Siginecha yamagetsi: ndi liti pamene idzakhala yovomerezeka mwalamulo ku Netherlands?

Malinga ndi Article 3:15a ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), siginecha yamagetsi imakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi yolembedwa pamanja. Pa siginecha yamagetsi yoyenerera, izi zimachokera mwachindunji ku lamulo; siginecha yapamwamba kapena yosavuta yamagetsi imakhala ndi mphamvu imeneyo ngati njira yosainirayo inali yodalirika mokwanira, poganizira cholinga cha siginechayo ndi zina zonse.

Choncho, malamulo aku Dutch ndi ku Europe sapereka ukadaulo. Amakhazikitsa muyezo wodalirika womwe uyenera kufanana ndi zomwe zili pachiwopsezo. Malonda ena, monga kusamutsa nyumba kapena magawo mu kampani yachinsinsi (BV), sangasainidwe pakompyuta konse chifukwa amafunika chikalata chotsimikizira kuti kampaniyo ndi yovomerezeka.

Nchifukwa chiyani muyezo wodalirika uli wofunika?

Kusaina kofooka nthawi zambiri sikupangitsa kuti pangano likhale lopanda ntchito, koma kumafooketsa umboni wanu. Malinga ndi Article 6:217 BW, pangano limapangidwa ndi kupereka ndi kuvomereza, ndipo nthawi zambiri sipafunika kusaina konse.

Kusasaina kofooka kumakuwonongerani ndalama zambiri ndi udindo wanu kukhothi. Ngati munthu winayo akana kusaina ndipo mbiri yanu yokha ndi imelo ndi kudina, muyenera kutsimikizira kuti munthuyo wasaina ndipo akufuna kumangidwa. Malinga ndi Nkhani 159(2) ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv), chikalata chachinsinsi chosainidwa sichisonyeza kalikonse bola ngati siginecha yokanidwayo sinapezeke kwa wosainayo.

Chifukwa chake, khama lomwe mumachita kuti chikalatacho chitsimikizidwe liyenera kutsatira kuonekera kwa chikalatacho. Chivomerezo chamkati, chitsimikizo cha oda yachizolowezi ndi lendi ya zaka khumi ndi zisanu sizifunikira mulingo wofanana. Chidziwitso chathu chokhudza maudindo otsatira malamulo chimayika izi pachithunzi chachikulu.

Ndi malamulo ati aku Europe ndi aku Dutch omwe amagwira ntchito?

Maziko ake ndi Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, eIDAS Regulation, yomwe malamulo ake pa siginecha zamagetsi akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2016. Nkhani 3:15a BW ikunena za lamuloli ndipo imagwirizanitsa ndi lamulo la umboni la ku Netherlands.

Lamulo la eIDAS likunena kuti siginecha siingaletsedwe kukhala ndi mphamvu yalamulo kapena kuvomerezedwa ngati umboni chifukwa chakuti ndi yamagetsi kapena chifukwa chakuti siikuyenerera. Siginecha yamagetsi yoyenerera ili ndi mphamvu yofanana yalamulo monga siginecha yolembedwa pamanja m'maiko onse a EU.

Lamulo (EU) la 2024/1183, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 20 Meyi 2024, linasintha lamulo la eIDAS ndikuyambitsa European Digital Identity Wallet. Mayiko omwe ali mamembala ayenera kupereka chikwama kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2026, ndipo akuyembekezeka kukhala njira yodziwika bwino yotsimikizira kuti ndinu ndani mukasaina.

Kodi Nkhani 3:15a BW imati chiyani?

Nkhani 3:15a BW imapereka siginecha yoyenerera mofanana ndi yolembedwa pamanja. Siginecha yapamwamba kapena yosavuta yamagetsi imakhala ndi zotsatira zomwezo pokhapokha ngati njira yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito inali yodalirika mokwanira, poganizira cholinga cha siginecha ndi zochitika zina zonse za mlanduwo.

Choncho siginecha yosavuta si yovomerezeka. Siitsimikiziridwa mpaka mutatsimikizira, ndipo khoti limasankha ngati njirayo inali yodalirika mokwanira pa chikalatachi. Mu mapangano amalonda mungavomereze pasadakhale njira yosainira yomwe magulu onse awiri amavomereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkangano wotsatira wokhudza kudalirika usakhale wovomerezeka.

Kodi njira yamagetsi imatsekedwa liti?

Mapangano ena amafuna chikalata chotsimikizira kuti katundu ndi wovomerezeka ndipo sangamalizidwe ndi siginecha yamagetsi. Kusamutsa malo kumafuna chikalata chotsimikizira kuti katundu ndi wovomerezeka malinga ndi Nkhani 3:89 BW, ndipo kusamutsa magawo mu BV kumafuna chikalata chovomerezedwa pamaso pa notary wa ku Netherlands malinga ndi Nkhani 2:196 BW.

Pangano la ukwati ndi chifuniro zimatsatira njira yomweyo ya notarial; notari si wosankha pamenepo. Pamene lamulo limangofuna pangano lolembedwa, Nkhani 6:227a BW imavomereza pangano lamagetsi ngati lingafunsidwe ndi magulu, kutsimikizika kwake kumatsimikizika mokwanira, nthawi yomaliza ndi kudziwika kwa magulu zitha kutsimikiziridwa mokwanira.

Nkhani 6:227a(2) BW imachotsa mapangano omwe lamulo limafuna kuti khothi, bungwe la boma kapena katswiri wodziwa ntchito za boma agwire nawo ntchito. Choncho gawo loyamba nthawi zonse ndikuwunika ngati chikalata chanu chikufunika notary, sichikufunika kulemba, kapena sichikufuna chilichonse.

Kodi magawo atatu odziwika bwino ndi otani?

Lamulo la eIDAS limasiyanitsa magawo atatu, ndipo kusiyana kuli pa umboni. Siginecha yamagetsi yosavuta ndi deta iliyonse yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaina: dzina lolembedwa, kudina batani la "kuvomereza" kapena chithunzi chojambulidwa cha siginecha.

Siginecha yapamwamba yamagetsi imalumikizidwa mwapadera ndi wosaina, imamuzindikiritsa, imapangidwa ndi deta yomwe ili pansi pa ulamuliro wake, ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi chikalatacho kuti kusintha kulikonse kwamtsogolo kudziwike. Siginecha yoyenerera yamagetsi ndi siginecha yapamwamba yopangidwa ndi chipangizo chopanga siginecha yoyenerera ndipo imachokera ku satifiketi yoyenerera kuchokera kwa wopereka chithandizo cha trust pamndandanda wodalirika wa EU.

Siginecha yoyenerera yokha ndi yofanana ndi yolembedwa pamanja ndi lamulo. Pa magawo ena awiri, khothi limagwiritsa ntchito mayeso odalirika a Article 3:15a BW. Gwiritsani ntchito siginecha yosavuta pomwe kuwonekera kuli kochepa ndipo ubalewo wathetsedwa; gwiritsani ntchito siginecha yapamwamba pa mapangano amtengo wapatali kapena anthawi yayitali komanso kwa ogwirizana nawo osawadziwa.

Kodi kusaina kumasonyeza chiyani mu milandu ya ku Dutch?

Chikalata chachinsinsi chosainidwa (onderhandse akte) chimapereka umboni wokhutiritsa (dwingend bewijs) pakati pa magulu a mawu omwe ali mkati mwake, motsatira Nkhani 157(2) Rv. Ngati mbali ina ikukana mwamphamvu kusaina, Nkhani 159(2) Rv imachotsa mphamvu yotsimikizira mpaka mutatsimikizira komwe kusaina kunachokera.

Ndi siginecha yoyenerera, umboni umenewo ndi wosavuta chifukwa satifiketi ndi deta yowunikira zimazindikiritsa wosayina. Ndi siginecha yosavuta, chilichonse chimadalira zomwe nsanja yanu yosainira idalemba panthawiyo. Cholembedwa chimenecho sichingamangidwenso pambuyo pake.

Kodi mumatsimikiza bwanji kuti ndinu ndani, cholinga chanu, ndi umphumphu wanu?

Mumatsimikizira kuti ndinu ndani ndi zomwe ndondomekoyi ikulemba musanagwiritse ntchito siginecha. Ulalo wotumizidwa pa imelo umangotsimikizira kuti ndi wolamulira bokosi la makalata; chinthu chachiwiri pafoni, kutsimikizira kuti banki yachita bwino, kuwunika chizindikiritso pogwiritsa ntchito kanema kapena satifiketi yoyenerera, zonsezi zimakweza mulingo ndikusiya mbiri.

Pamene anthu angapo ali ndi login imodzi m'dipatimenti, njirayi siitsimikizira chilichonse chokhudza munthu amene wasaina. Ichi ndi chilema chomwe chimachitika mobwerezabwereza m'mafayilo a ntchito ndi kugula zinthu, ndipo ndi mfundo yomwe khoti lidzayese motsatira Article 159(2) Rv.

Cholinga chikuwonetsedwa ndi lamuloli: kutsegula chikalatacho, kusuntha mkati mwake ndikusankha kusaina mtundu womwe waperekedwa. Nsanja yomwe imalemba hash ya chikalatacho, nthawi, kutsimikizika komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso ndondomeko ya masitepe imakupatsani umboniwo. Kukhulupirika ndi mbali yaukadaulo: chikalata chotsekedwa chikuwonetsa kusintha kulikonse pambuyo pake, kotero kukonza pambuyo posaina kumafuna kuzungulira kwatsopano kosainira.

Kodi muyenera kusunga nthawi yayitali bwanji powerengera ndalama?

Sungani njira yowunikira ndi chikalata chosainidwa kwa nthawi yosachepera nthawi yosunga zolemba zomwe zili mkati. Malinga ndi Nkhani 52(4) ya General State Taxes Act (AWR), mabizinesi ayenera kusunga zolemba zawo zokhudzana ndi msonkho kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Njira yowunikira iyenera kusonyeza amene anaitanidwa, amene anatsegula chikalatacho, momwe anavomerezera, nthawi yomwe anasaina komanso zotsatira za kutsimikizira kwa satifiketi iliyonse panthawi yosaina. Zikalata zimatha, kotero siginecha imatha kutsimikiziridwa pambuyo pake pokhapokha ngati kutsimikizirako kunalembedwa pamene kunapangidwa.

Kodi ma siginecha apakompyuta amalakwika pati?

Zolephera zambiri zimatsatira njira zinayi. Choyamba ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa kutsimikizira komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mtengo wa chikalatacho, monga kusaina pangano lofunika chaka chimodzi.

Chachiwiri ndi bokosi la makalata logawana kapena lolowera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kulumikiza siginecha ndi munthu. Chachitatu ndi siginecha wopanda mphamvu zomangirira kampaniyo: fufuzani yemwe angaimire kampaniyo mu Chamber of Commerce (KVK) kaundula wamalonda asanasainidwe, osati pambuyo pake. Chachinayi ndi mbiri yosakwanira, pomwe kulembetsa kwa nsanja kumatha ndipo deta yowunikira imasowa nayo.

Musanasainire pangano , gwirizanani za siginecha yomwe chikalatacho chikufuna komanso omwe mbali iliyonse ingagwiritse ntchito. Ngati wina wasaina m'malo mwa munthu wina, lembani mosamala mphamvu ya loya monga momwe siginechayo imachitira.

Ndi zikalata ziti zomwe zimafunika chisamaliro chapadera?

Zigawo zina zimakhala zovomerezeka pokhapokha ngati zavomerezedwa m'malemba. Malinga ndi Nkhani 7:652(2) BW, nthawi yoyeserera iyenera kuvomerezedwa m'malemba, ndipo malinga ndi Nkhani 7:653 BW, gawo lopanda mpikisano liyenera kuvomerezedwa pokhapokha ngati zavomerezedwa m'malemba ndi wantchito wamkulu.

Pangano la ntchito lomwe lasainidwa kudzera pa tsamba la HR limakwaniritsa zofunikira zolembedwazo pokhapokha ngati likukwaniritsa Article 6:227a BW: wantchito akhoza kuwona zomwe zalembedwazo ndipo nthawi yosainira ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa. Kwa makampani ena omwe ali kunja kwa EU, onani ngati siginechayo idzazindikirika pamenepo, chifukwa lamulo lofanana la eIDAS Regulation limakhudza EU yokha.

Kodi mumapanga bwanji njira yosainira yomwe imagwira ntchito?

Ndondomeko yogwira ntchito yosainira ikugwirizana ndi tsamba limodzi. Sanjani zikalata zanu m'magawo atatu, lumikizani gawo lililonse ndi mulingo wosainira, dzina la omwe angasayine gawo lililonse, sungani njira yowunikira ndi chikalatacho, ndikulemba zochitika zomwe ziyenera kupita kwa notary motsatira Nkhani 3:89 ndi 2:196 BW.

Yesani ndondomekoyi pogwiritsa ntchito mapangano anu wamba komanso mogwirizana ndi mapangano omwe anzanu akuluakulu amakupemphani kuti musayine. Gulu lachiwiri nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa simulamulira nsanja yawo yosainira kapena zolemba zake.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani musanagwiritse ntchito siginecha yamagetsi?

Kaya mwasaina kapena mwapempha wina kuti asayine, macheke omwewo amagwiranso ntchito. Chitani izi musanayambe nthawi yosaina.

• Chongani ngati chikalatacho chikufunikira chikalata cha notarial (malo ogulitsa nyumba, magawo a BV) kapena fomu yolembedwa yokha motsatira Article 6:227a BW.
• Sankhani mulingo wosainira (wosavuta, wapamwamba kapena woyenerera) womwe ukugwirizana ndi mtengo ndi nthawi ya mgwirizano.
• Chongani mu KVK kaundula wamalonda kuti wosaina aliyense akhoza kuyimira kampaniyo.
• Onetsetsani kuti nsanjayo ikulemba macheke a chizindikiritso, nthawi zoikika, ndi hash ya chikalata.
• Sign only the final version, and make sure every party receives a copy of the signed document.
• Sungani njira yowunikira ndi pangano kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu ndi ziwiri.
• Kwa mnzake wakunja kwa EU, tsimikizani kuti siginechayo idzavomerezedwa mdzikolo.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi ma signature apakompyuta?

Maloya athu a IT ndi maloya a contract amagwira ntchito yosainira mabizinesi pa intaneti.

• Timawunikanso mfundo zanu zosainira ndipo timalumikiza mtundu uliwonse wa pangano ndi mulingo woyenera wa siginecha.
• Timafufuza ngati pangano linalake lingasainidwe pakompyuta kapena ngati likufunika notary.
• Timawunikanso ziganizo zomwe zimafuna kulembedwa, monga nthawi yoyeserera ndi ziganizo zosapikisana.
• Timawunika momwe kafukufukuyu adayendera komanso umboni wake pamene winayo akana kuti sanasainire.
• Timachita milandu yomwe kutsimikizika kwa siginecha yamagetsi kumatsutsidwa.

Chidule

• Malinga ndi Article 3:15a BW, siginecha yoyenerera yamagetsi imafanana ndi yolembedwa pamanja; siginecha zina zamagetsi zimatero ngati njirayo inali yodalirika mokwanira.
• Ngati mbali ina ikakana kusaina, Article 159(2) Rv imafuna kuti mutsimikizire komwe idachokera.
• Kusamutsa malo ndi kusamutsa magawo a BV kumafuna chikalata cha notarial ndipo sichingasainidwe pakompyuta.
• Zofunikira zolembedwa zitha kukwaniritsidwa pakompyuta motsatira zomwe zili mu Article 6:227a BW.
• Sungani njira yowerengera ndalama mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano; zolemba zokhudzana ndi msonkho ziyenera kusungidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI