Kuvomerezeka kwa mgwirizano motsatira lamulo la Dutch: ndi zinthu ziti zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zikufunika?

Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, pangano limapangidwa ndi chopereka ndi kuvomereza kwake, ndipo kwenikweni popanda china chilichonse: palibe kulemba, palibe kusaina komanso palibe mwambo wofunikira (Nkhani 3:37 ndi 6:217 za Dutch Civil Code). Kupatulapo ndi gulu laling'ono la mapangano omwe lamulo limalemba fomu, monga kugula nyumba kwa kasitomala kapena kusamutsa malo, zomwe zimafuna chikalata cholembedwa kapena chikalata cha notarial.

Ufulu umenewo wa fomu ndi chifukwa chake mgwirizano wopangidwa kudzera pa imelo kapena pafoni umagwirizana kwambiri ngati womwe uli papepala. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mapangano alephereke sichingakhale chikalata chomwe sichikusowa. Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi: kupereka ndi kuvomereza, chifuniro ndi kulengeza, mphamvu, chilolezo chopanda zilema, zomwe zili zovomerezeka komanso zotsimikizika, ndipo, pamene lamulo likufuna, fomu yoyenera.

Kodi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zili mu mgwirizano wovomerezeka ndi ziti?

Pangano lovomerezeka motsatira malamulo a ku Netherlands limafuna: (1) chopereka ndi kuvomereza kofanana, (2) chifuniro chogwirizana ndi zomwe zidalengezedwa, kapena kudalira koyenera pa chilengezocho, (3) magulu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka, (4) chilolezo chopanda cholakwika, kuopseza, chinyengo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu, (5) zomwe zili zovomerezeka komanso zokwanira komanso (6) fomu yolembedwa, ngati ilipo.

Mosiyana ndi malamulo a Chingerezi kapena aku America, malamulo a ku Netherlands safuna kuganiziridwa, kutanthauza kuti chinthu china choperekedwa pobwezera. Lonjezo lopanda malipiro lingakhalenso lolimba. Ndipo pangano lolembedwa nthawi zambiri silikhala lovomerezeka, koma ndi umboni wabwino kwambiri wa zomwe zinavomerezedwa.

Zotsatira za chilema zimasiyana. Zilema zina zimapangitsa kuti panganoli likhale lopanda ntchito ( nietig ): silinakhalepo ndi mphamvu yalamulo. Zina zimapangitsa kuti likhale lopanda ntchito ( vernietigbaar ): limakhala logwira ntchito mpaka chipani chotetezedwa chitathetsa, ndi mawu olembedwa kapena kudzera m'khothi (Nkhani 3:49 ndi 3:50 ya Civil Code).

1. Kodi pali chopereka ndi kuvomereza kofanana?

Pangano limapangidwa pamene pempho lavomerezedwa (Nkhani 6:217 ya Civil Code). Kuvomereza kumayamba kugwira ntchito pamene kwafika kwa munthu amene wapereka pempho (Nkhani 3:37(3)).

Pamodzi, kupereka ndi kuvomereza zimapangitsa kuti maganizo a anthu agwirizane ( wilsovereenstemming ) zomwe ndi maziko a mgwirizano uliwonse. Popanda mgwirizanowu, palibe mgwirizano womwe ungagwire ntchito, ngakhale kuti mawu olembedwawo angakhale omveka bwino.

Kodi chopereka ndi chiyani malinga ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands?

Chopereka ( aanbod ) ndi lingaliro lolunjika mokwanira kuti mbali ina ingathe kupanga pangano mwa kungonena inde. Liyenera kukhala ndi mfundo zofunika, monga katundu kapena ntchito, mtengo, ndi, ngati kuli koyenera, kuchuluka ndi kutumiza.

Chopereka chomveka bwino chingakhale: “Ndikugulitsani mayunitsi 1,000 pa €5 iliyonse, ndikutumizidwa ku nyumba yanu yosungiramo katundu pofika pa 15 Marichi.” Mawu osamveka bwino monga akuti “Ndikhoza kupereka pamtengo wabwino posachedwa” si chopereka koma pempho loti tikambirane.

Malamulo aku Dutch amasiyana pano ndi malamulo aku England. Kutsatsa, mndandanda wamitengo kapena mndandanda wa pa intaneti wokhala ndi mtengo ukhoza kukhala chopereka motsatira malamulo aku Dutch. Chifukwa chake ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amawonjezera kuti zopereka zawo sizili ndi udindo ( vrijblijvend ) kapena zimadalira kupezeka. Chopereka choterocho chikhoza kuthetsedwa nthawi yomweyo mutalandira.

Kodi chopereka chingathetsedwe?

Kwenikweni inde, bola ngati sichinavomerezedwe. Kuchotsedwako kuyenera kufika kwa winayo asanatumize kuvomereza (Nkhani 6:219 ya Civil Code).

Chopereka sichingathetsedwe ngati chili ndi nthawi yovomerezeka kapena chikunena kuti sichingasinthe. Chopereka choperekedwa pakamwa chimatha ngati sichinavomerezedwe nthawi yomweyo. Chopereka cholembedwa chimatha ngati sichinavomerezedwe mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera (Nkhani 6:221).

Kodi chopereka chingalandiridwe bwanji?

Mu mtundu uliwonse: pakamwa, polemba, pa imelo, podina batani kapena pochita zinthu, monga kuyamba ntchito. Chofunika ndichakuti kuvomerezako kukugwirizana bwino ndi zomwe zaperekedwazo ndipo kufikira winayo.

Kuvomereza pakompyuta, mwachitsanzo podina "Ndikuvomereza", kumapanga mgwirizano womangirira ngati choperekacho chinali chomveka bwino. Pa mapangano opangidwa pa intaneti, wogulitsa ayenera kutsimikizira kulandira kuvomereza pakompyuta popanda kuchedwa (Nkhani 6:227c ya Civil Code). Fomuyi siili yofunika kwenikweni kuposa ngati magulu onse awiri agwirizana ndi mawu omwewo.

Nanga bwanji ngati kuvomerezako kukusiyana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa?

Ndiye kuti kwenikweni ndi chopereka chatsopano. Komabe, ngati kuvomereza kumasiyana pa mfundo zazing'ono zokha, kumawerengedwabe ngati kuvomereza ndipo pangano limapangidwa malinga ndi zomwe zalandiridwa, pokhapokha ngati woperekayo atsutsa kusiyanako nthawi yomweyo (Nkhani 6:225(1) ndi (2)).

Choncho, lamulo la ku Netherlands siligwiritsa ntchito lamulo lokhwima lokhala ndi chithunzi chowonekera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wogula avomereza mtengo koma akupempha kuti abweretsedwe tsiku lina pambuyo pake, zimenezo zingakhale kusiyana pang'ono. Kusintha kwa mtengo kapena gawo la udindo nthawi zambiri sikoyenera.

Ngati zopereka ndi kuvomereza chilichonse chikutanthauza mawu ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, kutchulidwa kwachiwiri sikukhudza ngati sikukana momveka bwino mawu a chipani choyamba (Nkhani 6:225(3)). Ili ndiye lamulo loyamba. Pa mapangano ndi magulu ochokera kumayiko ena, Msonkhano Wogulitsa wa Vienna (CISG) ungagwire ntchito, womwe uli ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana.

2. Kodi chifuniro ndi chilengezo zikugwirizana?

Lamulo lalamulo limafuna chifuniro chomwe chimayang'ana pa zotsatira zalamulo, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu chikalata cholengeza (Nkhani 3:33 ya Civil Code). Ngati chifuniro ndi chikalatacho sizikugwirizana, mbali ina imatetezedwa ngati idalira mokwanira chikalatacho (Nkhani 3:35).

Nthawi zambiri mumakakamizidwa ndi zomwe mwanena kapena kusaina, ngakhale mutatanthauza zinazake, bola ngati winayo angamvetse bwino mawu anu monga momwe mwanenera. Cholakwika chodziwikiratu chomwe winayo ayenera kuti adachiwona, monga mtengo womwe ukusowa zero, sichikukukakamizani.

Chifunirocho chiyeneranso kukhala ndi cholinga chalamulo ( rechtsgevolg ). Muzochita zamabizinesi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa. Pazinthu zokhudzana ndi anthu kapena mabanja, monga lonjezo lopatsa mnzanu ndalama, nthawi zambiri sizimachitika.

3. Kodi mbali zonse ziwiri zili ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka?

Aliyense wazaka 18 kapena kuposerapo (Nkhani 1:233 ya Civil Code) ali ndi mphamvu zonse zalamulo ( handelingsbekwaamheid ), pokhapokha ngati khoti laletsa. Pangano lomwe lapangidwa ndi munthu wopanda mphamvu ndi losatha (Nkhani 3:32 ya Civil Code).

Kodi malamulo a ana ndi akuluakulu otetezedwa ndi ati?

Mwana wachinyamata akhoza kupanga pangano ndi chilolezo cha woimira wake, nthawi zambiri makolo ake (Nkhani 1:234). Chilolezo chimaganiziridwa pa mapangano omwe ndi achizolowezi kwa ana azaka zimenezo, monga kugula zinthu zazing'ono tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kwa akuluakulu, khoti likhoza kupereka njira zitatu zodzitetezera. Pansi pa utsogoleri ( curatele , Buku 1, Mutu 16), wamkulu amataya mphamvu zake mwalamulo ndipo womusamalira ( curator ) amachitapo kanthu m'malo mwake. Pansi pa utsogoleri wodziteteza ( beschermingsbewind , Mutu 19), woyang'anira ( bewindvoerder ) amasamalira katundu wa munthuyo. Pansi pa utsogoleri ( mentorschap , Mutu 20), mphunzitsi amasankha chisamaliro ndi nkhani zaumwini. Mapangano okhudza katundu wolamulidwa amafunika mgwirizano wa woyang'anira.

Ndani angasayine kampani kapena bungwe?

Munthu yekha amene ali ndi chilolezo choyimira kampaniyo. Pangano losainidwa ndi munthu wopanda chilolezo silimangirira kampaniyo, pokhapokha ngati kampaniyo yavomereza kapena yapanga mawonekedwe a ulamuliro.

Kwa kampani yachinsinsi yokhala ndi malire ( BV ), bungweli limayimira kampaniyo, ndipo zolemba za bungweli zingafune kuti owongolera awiri asayine pamodzi (Nkhani 2:240 ya Civil Code). Ena angachitepo kanthu potengera mphamvu ya loya.

Malinga ndi Article 3:61(2) ya Civil Code, kampani imakhalabe ndi udindo ngati yakupatsani zifukwa zomveka zoganizira kuti wosayinayo wavomerezedwa. Musadalire zimenezo. Ndi bwino kufufuza pasadakhale.

Kodi mumayesa bwanji mphamvu ndi ulamuliro wosainira?

Chongani chigawo kuchokera ku Kaundula wa Zamalonda wa Chamber of Commerce (KVK) kuti muwone yemwe angaimire kampaniyo komanso ngati pali zoletsa. Pa mapangano ofunikira, funsani umboni wolembedwa waulamuliro, monga chigamulo cha bungwe kapena mphamvu ya loya, musanasayine. Kwa anthu payekha, mutha kupempha kuti akudziwitseni, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, onani kaundula wa boma wa utsogoleri ndi kayendetsedwe ka kampani (curatele- en bewindregister).

4. Kodi chilolezocho chilibe zolakwika?

Pangano lingathe kuthetsedwa ngati linapangidwa motsatira chiwopsezo, chinyengo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu (Nkhani 3:44 ya Civil Code) kapena chifukwa cha kulakwitsa (Nkhani 6:228). Panganoli limatha kuthetsedwa, osati kungothetsedwa lokha.

Kodi pali cholakwika liti (dwaling)?

Pali cholakwika ngati simunamalize panganolo mukadadziwa zoona zenizeni. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:228, mutha kuthetsa panganolo ngati cholakwikacho chachitika chifukwa cha mfundo zolakwika kuchokera kwa munthu winayo, ngati munthu winayo akanayenera kukuuzani zinazake koma osalankhula kalikonse, kapena ngati mbali zonse ziwiri zinaganiza zolakwika zomwezo.

Pali malire. Simungathe kuletsa ngati cholakwikacho chikukhudza zochitika zamtsogolo zokha, kapena ngati ndi chiopsezo chanu nokha poganizira mtundu wa mgwirizano, maganizo a anthu onse kapena zochitikazo. Wogula alinso ndi udindo wofufuza: munthu amene akanatha kufufuza mosavuta zoona zake alibe malo okwanira oti achite cholakwikacho.

Kodi ndi liti pamene pamakhala chinyengo, kuopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu?

Chinyengo ( bedrog ) chimachitika pamene munthu winayo akukukakamizani mwadala kuti mugwirizane ndi pangano mwa kupereka mfundo zolakwika, kukhala chete pa zomwe ayenera kukuuzani, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chinyengo china. Chiwopsezo ( bedrog ) chimachitika pamene munthu wina akukukakamizani kuti mugwirizane ndi pangano mwa kukuopsezani inu kapena munthu wina mosaloledwa kuti akupwetekeni.

Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu ( misbruik van omstandigheden ) kumachitika pamene winayo akudziwa kapena ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti mukuchita zinthu pazochitika zapadera, monga mkhalidwe wadzidzidzi, kudalira, kusasamala, matenda amisala osazolowereka kapena kusadziwa zambiri, ndipo kumakupangitsanibe kupanga pangano lomwe iye akanayenera kukuletsani kupanga. Zonse zitatuzi zili mu Nkhani 3:44.

Ufulu wochotsa lamuloli ndi woletsedwa patatha zaka zitatu chiwopsezo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu zitatha, kapena pambuyo poti chinyengo kapena cholakwika chapezeka (Nkhani 3:52 ya Civil Code). Choncho musadikire nthawi yayitali.

5. Kodi zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi ndi zovomerezeka komanso zotsimikizika mokwanira?

Pangano lomwe cholinga chake kapena zomwe zili mkati mwake sizikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino kapena dongosolo la anthu onse ndi lopanda ntchito (Nkhani 3:40(1) ya Civil Code). Zoyenerazo ziyeneranso kutsimikizika (Nkhani 6:227).

Kodi n’chiyani chimapangitsa kuti mgwirizano ukhale wosaloledwa?

Zitsanzo ndi mapangano a ntchito zosaloledwa, mapangano opangidwa kuti athandize chinyengo, kapena mapangano omwe amaletsa mpikisano kuphwanya lamulo la mpikisano. Mapangano oterewa amaphwanya bata la anthu ( openbare ord ) kapena makhalidwe abwino ( goede zeden ) ndipo alibe mphamvu yalamulo.

Pangano lomwe limaphwanya lamulo lovomerezeka ndi losagwiranso ntchito. Komabe, ngati lamuloli likungoteteza m'modzi mwa omwe ali mbali imodzi, panganoli limangotha ​​ntchito, ndipo ndi gulu lomwelo lokha lomwe lingaligwiritse ntchito (Nkhani 3:40(2)). Malamulo ambiri oteteza ogula amagwira ntchito motere.

Kodi maudindo ayenera kukhala otsimikizika bwanji?

Zoyenera ziyenera kudziwika bwino pamene mgwirizano watha (Nkhani 6:227). Izi sizikutanthauza kuti zonse ziyenera kulembedwa: mtengo ukhoza kudziwika pambuyo pake pogwiritsa ntchito njira kapena chizindikiro, mwachitsanzo. Koma ngati sizingatheke kukhazikitsa zomwe maguluwo ayenera kuchita, palibe mgwirizano womwe ungakakamizedwe.

Malamulo aku Dutch saona mgwirizano ngati wopanda ntchito chifukwa choti kuchita bwino sikungatheke kuyambira pachiyambi. Zotsatira zake zimathetsedwa motsatira malamulo okhudza kulakwitsa kapena kusachita bwino.

Kodi zoopsa zomwe zili m'magawo olamulidwa ndi ziti?

M'magawo monga ntchito zachuma, chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi kutchova juga, kuchita popanda chilolezo chofunikira kungakhudze mgwirizano. Kaya ndi wopanda ntchito kapena wongotayika kumadalira cholinga cha lamulo la chilolezo (Nkhani 3:40(2) ya Civil Code), choncho yang'anani chilolezo musanasayine.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati pangano silikugwira ntchito?

Palibe mbali iliyonse yomwe iyenera kuchita, ndipo zomwe zalipidwa kale kapena kuperekedwa ziyenera kubwezedwa ngati malipiro osayenera ( onverschuldigde betaling , Article 6:203 of the Civil Code). Ngati kubwezeretsa ntchito sikungatheke, mtengo wake uyenera kulipidwa, ngakhale khothi lingachepetse zimenezo pa mapangano otsutsana ndi makhalidwe abwino.

6. Kodi panganoli lili ndi fomu yofunikira?

Mapangano ambiri ndi opanda mawonekedwe ( vormvrij ): ndi ogwira ntchito popanda chikalata chilichonse (Nkhani 3:37). Mapangano angapo amafuna chikalata cholembedwa kapena chikalata cha notarial, ndipo popanda icho amakhala opanda ntchito kapena osagwira ntchito.

Kodi malamulo aku Dutch amafuna liti fomu yolembedwa kapena yovomerezeka?

Zitsanzo zodziwika kwambiri ndi izi:

• Kusamutsa malo ndi kupanga ngongole ya nyumba kumafuna chikalata chovomerezeka cholembetsedwa m'mabuku a anthu onse (Nkhani 3:89 ndi 3:260 za Civil Code).
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa BV kapena NV ndi kusamutsa magawo ake kumafuna chikalata cha notarial (pa Nkhani za BV 2:175 ndi 2:196, pa Nkhani za NV 2:64 ndi 2:86).
• Kugula nyumba kwa kasitomala kuyenera kulembedwa (Nkhani 7:2). Kenako wogulayo ali ndi nthawi yopumula ya masiku atatu.
• Mu mapangano a ntchito, nthawi yoyeserera ndi gawo losapikisana limagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati agwirizana polemba (Nkhani 7:652 ndi 7:653).
• Chitsimikizo choperekedwa ndi munthu payekha chingatsimikizidwe kokha ndi chikalata chosainidwa ndi munthuyo (Nkhani 7:859).

Ndi zigawo ziti zomwe mgwirizano uliwonse uyenera kukhala nazo?

Osachepera magulu, maudindo, mtengo ndi malipiro, masiku operekera katundu, udindo, kutha kwa ntchito, mphamvu yaikulu komanso kuthetsa mikangano.

Malamulo a Zachikhalidwe amadzaza mipata pa zomwe magulu awiriwa adagwirizana, ndipo zofunikira za kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo ( redelijkheid en billijkheid , Article 6:248) zitha kuwonjezera kapena kuchotsa maudindo. Mgwirizano womveka bwino umaletsa kusatsimikizika kumeneko.

Mungapeze zambiri pa izi munkhani yathu yokhudza mitundu ya mapangano amalonda komanso ngati mapangano apakamwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Ndi chilankhulo chiti, lamulo ndi khoti lomwe muyenera kusankha?

Mungathe kulemba pangano m'chilankhulo chilichonse. Gawo losankha lamulo limasankha lamulo la dziko lomwe limayang'anira panganolo; gawo lolamulira limasankha khothi lomwe limasamalira mikangano.

Mu EU, lamulo la Rome I limayang'anira kusankha malamulo ndipo lamulo la Brussels I bis limayang'anira kusankha khothi.

Nanga bwanji za mapangano odutsa malire ndi gawo la Dutch?

Ngakhale mutasankha lamulo lina, malamulo ofunikira a ku Dutch omwe amateteza ogula ndi antchito angagwirebe ntchito. Wogula kapena wantchito sangataye chitetezo cha lamulo lofunikira la dziko lomwe amakhala kapena lomwe nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito mwa kusankha lamulo (Nkhani 6 ndi 8 za lamulo la Rome I).

Kodi ma signature apakompyuta ndi ovomerezeka, ndipo muyenera kusunga mapangano kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Inde. Siginecha yamagetsi imakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi yolembedwa pamanja ngati njirayo ndi yodalirika mokwanira (Nkhani 3:15a ya Civil Code). Siginecha yamagetsi yoyenerera motsatira EU eIDAS Regulation nthawi zonse imakhala ndi zotsatira zimenezo.

Sungani zolemba zoyambirira zosainidwa kapena makope odalirika kwa nthawi yonse ya mgwirizano kuphatikiza nthawi yocheperako. Nthawi zambiri pempho loti mugwire ntchito silimaperekedwa patatha zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene linaperekedwa (Nkhani 3:307 ya Civil Code). Mabizinesi ayeneranso kusunga zolemba zawo kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuti azilipira msonkho.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati gulu lomwe likupereka choperekacho?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:217 ya Civil Code, pempho lanu limakhala pangano likangolandiridwa. Onani mfundo izi musanatumize:

• Tchulani nthawi yoti muvomereze, kapena lembani kuti pempholi ndi lopanda chikakamizo (vrijblijvend) ngati mukufuna kukhala ndi ufulu wochotsa (Nkhani 6:219).
• Phatikizanipo mawu ofunikira: katundu kapena ntchito, mtengo, kuchuluka ndi tsiku lotumizira.
• Lengezani malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zanu zonse zomwe zikugwira ntchito ndipo perekani izi musanayambe kapena mukamaliza pangano.
• Onetsetsani ngati kuvomerezako kukusiyana ndi zomwe mwapereka; tsutsani mosazengereza ku kusiyana komwe simukuvomereza (Nkhani 6:225).
• Chongani mu KVK fotokozani kuti munthu amene akuvomereza kampani inayo ali ndi chilolezo chosaina.

Kodi muyenera kuwona chiyani pamene chipani chikuvomereza kapena kusaina?

Mukavomerezana ndi munthu wina, mumakhala okakamizidwa (Nkhani 3:37(3) ya Civil Code). Yang'anani mfundo izi musanasainire pangano lililonse :

• Chongani zomwe mwalandira komanso zomwe mwalandira, kuphatikizapo zomwe zatchulidwa.
• Onetsetsani ngati zofunikira pa fomuyi zikugwira ntchito, monga chikalata cha notarial cha malo kapena magawo.
• Onani momwe chipani china chikuyimira mu KVK Kaundula wa Zamalonda.
• Yang'anani kusankha kwa lamulo ndi khoti, makamaka mu mgwirizano wa mayiko ena.
• Sungani makalata okambirana: amasonyeza zomwe aliyense ankadziwa komanso zomwe adauzidwa ngati pambuyo pake mutchula cholakwika (Nkhani 6:228).

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani pokonza mgwirizano ndi kuvomerezeka?

Maloya athu amakampani amalemba ndikuwunikanso mapangano a Chidatchi ndi Chingerezi a mabizinesi ku Netherlands ndi kunja:

• Timapereka uphungu wazamalamulo wodziyimira pawokha pa pangano loyambirira kapena chopereka ndipo fotokozani mipata yomwe ilipo musanasayine.
• Timawona ngati chipani china chili ndi udindo woimira KVK Kaundula wa Zamalonda.
• Timalemba malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse ndikutsimikiza kuti zaphatikizidwa moyenera.
• Timalemba malamulo osankha ndi olamulira a mapangano odutsa malire.
• Timatumiza chikalata cholembedwa choletsa mlandu chifukwa cha kulakwitsa, chinyengo, kuopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu mkati mwa zaka zitatu za Article 3:52.

Chidule

• Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, pangano limapangidwa ndi kupereka ndi kuvomereza; kwenikweni sikofunikira kulemba kapena kusaina.
• Chilengezocho ndi chofunika: nthawi zambiri mumakhala okakamizidwa ndi zomwe mwanena kapena kusaina ngati winayo wadalira mokwanira.
• Mapangano omwe apangidwa popanda mphamvu, kapena molakwika, moopseza, mwachinyengo kapena molakwika, ndi osagwira ntchito; ufulu wothetsa mgwirizano umatha ntchito patatha zaka zitatu.
• Mapangano otsutsana ndi makhalidwe abwino, dongosolo la anthu kapena lamulo lokakamiza akhoza kukhala opanda ntchito.
• Mapangano ena amafunika chikalata cholembedwa kapena chikalata cha notarial, monga kugula nyumba kwa wogula, kusamutsa nyumba ndi gawo losapikisana.