Digital Services Act ndi DMA: zomwe mabizinesi aku Dutch ayenera kuyang'ana

Lamulo la Digital Services Act (DSA, Regulation (EU) 2022/2065) limakhazikitsa maudindo kwa mkhalapakati aliyense wa pa intaneti yemwe amapereka ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ku EU, malinga ndi mtundu ndi kukula kwa ntchitoyo; lakhala likugwira ntchito kwa opereka chithandizo onse kuyambira pa 17 February 2024. Lamulo la Digital Markets Act (DMA, Regulation (EU) 2022/1925) limamanga nsanja zazikulu zokha zomwe European Commission imasankha ngati zipata, ndipo kwa mabizinesi ambiri aku Dutch ndi gwero la ufulu osati maudindo.

Zonsezi ndi malamulo a EU, kotero zolemba zawo zimagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku Netherlands. Lamulo la Dutch lokhazikitsa DSA (Uitvoeringswet digitaledienstenverordening) linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 4 February 2025 ndipo limapangitsa Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) kukhala Wogwirizanitsa Ntchito Zapaintaneti.

Kodi DSA ndi DMA zimalamulira chiyani?

DSA ndi buku la malamulo a mautumiki apaintaneti omwe amatumiza kapena kusunga zambiri kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito; DMA ndi malamulo okhazikika a alonda a pakhoma. Mukayang'ana zomwe mukufuna, mumawerenga nkhani za malamulowo, osati lamulo la ku Dutch.

DSA ikusintha malamulo okhudza udindo wa e-Commerce Directive (2000/31/EC). Imasunga kukhululukidwa kwa udindo pa nkhani zongodutsa, kusungira ndi kusunga zinthu, komanso kuwonjezera misonkho yowunikira zinthu zosaloledwa, kuwonekera poyera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwiritsira ntchito. DMA yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Meyi 2023. Mlonda wosankhidwa ayenera kutsatira zomwe ali nazo mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene adasankhidwa.

Kodi ntchito yanu ili mgulu liti la DSA?

Ntchito zanu zimadalira gulu lanu, choncho gawani ntchito yanu kaye. Gulu lililonse lili ndi ntchito zake kuphatikiza za magulu omwe ali pansi pake.

• Ntchito zolumikizirana: njira yolumikizira ndi kusungira deta, monga opereka intaneti ndi olembetsa mayina a domain.
• Ntchito zochitira alendo: ntchito zomwe zimasunga zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, monga cloud ndi web hosting.
• Mapulatifomu a pa intaneti: ntchito zosungira zomwe zimapangitsanso kuti zambiri za ogwiritsa ntchito zidziwike kwa anthu onse, monga misika, masitolo osungira mapulogalamu, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi malo owunikira.
• Mapulatifomu akuluakulu kwambiri pa intaneti ndi mainjini osakira: mautumiki okhala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito osachepera 45 miliyoni pamwezi ku EU (Article 33 DSA), omwe adasankhidwa ndi European Commission.

Sitolo yapaintaneti yomwe imagulitsa zinthu zake zokha komanso zomwe sizili ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ili kunja kwa DSA. Onjezani gawo la ndemanga za anthu onse kapena ndemanga ndipo mumakhala nsanja yapaintaneti. Lolani ogulitsa ena kuti achite mapangano ndi ogula ndipo malamulo amsika amagwiranso ntchito pamwamba.

Kodi nsanja zazing'ono sizimakhudzidwa?

Pang'ono. Malinga ndi Article 19 DSA, nsanja za pa intaneti zomwe ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kapena ang'onoang'ono (osakwana antchito 50 ndi ndalama zogulira kapena ndalama zonse zomwe zili pamtengo wopitilira €10 miliyoni, malinga ndi Recommendation 2003/361/EC) sizimakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zinazake za nsanjayi, pokhapokha ngati zatchulidwa kuti ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Ntchito zoyambira za apakati ndi ntchito zosamalira makasitomala zimagwiranso ntchito kwa iwo.

Kodi DSA imafuna chiyani kwa inu?

Ntchito zambiri za DSA ndi zokhudza zikalata ndi njira, osati ukadaulo. Mndandanda womwe uli pansipa umatsatira magulu kuyambira pansi kupita mmwamba.

Mkhalapakati aliyense ayenera kufalitsa malo amodzi olumikizirana ndi akuluakulu aboma (Nkhani 11) ndi amodzi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito (Nkhani 12). Wopereka chithandizo wopanda bungwe ku EU ayenera kusankha woimira wovomerezeka m'dziko lomwe lili membala komwe amapereka ntchito zake (Nkhani 13), ndipo woimirayo akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chosatsatira malamulo. Malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zanu ziyenera kufotokoza momveka bwino zomwe ziletso zimagwira ntchito pazomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe kuwunikira zomwe zili mkati kumagwirira ntchito, kuphatikiza zida zodziyimira pawokha. Malipoti owonekera pachaka okhudza kuwunikira zomwe zili mkati amafunikira (Nkhani 15), ndipo mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono saloledwa.

Ntchito zosamalira makasitomala ziyenera kupereka chidziwitso chosavuta komanso njira yochitirapo kanthu yomwe aliyense angathe kunenera zomwe akuona kuti ndizosaloledwa (Nkhani 16). Kuchotsa, kutsitsa kapena kuyimitsa kulikonse kuyenera kubwera ndi zifukwa zomveka kwa wogwiritsa ntchitoyo (Nkhani 17). Ngati wosamalira makasitomala adziwa za mlandu womwe ukuopseza moyo kapena chitetezo cha munthu, ayenera kuunena kwa apolisi kapena akuluakulu a milandu (Nkhani 18).

Mapulatifomu apaintaneti ali ndi ntchito zina zowonjezera. Ayenera kuyendetsa njira yolembera madandaulo mkati yomwe imakhala yotseguka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pa chigamulo (Nkhani 20) ndikugwirizana ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka othetsa mikangano kunja kwa khoti (Nkhani 21). Zidziwitso kuchokera kwa otsutsa odalirika zimakhala zofunika kwambiri (Nkhani 22), ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito omwe nthawi zambiri amalemba zinthu zosaloledwa ayenera kuyimitsidwa pambuyo pa chenjezo (Nkhani 23).

Ndi malamulo ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kutsatsa?

Mapulatifomu apaintaneti sayenera kupanga ma interface awo mwanjira yonyenga kapena kunyenga ogwiritsa ntchito (Nkhani 25), zomwe zimadziwika kuti mdima. Kutsatsa kuyenera kuzindikirika motero, ndipo kutsatsa kochokera pakupanga ma profile ndi magulu apadera a deta yaumwini ndikoletsedwa (Nkhani 26(3)). Mapulatifomu ayeneranso kuteteza ana aang'ono ndipo sangawawonetse kutsatsa kochokera pakupanga ma profile (Nkhani 28). Magawo akuluakulu a machitidwe olimbikitsa ayenera kufotokozedwa m'malamulo ndi zikhalidwe (Nkhani 27).

Kodi ndi ntchito zina ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamisika yapaintaneti?

Ngati ogula angathe kupanga mapangano a mtunda ndi amalonda pa nsanja yanu, muyenera kusonkhanitsa ndikuyesetsa kutsimikizira zambiri za wamalonda aliyense asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yanu (Nkhani 30). Izi zikuphatikizapo dzina, adilesi, zambiri zolumikizirana, chikalata chodziwitsa, zambiri za akaunti yolipira, nambala yolembetsa malonda ndi chitsimikizo chodzitsimikizira kuti wamalondayo amapereka zinthu zovomerezeka zokha. Wamalonda amene akukana kukonza zambiri zolakwika ayenera kuyimitsidwa ntchito.

Mawonekedwe anu ayenera kulola amalonda kupereka chidziwitso chomwe malamulo a ogula a EU amafuna. Ngati mwamva kuti chinthu kapena ntchito yosaloledwa idaperekedwa, muyenera kudziwitsa ogula omwe adagula m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayi (Nkhani 32), kapena kufalitsa chidziwitsocho ngati mulibe tsatanetsatane wawo wolumikizirana.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mudzakhala ndi udindo pa zomwe zili mu ogwiritsa ntchito anu?

Simuli ndi mlandu malinga ngati mukukwaniritsa zofunikira za malo otetezeka. Utumiki wosungira zinthu suli ndi mlandu pa chidziwitso chosungidwa ngati sichikudziwa zenizeni za zinthu zosaloledwa ndipo, chikadziwa zimenezo, chimachitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti chichotse kapena kuletsa mwayi wopezeka (Nkhani 6).

DSA imaletsa udindo wonse wowunikira zomwe zili mkati (Nkhani 8), kotero khoti la ku Netherlands silingathe kupereka izi. Kufufuza mwaufulu zomwe zili mkati mwanu kuti mudziwe zomwe zili mkati mwanu sizikutanthauza kuti simukuyenera kulipidwa (Nkhani 7). Koma kuchotsedwa kumeneku kumaphimba udindo wokha: wopereka chithandizo cha intaneti amene amanyalanyaza chidziwitso choyenera amataya chitetezo chake komanso amaphwanya lamulo.

Kodi zinthu zosaloledwa zimaonedwa bwanji?

DSA siimafotokoza za kusaloledwa kokha: zomwe zili mkati mwake n'zosaloledwa ngati zikuphwanya lamulo la EU kapena lamulo la dziko lomwe lili membala. Pa mlandu wa ku Dutch, lamulo la ku Dutch limasankha, mwachitsanzo kunyoza dzina motsatira Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht), zofalitsa zosaloledwa motsatira Article 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), zinthu zabodza, kuphwanya malamulo a ufulu wa anthu komanso kukonza deta yanu mosaloledwa.

Chidziwitso sichikukukakamizani kuchotsa chilichonse chomwe wina sakuchikonda. Muyenera kuwona ngati zomwe zili mkati mwake ndi zosaloledwa ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu ngati zili choncho. Zomwe zili mkati mwake ndi zovomerezeka koma zosavomerezeka, zomwe muyenera kuzitsatira mosamala, mopanda tsankho komanso molingana, poganizira ufulu wolankhula.

Akuluakulu aku Dutch angakulamulireni kuti muchitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi zinthu zinazake zosaloledwa (Nkhani 9) kapena kupereka chidziwitso chokhudza wogwiritsa ntchito winawake (Nkhani 10). Pakufufuza milandu, malamulowa amaperekedwa kudzera mu Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, mwachitsanzo Article 125p Sv. Pamilandu ya anthu wamba, chipani chomwe chikufuna kuchotsedwa kapena dzina la wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri chimafunsa khothi mwachidule (kort geding).

Kodi DMA imapatsa bizinesi yanu chiyani?

DMA imapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi ufulu wovomerezeka wa nsanja za alonda. Imagwira ntchito pa ntchito zazikulu za nsanja monga mainjini osakira, malo ogulitsira mapulogalamu, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, mautumiki otumizirana mauthenga, machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito, asakatuli, mautumiki amtambo ndi mautumiki otsatsa pa intaneti.

Malinga ndi Article 3 DMA, nsanja imaganiziridwa kuti ndi mlonda wa pachipata ngati ili ndi ndalama zokwana €7.5 biliyoni pachaka za EU m'zaka zitatu zapitazi kapena ndalama zogulira msika zokwana €75 biliyoni, komanso ogwiritsa ntchito osachepera 45 miliyoni pamwezi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi 10,000 pachaka ku EU. Nsanja yomwe ikukwaniritsa izi iyenera kudziwitsa European Commission mkati mwa miyezi iwiri.

Ufulu womwe umafunika kwambiri ku bizinesi yaku Dutch yomwe imagulitsa, kutsatsa kapena kugawa mapulogalamu kudzera mwa mlonda wa pachipata ndi uwu:

• Palibe kudzikonda: mlonda wa pachipata sangaike zinthu zake pamalo abwino kuposa anu ndipo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe yoyenera, yopanda tsankho.
• Kupeza deta yanu: mutha kupeza deta yomwe mumapanga pa nsanjayi nthawi zonse komanso nthawi yeniyeni.
• Palibe choletsa chiwongolero: mutha kugulitsa zinthu zomwezo pamitengo yosiyana kwina kulikonse ndikulumikizana ndi makasitomala omwe mudagula papulatifomu.
• Kugawa kwina: machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito a gatekeeper ayenera kulola mapulogalamu a chipani chachitatu ndi malo osungira mapulogalamu.
• Palibe kumangirira kokakamiza: ogwiritsa ntchito sangafunike kulembetsa ku ntchito ina ya mlonda kuti agwiritse ntchito ntchito yaikulu ya nsanja.

Bungwe la European Commission limalimbikitsa DMA. Likhoza kulipira chindapusa mlonda wa pachipata mpaka 10% ya ndalama zomwe wapeza padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mpaka 20% chifukwa chophwanya malamulo mobwerezabwereza (Article 30 DMA). Chifukwa chakuti zomwe zili mulamuloli zikugwira ntchito mwachindunji, muthanso kubweretsa mlandu kukhothi la Dutch.

Kodi DSA imayendetsedwa bwanji ku Netherlands?

ACM imayang'anira opereka chithandizo omwe ali ku Netherlands ndipo imayang'anira madandaulo ochokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito aku Netherlands. European Commission imayang'anira nsanja zazikulu kwambiri za pa intaneti ndi mainjini osakira.

ACM ikhoza kupereka chindapusa mpaka kufika pamlingo wapamwamba womwe wafotokozedwa mu Article 52(3) DSA, peresenti ya ndalama zomwe zagulitsidwa pachaka padziko lonse lapansi ndi malire a 6%, komanso malipiro a zilango nthawi ndi nthawi. Commission ikhoza kupereka chindapusa pa nsanja zazikulu kwambiri mpaka 6% ya ndalama zomwe zagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi (Article 74) ndikulipira zilango nthawi ndi nthawi mpaka 5% ya ndalama zomwe zagulitsidwa tsiku ndi tsiku (Article 76). Ngati deta yaumwini ikukhudzidwa, Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) ikupitilizabe kukhala woyang'anira GDPR; lamulo lokhazikitsa likufuna kuti ACM ndi AP azigwirizana.

Mwachidule, bizinesi ya ku Netherlands imakonda kukumana ndi pempho la ACM kuposa chindapusa chachikulu. ACM idzayang'ana kaye malo omwe mukumakumana nawo, malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zanu komanso njira yanu yodziwitsira ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Izi ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amadandaula nazo.

Kodi DSA ikugwirizana bwanji ndi malamulo ena a digito a EU?

DSA imasiya GDPR yonse. Kulemba ma profile a malonda, machitidwe opereka upangiri ndi kuwunika zaka kumadzutsa mafunso a GDPR choyamba; nkhani yathu yokhudza maudindo a wolamulira ndi purosesa pansi pa GDPR imafotokoza kuti ndani amayankha chiyani.

Lamulo la European Accessibility Act lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 28 June 2025 ndipo limafuna kuti ntchito zamalonda apaintaneti ndi zinthu zambiri zama digito zikhale zopezeka kwa anthu olumala. Imeneyo ndi ntchito ina: malo ogulitsira pa intaneti omwe amatsatira malamulo a DSA omwe wogwiritsa ntchito wosawona sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito akadali osatsatira malamulo.

Lamulo la Chitetezo cha pa Intaneti (Cyberbeveiligingswet), lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito NIS2 Directive, linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 15 Ogasiti 2026. Opereka chithandizo ambiri ndi nsanja za pa intaneti zimagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wake; onani buku lathu la NIS2 ndi Dutch Cybersecurity Act . Lamulo la AI limagwiranso ntchito pang'onopang'ono, ndipo lamulo la AI omnibus (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira 27 Julayi 2026) linayimitsa malamulo oopsa kwambiri; AI yogwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira kapena kuyika mayina iyenera kufotokozedwa kale pansi pa DSA. Kuti mudziwe mbali ya malamulo okhudza milandu pa intaneti, onani nkhani yathu yokhudza Dutch Cybercrime III Act.

Kodi mungachite chiyani ngati nsanja yachotsa zomwe zili kapena akaunti yanu?

Muli ndi ufulu wolandira zifukwa ndi njira zitatu zothanirana nazo. Chikalatacho chiyenera kunena zomwe zinali zoletsedwa, pazifukwa zalamulo kapena zapangano, ngati njira zodziyimira zokha zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso momwe mungatsutsire chisankhocho (Nkhani 17).

Choyamba, perekani madandaulo kudzera mu dongosolo lamkati la nsanjayi; izi ndi zaulere, zimakhala zotseguka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo zisankho sizingachitike ndi njira yokhayo (Nkhani 20). Chachiwiri, mutha kupita ku bungwe lothetsa mikangano kunja kwa khoti lovomerezedwa ndi Wogwirizanitsa Ntchito Za digito (Nkhani 21); chisankho chake sichikukukakamizani. Chachitatu, mutha kupita ku khothi lachi Dutch nthawi iliyonse, nthawi zambiri mwachidule ngati kuyimitsidwa kukupangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke nthawi zonse.

Sungani zifukwa ndi makalata onse, perekani madandaulo amkati mwachangu ndikulemba zomwe mwataya kuyambira tsiku loyamba. Ngati nsanjayo ndi ya mlonda, ntchito za DMA zokhudzana ndi njira zoyenera zopezera ndalama zingakupatseni mfundo yowonjezera.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wopereka nsanja kapena wolandila alendo?

Yambani ndi kugawa magulu, chifukwa ntchito zina zonse zimatsatira.

• Lembani m'kalata gulu la DSA lomwe ntchito yanu ili mkati komanso ngati mukuyenerera kukhala bizinesi yaying'ono kapena yaying'ono.
• Tumizani malo olumikizirana ndi akuluakulu aboma (Nkhani 11) ndi ena ogwiritsa ntchito (Nkhani 12); sankhani woyimira milandu wa EU ngati mulibe bungwe la EU.
• Onetsetsani kuti malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zanu zikufotokoza mfundo zanu zoyendetsera zinthu, zida zodziyimira pawokha komanso njira yodandaula m'mawu osavuta.
• Yesani chidziwitso chanu ndi njira zomwe mukuchitira zinthu komanso zifukwa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chisankho chilichonse.
• Ngati mukuyang'anira msika, onetsetsani kuti mwasonkhanitsa ndikutsimikizira zambiri za wogulitsa malonda asanayambe kugulitsa (Nkhani 30).
• Unikani mawonekedwe anu ndi malonda anu kuti muwone ngati pali mawonekedwe amdima komanso ma profiles kutengera magulu apadera a deta.

Kodi muyenera kudziwa chiyani ngati wogwiritsa ntchito nsanja yamalonda?

Monga wogulitsa, wotsatsa kapena wopanga mapulogalamu, muli ndi ufulu wowunika.

• Onetsetsani ngati nsanja yomwe mumadalira ndi mlonda wosankhidwa wa ntchito imeneyo.
• Yerekezerani pangano lanu la nsanja ndi malamulo a DMA okhudza kudzikonda, kuletsa chiwongolero ndi kukakamiza kumangirira.
• Pemphani kuti mupeze deta yomwe mumapanga pa nsanja ya mlonda wa pachipata.
• Sungani zifukwa zonse pamene mndandanda, malonda kapena akaunti zili zoletsedwa.
• Lembani nthawi yomaliza yolembera madandaulo amkati mwa pulatifomu ndipo muwapereke pa nthawi yake.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi DSA ndi DMA?

Maloya athu a IT amalangiza mabizinesi aku Dutch ndi apadziko lonse lapansi pa malamulo onse awiri; malangizo athu a IT amasonkhanitsa mfundo zakumbuyo.

• Timaika ntchito yanu m'gulu la DSA ndipo timalemba zifukwazo mu memo.
• Timalemba kapena kuwunikiranso malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zanu, mfundo zanu zowongolera komanso zifukwa zanu.
• Takhazikitsa njira zanu zodziwitsira, zochita ndi madandaulo, kuphatikizapo nthawi yomaliza.
• Tikukuthandizani pamene ACM itumiza pempho la chidziwitso kapena iyambitsa kafukufuku.
• Timawunikanso mapangano anu a nsanja motsutsana ndi DMA ndikulemba madandaulo ku European Commission ngati pakufunika.
• Timapereka madandaulo amkati kapena kuyambitsa ndondomeko yachidule akaunti yanu kapena mndandanda wanu wayimitsidwa.

Chidule

• DSA imagwira ntchito kwa mkhalapakati aliyense amene amatumikira ogwiritsa ntchito a EU, ndipo ntchito zake zimayesedwa malinga ndi gulu; DMA imagwira ntchito kwa alonda osankhidwa okha.
• ACM ndiye Wogwirizanitsa Ntchito Za digito ku Dutch pansi pa lamulo lokhazikitsa lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 4 February 2025.
• Mapulatifomu ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono a pa intaneti sakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zinazake za papulatifomu, koma osati ndi ntchito zoyambira.
• Chindapusa cha DSA chimafika pa 6% ya ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi; chindapusa cha DMA chimafika pa 10%, kapena 20% pa milandu yobwerezabwereza.
• Ogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi amatha kudalira ufulu wa DMA komanso njira zodandaulira za DSA pamene nsanja ikuletsa zomwe zili mkati mwawo.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI