Kuthetsa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ku Netherlands

Mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ku Dutch ( geregistreerd partnerschap ) uli pafupi ndi ukwati pafupifupi m'malamulo onse, koma umatha mosiyana. Popanda ana aang'ono, ukhoza kuthetsedwa popanda kuwonana ndi woweruza; ndi iwo, njira ya khothi ndi yokakamiza. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zonse ziwiri, katundu, penshoni ndi zosamalira, komanso mavuto apadziko lonse omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza mayiko akunja ku Netherlands.

Kodi mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi chiyani?

Chigwirizano cholembetsedwa chinayambitsidwa pa 1 Januwale 1998. Chimasainidwa pamaso pa registrar of civil status ( ambtenaar van de burgerlijke stand ), yemwe amalemba chikalata. Munthu akhoza kukhala mu mgwirizano umodzi wolembetsedwa nthawi imodzi, ndipo sangakwatiwe ndikulembetsedwa nthawi imodzi (art. 1:80a BW).

Zotsatira zalamulo makamaka ndi za ukwati. Art. 1:80b BW imalengeza mitu ya Buku 1 la Civil Code yokhudza ufulu ndi ntchito za okwatirana, pa mgwirizano walamulo wa katundu ndi zikhalidwe za ukwati kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mofananamo — kupatulapo chimodzi chokha: palibe kulekanitsidwa ndi bedi ndi chakudya ( scheiding van tafel en bed ) kwa okwatirana olembetsedwa.

Ubale umatsatira njira yomweyi. Malinga ndi Art. 1:199 BW, mwamuna yemwe ali mu mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi mkazi amene mwana wabadwa ndiye bambo wovomerezeka mwalamulo, monga momwe mwamuna angakhalire, ndipo okwatirana olembetsedwa amapeza ulamuliro wogwirizana waubereki pa ana obadwa panthawi ya mgwirizano.

Kusiyana kwake ndi ukwati ndi pangano lokhalira limodzi

Kusiyana pakati pa ukwati ndi ubale wolembetsedwa ndi kocheperapo kuposa momwe anthu amayembekezera. Kusiyana pakati pa zonsezi ndi mgwirizano wokhala limodzi ( samenlevingscontract ) — mgwirizano womwe supanga udindo — ndi kwakukulu kwambiri.

Njira yopanda khoti: palibe ana aang'ono

Ichi ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimasiyanitsa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa. Malinga ndi Art. 1:80c BW, mgwirizano umatha, mwa njira zina, mwa mgwirizano wa onse, kudzera mu kulembetsa ndi wolembetsa wa chikalata cholembedwa ndi anthu onse awiri komanso ndi loya m'modzi kapena angapo ( loya ) kapena notaries wa malamulo aboma ( notarissen ). Chilengezocho chimanena kuti, ndi nthawi yomwe, anthu ogwirizanawo adapangana mgwirizano wothetsa mgwirizanowu.

Mfundo ziwiri nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa molakwika. Ogwirizanawo sangachite izi okha: kutenga nawo mbali kwa loya m'modzi kapena notary wa malamulo aboma ndi lamulo. Ndipo kulengeza si mgwirizano - mgwirizano ndi chikalata chotsimikizika, kulengeza ndi chikalata chachifupi chomwe chimapita kwa wolembetsa.

Zomwe ziyenera kukhala mu mgwirizano wothetsa ntchito

Art. 1:80d BW imafuna kuti mgwirizano ukhale ndi mawu osachepera a ogwirizana onse awiri kuti mgwirizano wawo wolembetsedwa wasweka mosatha ( duurzaam ontwricht ) ndipo akufuna kuuthetsa. Popanda zimenezo, palibe mgwirizano wovomerezeka.

Nkhani yomweyi ikufotokoza nkhani zina zomwe mgwirizanowu ungakambirane — osati chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito, kotero mgwirizano womwe sunawagwire ukadali wogwira ntchito:

• kukonza kwa ogwirizana nawo;
• amene akupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakhomo ndi zapakhomo;
• kugawa kwa anthu onse m'gulu la katundu, kapena kuthetsa mavuto a mgwirizano;
• kufanana kwa penshoni.

Kusiya izi sikwanzeru kawirikawiri: ufulu wa penshoni wosathetsedwa kapena nyumba yogwirizana idzayambiranso, ndipo panthawiyo mphamvu ya mgwirizano wokambirana imakhala itapita.

Nthawi yokwanira ya miyezi itatu

Art. 1:80d BW ikupereka nthawi yomaliza yovomerezeka: chilengezocho chiyenera kufika kwa wolembetsa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera tsiku lomwe panganolo linasainidwa. Nthawiyo imayambira pa panganolo, osati kuyambira pamene chilengezocho chinasainidwa.

Ngati miyezi itatu yatha, chilengezocho sichingalembedwenso pa mgwirizano umenewo ndipo mgwirizanowu umangopitirira. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi mgwirizano watsopano, chilengezo chatsopano ndi nthawi yatsopano ya miyezi itatu - zomwe zimafuna kuti onse awiri agwirizane kachiwiri. Ngati wina wasintha udindo, njira yokhayo yotsala ndi kuthetsa mlandu ndi khoti. Gwirizanani poyamba kuti ndani apereke chigamulo: mnzanu, loya, kapena notary.

Kulembetsa kumachitika ndi wolembetsa wa boma komwe mgwirizano unachitikira; art. 1:80c BW imatsimikizira kuti wolembetsa nthawi zonse amakhala ndi udindo komwe kunali ku Netherlands. Kumene mgwirizano unachitikira kunja, woyang'anira woyenera ndi boma la The Hague, Dienst Publiekszaken, afdeling Landelijke Taken. Mgwirizanowu umatha pa kulembetsa, osati pa siginecha.

Kusagwirizana kumodzi ndikofunikira pa msonkho: Belastingdienst imafuna kuti mgwirizano wa zachuma uthe pamene magulu onse awiri asayina pangano lothetsa mgwirizano, bola ngati sakulembetsanso pa adilesi yomweyo ya BRP - osati pa kulembetsa pambuyo pake ndi wolembetsa.

Njira yokakamiza kukhoti: ana aang'ono

Art. 1:80c BW imatseka njira yopita kunja kwa khoti komwe okwatiranawo amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za makolo pamodzi pa mwana mmodzi kapena angapo omwe amalumikizana nawo, komanso komwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za makolo pamodzi pa mwana mmodzi kapena angapo motsatira Art. 1:253sa BW kapena Art. 1:253t BW. M'milandu imeneyo, mgwirizanowu ukhoza kuthetsedwa kokha ndi khoti pothetsa mgwirizano ( ontbinding ).

Art. 1:80e BW imapangitsa kuti malamulo a chisudzulo azigwiranso ntchito mofananamo, kuphatikizapo okhudza kusamalira, kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba ndi kugawa katundu. Kuthetsedwa kwa ukwati kumayamba kugwira ntchito pakulembetsa chigamulo cha khoti m'mabuku olembetsera milandu ya anthu - ndipo, monga momwe zilili ndi chisudzulo, kulembetsa kumeneko kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene chigamulocho chikhala chomaliza, ndipo kulephera kutero sikungagwire ntchito.

Milandu imachitidwa kudzera mwa loya. Ogwirizana nawo angapereke pempho logwirizana, lomwe ndi lachangu komanso lotsika mtengo, kapena m'modzi angapemphe yekha. Kusakhazikika ndi chifukwa chake, ndipo sikuyesedwa motsutsana ndi kukana kwa mnzanu wina.

Ndondomeko ya kulera ana

Pempho lokhudza ana aang'ono liyenera kutsagana ndi dongosolo la makolo ( ouderschapsplan ) losainidwa ndi makolo onse awiri, mogwirizana ndi art. 815 Rv. Liyenera kufotokoza osachepera:

• momwe chisamaliro ndi kulera ana zimagawikira, ndi komwe anawo azikhala;
• momwe makolo azidziwitsirana ndi kufunsana pa nkhani zofunika zokhudza ana;
• ndalama zosamalira ndi kulera, ndiko kuti, kusamalira ana.

Ngati dongosolo logwirizana silingathe kupangidwa, pempholi liyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake komanso zomwe zayesedwa. Khothi likhoza kupitiliza pazifukwa zimenezo, koma pempho lonyalanyaza lamuloli popanda kufotokoza likhoza kuonedwa kuti silingavomerezedwe.

Zotsatira za katundu

Pa mgwirizano womwe unayamba pa 1 Januwale 2018 kapena pambuyo pake, chosankha chokhazikika ndi mgwirizano wochepa wa katundu motsatira 1:94 BW. Mwachidule, zomwe mnzanu aliyense anali nazo kale mgwirizano usanachitike zimakhala zachinsinsi, ndipo mphatso ndi cholowa cholandiridwa ndi mnzanu m'modzi zimakhala zachinsinsi; zomwe zimamangidwa panthawi ya mgwirizano, ndi katundu wogwirizana kale, zimagwera m'gulu la anthu ndipo zimagawidwa mofanana pakutha. Pa mgwirizano womwe unayamba tsiku limenelo lisanafike, mgwirizano wakale wa katundu umapitiliza kugwira ntchito.

Ogwirizana nawo akhoza kusiya kusakhulupirika kwawo pogwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe za mgwirizano ( partnerschapsvoorwaarden ), zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa ngati chikalata cha notarial ndipo zimalembedwa mu kaundula wa katundu wa ukwati (art. 1:115 BW, art. 1:116 BW). Zikhalidwe zitha kupangidwa mgwirizano usanachitike kapena panthawi yake. Kumene zilipo, kuthetsa mgwirizano kumatanthauza kuthetsa zikhalidwe - nthawi zambiri gawo loyambira - m'malo mogawanitsa anthu ammudzi.

Mulimonsemo ntchitoyo ndi yofanana: dziwani zomwe zili m'gulu ndi zomwe zili zachinsinsi, zilemekezeni, zigawireni, ndikuthana ndi ngongole. Ngongole zolumikizana zimakhalabe zogwirizana kwa obwereketsa chilichonse chomwe ogwirizanawo agwirizana pakati pawo; wobwereketsa samangidwa ndi mgwirizano wothetsa mgwirizano, ndipo wobwereketsa ngongole sali ndi udindo womasula mnzake wochokayo ku ngongole zolumikizana ndi zina zambiri.

Kulinganiza penshoni

Kuthetsa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa kumawerengedwa ngati "kukonza" chifukwa cha Pension Rights Equalisation (Divorce) Act ( Wet verevening pensioenrechten bij scheiding , WVPS). Cholakwika ndichakuti mnzanu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wolandira theka la penshoni ya ukalamba yomwe winayo adapeza panthawi ya mgwirizano, yomwe imalipidwa penshoniyo ikafika nthawi yoti iperekedwe.

Mfundo zitatu zofunika kuzitsatira:

• Uzani wopereka penshoni pa fomu yovomerezeka mkati mwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene watha ntchito. Chitani izi ndipo woperekayo amalipira gawo lofanana mwachindunji kwa wogwirizana naye; alephera ndipo ufuluwo udzakhalapo, koma uyenera kutengedwa kwa wogwirizana naye wakale payekha.
• Kulinganiza kungachotsedwe kapena kusinthidwa — m'mikhalidwe ya mgwirizano kapena mu mgwirizano womaliza, ndichifukwa chake Art. 1:80d BW imalemba penshoni ngati nkhani ya mgwirizano.
• Kutembenuka (kutembenuka) ndi njira ina: mnzanu woyenera amalandira ufulu wake wa penshoni, zomwe zimadula ubwenzi wa moyo wonse ndi mnzanu wakale. Izi zimafuna mgwirizano wa wopereka penshoni.

Kupatula pa kufanana, mnzanu wakale nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi penshoni ya mnzanu wapadera ( bijzonder partnerpensioen ) kwa nthawi yomwe mgwirizano usanathe.

Lamulo, lomwe limatchedwa Wet pensioenverdeling bij scheiding, lingapangitse kusintha kukhala muyezo m'malo mwa kufanana. Lakhala likuyang'aniridwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo kuyambira 2019 ndipo silinavomerezedwe; tsiku lomwe likuyembekezeka kuyamba ntchito layimitsidwa kangapo ndipo tsopano lili pa 1 Januwale 2028, kuti ligwirizane ndi dongosolo latsopano la penshoni. Mpaka litavomerezedwa ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito, dongosolo la WVPS lomwe lafotokozedwa pamwambapa likugwira ntchito mokwanira, ndipo palibe mgwirizano womwe uyenera kumangidwa pa lingaliro loti malamulo atsopano adzafika liti.

Kusamalira mnzanu ndi nthawi yake

Kusamalira ogwirizana ( partnealimentatie ) kumagwira ntchito ku maubwenzi olembetsedwa monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito ku ukwati, malinga ndi art. 1:80e BW yomwe ikulengeza kuti malamulo osudzulana akugwirizananso. Ufulu umakhudza kufunika kumbali imodzi ndi kuthekera kolipira mbali inayo; ndalamazo zimatsatira malangizo a chisamaliro cha ku Dutch ( Trema-normen ).

Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2020, lamulo lalikulu pansi pa Article 1:157 BW ndilakuti kusamalira kumatenga theka la nthawi ya ukwati kapena mgwirizano, ndipo kupitirira zaka zisanu. Kupatulapo zitatu kumaphatikizapo izi:

• pamene okwatiranawo ali ndi ana omwe sanakwanitse zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, chisamaliro chimapitirira mpaka mwana wamng'ono kwambiri atakwanitsa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri;
• kumene mgwirizanowu unatenga zaka zoposa khumi ndi zisanu ndipo wolandirayo ali mkati mwa zaka khumi za penshoni ya boma (AOW), kusamalira kumapitirira mpaka zaka za AOW zitafika;
• lamulo losinthira kwa olandira omwe anabadwa pa 1 Januwale 1970 kapena isanafike: pomwe mgwirizanowu unatenga zaka zoposa khumi ndi zisanu ndipo wolandirayo akadali ndi zaka zoposa khumi pansi pa zaka za AOW, kukonza kumakhala kwa zaka khumi. Lamuloli silimaphatikiza tsiku lomaliza pa lamuloli, koma limatha lokha - gululo likafika mkati mwa zaka khumi kuchokera pa zaka za AOW, kupatulapo komwe kudachitika kale kumagwiranso ntchito, ndipo lamulo losinthira lilibe chilichonse chotsala.

Ngati pali zinthu zingapo zosiyana, nthawi yayitali kwambiri imagwiridwa ntchito, ndipo pamilandu yovuta khothi likhoza kuwonjezera nthawi yomaliza. Kusamalira kumatha ngati wolandirayo akwatiranso, alowa muubwenzi watsopano wolembetsedwa, kapena akukhala ndi munthu wina ngati kuti wakwatirana.

Ogwirizana nawo ali ndi ufulu wovomerezana nthawi yosiyana, kapena kusiyiratu kusamalira, mu mgwirizano wothetsa ukwati. Umenewo ndi umodzi mwa ubwino weniweni wa njira yopita kunja kwa khoti: zotsatira zake zimakambidwa m'malo mokakamizidwa.

Kusintha mgwirizano wolembetsedwa kukhala ukwati

Art. 1:80g BW imalola okwatirana olembetsedwa kuuza wolembetsa kuti akufuna kuti mgwirizano wawo usandulike ukwati. Wolembetsayo amalemba chikalata chosinthira ukwati. Ubwenzi umatha ndipo ukwati umayamba nthawi yomwe chikalatacho chalembetsedwa mu kaundula wa maukwati. Pamene okwatiranawo amakhala kunja kwa Netherlands ndipo mmodzi ali ndi nzika yaku Dutch, kusinthaku kumachitika pamaso pa wolembetsa ku The Hague.

Kutembenuka mtima sikusokoneza ubale wa banja ndi malamulo a banja ndi ana obadwa kale, ndipo sikubweretsa kusweka mu ubale: pa nkhani ya katundu ndi penshoni mbiri ya banjali imapitirira, zomwe ndizofunikira powerengera zomwe zinapezeka panthawi ya ukwati kapena mgwirizano.

Zosiyana ndi zimenezi sizingathekenso. Kusintha ukwati kukhala mgwirizano wolembetsedwa — njira yomwe imachititsa kuti ukwati usinthidwe kenako n’kuthetsedwa kunja kwa khoti — inathetsedwa kuyambira pa 1 Marichi 2009 ndi lamulo la pa 27 Novembala 2008 lolimbikitsa kupitiriza kukhala kholo komanso kusudzulana mosamala. Chifukwa chake, ukwati ukhoza kuthetsedwa ndi khoti lokha, ndipo palibe njira yochokera ku ukwati kupita ku mgwirizano wolembetsedwa.

The international dimension

Kuzindikiridwa kunja

Mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ku Netherlands si wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Kuzindikiridwa kumakumana ndi zopinga m'maiko asanu omwe ali mamembala a EU, omwe alibe mgwirizano wolembetsedwa m'malamulo awoawo: Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Romania ndi Slovakia. Kunja kwa EU chithunzicho sichili chofanana kwambiri, ndipo mayiko ambiri aziona okwatirana olembetsedwa ngati osakwatirana.

Zotsatira zake ndi zothandiza: ufulu wokhala mnzako, cholowa, msonkho, komanso ngati boma lakunja lingavomereze kuti ubalewo unalipo. Ngati mungasamukire kudziko lina, kusintha kukhala ukwati motsatira malamulo. 1:80g BW musanapite ndiye upangiri wamba, chifukwa ukwati umayenda bwino kuposa mgwirizano.

Ulamuliro ndi malamulo ogwira ntchito

Lamulo la Brussels IIb pankhani za ukwati silikhudza maubwenzi olembetsedwa. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu zothetsa umodzi zimakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo adziko la Dutch okhudza kayendetsedwe ka milandu, makamaka art. 4 Rv. Khothi la Dutch lili ndi ulamuliro pomwe wopempha kapena wotsutsidwayo amakhala ku Netherlands nthawi zonse, kapena komwe onse awiri ali ndi nzika yaku Netherlands.

Malinga ndi lamulo loyenera, gawo la 10:86 BW likunena kuti ngati mgwirizano wolembetsedwa womwe unalowa mu Netherlands ukhoza kuthetsedwa ku Netherlands mwa mgwirizano wa onse awiri kapena mwa kuthetsedwa, komanso pazifukwa zomwe, umayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la Dutch. Kuzindikira mgwirizano womwe unalowa mu mgwirizano wakunja, ndi kuthetsa mgwirizano komwe kunapezeka kunja, kukufotokozedwa kwina mu Mutu 4 wa Buku 10 BW; gawo la 10:91 BW limaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito udindo umenewo ponena za mgwirizano womwe unalowa mu mgwirizano usanafike pa 1 Januwale 2005.

Zotsatira za katundu wa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi gawo lodutsa malire zikugwera pansi pa lamulo la EU 2016/1104, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 29 Januwale 2019 pakati pa Mayiko khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu omwe ali mamembala. Limalola kusankha malamulo ochepa ndipo limasankha lamulo lomwe limalamulira katundu wa ogwirizana. Kusamalira kumayendetsedwa ndi malamulo ake a EU ndi Hague osati ndi malamulo a katundu.

Kwa banja lapadziko lonse, yankho la "khothi liti, lamulo liti" silingaganizidwe kuchokera komwe mukukhala tsopano. Likhazikitseni musanapange mgwirizano, osati pambuyo pake.

Law & More Amalangiza ogwirizana nawo olembetsedwa ku Netherlands ndi kunja kwa dzikolo pa njira zonse ziwiri zotuluka mu mgwirizano: kulemba mgwirizano wothetsa mgwirizano ndi chilengezo cha wolembetsa, kupempha kuti athetsedwe ngati pali ana aang'ono, ndikuthetsa mavuto okhudza katundu, penshoni ndi kusamalira omwe amabwera nawo. Ngati mmodzi wa inu ali ndi dziko lachilendo kapena amakhala kunja kwa Netherlands, nkhani zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro ndi malamulo oyenera ziyenera kuthetsedwa musanasainidwe chilichonse.