembedwa mu Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvorordering, Rv); ufulu wofunikira umachokera makamaka ku Dutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW). Dziko la Netherlands lili ndi malamulo a boma: malamulo ndiye gwero lalikulu, ndipo malamulo a Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) amawafotokoza.

Khoti lili ndi magawo atatu: makhoti a zigawo khumi ndi chimodzi, makhoti anayi a apilo (gerechtshof) ndi Khoti Lalikulu ku The Hague. Khoti laling'ono la chigawo ndi gawo la khoti la chigawo.

Ndi khoti liti lomwe limayendetsa mlandu wanu?

Malinga ndi Article 93 Rv, khothi lachigawo chaching'ono limamvera madandaulo okwana €25,000, ndi milandu yonse yokhudza ntchito, lendi, ngongole ya ogula ndi kugula kwa ogula mosasamala kanthu za mtengo wake. Madandaulo ena amapita ku gawo la milandu ya milandu ya khothi lachigawo.

Kusiyanako n'kofunika. Mu khoti laling'ono la chigawo, mutha kudziyimira nokha kapena kuthandizidwa ndi aliyense. Mu khoti la chigawo, khoti la apilo ndi Khoti Lalikulu, loya (woyimira milandu) amafunika. Mikangano pakati pa eni masheya ndi bungwe la board ingathenso kupita ku Bungwe la Makampani la Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo, lomwe lafotokozedwa m'nkhani yathu yokhudza Chipinda cha Makampani.

Pa milandu yamalonda yapadziko lonse, Khoti Lamalonda la Netherlands (NCC) mu Amsterdam amamva milandu m'Chingerezi ngati onse awiri agwirizana. M'milandu yodutsa malire, malamulo a EU okhudza ulamuliro (Brussels I bis Regulation) amasankha khoti la dziko lomwe lili ndi mphamvu.

Kodi mlandu wa kukhoti la ku Netherlands umayamba bwanji?

Milandu yambiri imayamba ndi chikalata choitanira milandu (dagvaarding), chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa wotsutsidwa ndi bailiff (gerechtsdeurwaarder). Milandu ina, monga zopempha zochotsa ntchito ndi milandu ya banja, imayamba ndi pempho (verzoekschrift) lomwe limaperekedwa kukhothi.

Chikalata choitanira mlandu chimafotokoza zomwe zanenedwa, zifukwa zake ndi umboni wake, ndipo chimanena tsiku loyamba la khoti. Musanapereke chikalata choitanira mlandu, nthawi zambiri mumatumiza kalata yopempha (sommatie) yomwe imapatsa munthu winayo nthawi yokwanira yolipira kapena kuchitapo kanthu. Ngati wotsutsidwayo sakubwera, khotilo likhoza kupereka chigamulo chosavomerezeka (verstek), koma limafufuzabe ngati zomwe zanenedwazo sizotsutsana ndi malamulo kapena zopanda maziko.

Kodi njira yochitira izi ndi iti?

Pambuyo pa kuyitanidwa, wotsutsidwayo amapereka umboni wolembedwa (conclusie van antwoord), nthawi zambiri mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, womwe ungawonjezedwe ngati wapemphedwa. Khothi nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mlandu wa pakamwa (mondelinge behandeling).

Pa mlanduwo, woweruza amafunsa mafunso, amafufuza ngati mgwirizano ungatheke ndipo amakambirana momwe mlanduwo udzapitirire. Ngati palibe mgwirizano womwe wapezeka, khothi limapereka chigamulo, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pa mlanduwo, kapena choyamba limapereka umboni wokhudza chigamulo cha kanthawi.

M'milandu yovuta, nkhani yachiwiri yolembedwa (yankho ndi yankho) imatsatira. Khothi lililonse limafalitsa malamulo ake oyendetsera milandu (rolreglement) okhala ndi nthawi yomaliza yomwe imagwira ntchito.

Kodi umboni umagwira ntchito bwanji pa milandu ya ku Dutch?

Lamulo lalikulu ndilakuti chipani chomwe chimadalira mfundo inayake chiyenera kutsimikizira ngati chipani chinacho chikutsutsa. Palibe chomwe chingachitike ngati cha ku America: mumapanga fayilo yanu ya zikalata.

Khothi likhoza kulamula chipani kuti chitsimikizire mfundo kudzera mwa mboni kapena katswiri. Mutha kupempha khothi kuti likupatseni mwayi wopeza zikalata zinazake zomwe chipani china chili nazo ngati muli ndi chidwi chovomerezeka, ndipo mutha kupempha kuti mboni zifufuzidwe kwakanthawi (voorlopig getuigenverhoor) mlandu usanayambe. Zikalata za chilankhulo chachilendo zingafunike kumasuliridwa mu Chidatchi.

Kodi mlandu wa khoti umawononga ndalama zingati?

Mumalipira ndalama za khothi (griffierecht) mlandu ukayamba; ndalamazo zimadalira khothi, mtengo wa zomwe mukufuna komanso ngati ndinu munthu payekha kapena kampani. Ndalama zomwe zilipo pano zafalitsidwa pa rechtspraak.nl.

Munthu wotayika nthawi zambiri amalamulidwa kulipira ndalama za mlandu wa wopambana, koma malinga ndi sikelo yokhazikika (liquidatietarief), osati ndalama zenizeni za loya. Chifukwa chake, mumakhala ndi ndalama zambiri za loya wanu, ngakhale mutapambana.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mukufunika njira zofotokozera mwachidule?

Milandu yomaliza (kort geding) ndi ya milandu yofulumira, mwachitsanzo kuletsa kuswa lamulo losapikisana kapena kupeza malipiro a ngongole yosatsutsika. Woweruza milandu woyambirira (voorzieningenrechter) amasankha mkati mwa milungu ingapo.

Chigamulocho ndi chakanthawi: chipani chikhoza kuyambabe milandu pamilandu. Apilo yotsutsana ndi chigamulo chachidule iyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa milungu inayi.

Kodi mumachita bwanji apilo pa chigamulo?

Malinga ndi Article 339 Rv, mupanga apilo kukhoti la apilo mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene chigamulocho chaperekedwa, kapena milungu inayi m'mayesero achidule. Apilo imachitika pokhapokha ngati pempholo likupitirira €1,750.

Khoti la apilo limaunikanso mlandu wonse, mfundo zonse ziwiri komanso malamulo. Pambuyo pa apilo, kutumizidwa ku Khoti Lalikulu kumachitika pokhapokha ngati pali malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera mlandu. Chigamulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokhazikika (uitvoerbaar bij voorraad), kotero apilo siimaletsa munthu winayo kuti asamachite zimenezo.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati wopempha?

• Kaya zomwe mukufuna zikugwirizana ndi zikalata: pangano, ma invoice, maimelo, ndi zolemba zotumizira.
• Kaya mwatumiza kalata yomveka bwino yopempha ntchito yokhala ndi nthawi yomaliza yoyenera.
• Ndi khoti liti lomwe lili ndi mphamvu komanso ngati pempholo lili pamwamba kapena pansi pa €25,000.
• Kaya pempholo lingakhale loletsedwa nthawi; madandaulo ambiri a mgwirizano amatha patatha zaka zisanu (Nkhani 3:307 BW).
• Kaya wotsutsidwayo angathe kulipiradi, kotero kuti chigamulo chiyenera kutsatiridwa.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wotsutsa?

• Tsiku loyamba la khoti pa pempho la kuitana: muyenera kuonekera pa tsiku limenelo, kapena mutha kuweruzidwa mosazengereza.
• Kaya mukufuna loya, zomwe ndi zofunika ku khoti la chigawo.
• Kaya muli ndi chiganizo chotsutsa (eis in reconventionie) choti mupereke ku chitetezo chanu.
• Ndi zikalata ziti ndi mboni zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe mwakumana nazo.
• Kaya kubweza ndalama kuli bwino kuposa mtengo ndi nthawi ya ndondomekoyi.

Kodi kuyimira pakati kapena kuweruza milandu kuli bwino kuposa kupita kukhothi?

Kuthetsa mkangano ndi kuweruza milandu ndi njira zina ngati onse awiri avomerezana. Kuthetsa mkangano ndi kodzipereka komanso kwachinsinsi; mkhalapakati wosalowerera ndale amathandiza maguluwo kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wawo, ndipo woweruza milandu amatha kutumiza maguluwo kuti akathetse mkanganowo panthawi ya mlandu.

Mu milandu yoweruza milandu, oweruza milandu m'modzi kapena angapo amapereka chigamulo chokakamiza m'malo mwa khothi. Bungwe la Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI) limayang'anira milandu yambiri yamalonda. Milandu yoweruza milandu imagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati maguluwo avomereza, nthawi zambiri mu gawo la mgwirizano, ndipo ndi yachinsinsi komanso nthawi zambiri imathamanga kuposa apilo kudzera m'makhothi.

Kwa magulu a opempha omwe ali ndi zopempha zofanana, kuchitapo kanthu pamodzi motsatira WAMCA kungakhale njira ina; onani zochita za magulu ku Netherlands.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi milandu ya ku Dutch?

Maloya athu oyendetsera milandu ya anthu amachita zinthu m'malo mwa makampani ndi anthu pawokha pamaso pa makhothi onse aku Dutch, m'Chingerezi ndi Chidatchi.

• Timayesa udindo wanu komanso mwayi ndi ndalama zomwe zingawonongedwe musanayambe.
• Timalemba ndi kutumiza kalata yopempha ndi chikalata choitanira anthu ku khoti.
• Timalemba zodzitetezera zanu ndi zotsutsa zilizonse zisanachitike nthawi yomaliza ya khothi.
• Tikukuyimirani pa msonkhano wa pakamwa komanso pa zokambirana zothetsa mkangano.
• Timayamba ndondomeko yachidule pamene mlandu wanu sungachedwe.
• Timapereka apilo mkati mwa miyezi itatu, kapena milungu inayi monga momwe tafotokozera mwachidule.

Chidule

• Khothi lachigawo chaching'ono limamvera madandaulo okwana €25,000 ndi milandu yonse ya ntchito, lendi ndi ogula; pamenepo simukusowa loya.
• Khoti la chigawo loposa €25,000 ndi loyenerera ndipo loya ndi wokakamizidwa.
• Ndondomekoyi imalembedwa makamaka, ndi mlandu umodzi wokha womwe woweruza amafufuza mgwirizano.
• Apilo mkati mwa miyezi itatu, kapena milungu inayi pambuyo pa milandu yomaliza; pokhapokha ngati pali zopempha zoposa €1,750.
• Gulu logonjetsedwa limalipira ndalama za wopambana pa sikelo yokhazikika yokha.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI