Kuchaja zomangamanga za EV ku Netherlands: mafunso azamalamulo kwa mabizinesi ndi eni nyumba

Pafupifupi olemba ntchito onse, eni nyumba, ndi ogwira ntchito m'magalimoto ku Netherlands tsopano akukumana ndi pempho lomweli: kuika malo oikira ndalama. Ukadaulo ndi wosavuta; malamulo sali choncho. Kulipiritsa kumakhudza lamulo la grid, lamulo la katundu, lamulo la lendi, lamulo la nyumba, malamulo a mphamvu, mawu ogwira ntchito ndi chitetezo cha deta nthawi imodzi, ndipo mayankho amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi komwe malo oikira ndalama ali.

Makonzedwe atatu, ochitidwa mosiyana kwambiri

Funso loyamba silikhala laukadaulo: malo a ndani, kulumikizana kwa ndani, ndi ndani amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi? Kusokoneza malo atatu omwe ali pansipa ndi chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha pulojekiti yomwe yayima.

"Semi-public" ndi malo ovuta pakati: malo oimika magalimoto, hotelo kapena malo ogulitsira omwe ali ndi anthu achinsinsi koma osavuta kufikako. Kulowa, osati umwini, kumayambitsa malamulo aku Europe omwe ali pansipa, kotero bizinesi yomwe imatsegula malo ake olipira kwa alendo imatenga maudindo omwe kukhazikitsa mkati mwa nyumba sikuchita.

Kulumikizana kwa gridi: nthawi zambiri kumakhala choletsa chomangirira

Malire ake nthawi zambiri samakhala kuchuluka kwa malo olipira omwe bizinesi ingagule. Ndi mphamvu yolumikizirana. M'chigawo cha Brainport, monga m'madera ambiri mdziko muno, magawo akuluakulu a netiweki ndi odzaza ndipo kukulitsa kulumikizana kungatenge zaka zambiri. Njira zitatu ndizofunikira.

• Kusintha kwa kulumikizana. Wogwiritsa ntchito makina ali ndi udindo wolumikiza ndi kunyamula, oyenerera komwe kulibe mphamvu. Pansi pa Energiewet, yomwe idalowa m'malo mwa Elektriciteitswet 1998 ndi Gaswet kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026, nthawi yomaliza yolumikizira idapereka m'malo mwa muyezo wa "nthawi yoyenera", womwe umasintha momwe kulumikizana kochedwa kumavutikira.
• Kuchaja mwanzeru komanso kulinganiza katundu. Yankho lothandiza nthawi zambiri: kuyika chivundikiro ndi kusuntha chaji motsutsana ndi mbiri ya katundu wa tsambalo kumalola olemba ntchito kutumikira magalimoto ambiri pa kulumikizana komwe kulipo kale. Ndi mgwirizano osati malamulo, koma ziyenera kulembedwa - ndani amaika zinthu zofunika patsogolo, ndalama zochepa zomwe zimatsimikizika, ndi ndani amene ali ndi mlandu ngati galimoto siilipitsidwa.
• Mapangano osinthasintha a mayendedwe. Ogwira ntchito m'makina amapereka mapangano omwe bizinesi imavomereza malire a mphamvu zake pa nthawi yodziwika bwino kuti ipereke kuchotsera kapena kulipira. Mafomu angapo ali pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wamba wa kampani yolumikizirana ndi mayendedwe. ATO yomwe si kampani imapezeka m'malo odzaza anthu. Ufulu woyendetsa nthawi umapereka ufulu wonse mkati mwa mabuloko omwe avomerezedwa pa ma gridi am'deralo, ndipo ufulu woyendetsa wokhazikika nthawi zonse umawapatsa maola okhazikika pachaka pa gridi ya TenneT yamagetsi amphamvu; ACM idayambitsidwa ndi chigamulo chake cha code cha pa 16 Julayi 2024 (Staatscourant 2024, 23594), chomwe chidayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 1 Epulo 2025. Mkati mwa kayendetsedwe ka kuchuluka kwa anthu pali mgwirizano woletsa mphamvu, ndipo mwa chisankho chake cha pa 11 Disembala 2025 (Staatscourant 2025, 42474) ACM idawonjezera mgwirizano wowongolera mphamvu, womwe wogwiritsa ntchito makina amatha kupempha gulu lomwe lili ndi malo osungira kapena kupanga kuti lisunthe voliyumu motsutsana ndi komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kumapita m'malo mongochepetsa katundu; imawonjezera mgwirizano woletsa mphamvu m'malo mosintha. Mikhalidwe tsopano ili mu Systememcode elektriciteit 2026, yomwe idalowa m'malo mwa Netcode elektriciteit pomwe Energiewet ndi ma code ake adayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januware 2026. Kulipiritsa ndi njira yabwino chifukwa ndi yosinthasintha, koma maudindo ake ndi ovuta: olemba ntchito omwe adalonjeza kuchepetsa katundu sangalole kuti magalimoto awo alipiritse momwe akufunira.

Kulumikizana kwa gridi kuli ndi nkhani yake patsamba lino. Chofunika apa ndi kutsata malamulo: funsani za mphamvu musanagule zida.

Ndani mwini wa malo oikira ndalama?

Malo oimikapo ndalama omangidwa pamaziko a konkriti si zida zosunthika. Umwini wa malo umaphatikizapo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa bwino, kotero mwini malo amakhala mwini malo oimikapo ndalama pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo (art. 5:20 BW). Izi ndi natrekking , kulowa m'malo, ndipo zimachitika chilichonse chomwe pangano likunena za umwini. Mu Rechtbank Gelderland 11 Meyi 2023, ECLI:NL:RBGEL:2023:2690, mlandu wa msonkho wamagetsi wokhudza malo oimikapo ndalama omwe anthu onse amawagwiritsa ntchito motsatira malamulo a boma, khotilo linapitiliza ndi mfundo yakuti malo oimikapo ndalama anakhala katundu wa boma chifukwa cholowa m'malo, chifukwa anali ogwirizana bwino ndi malowo ndipo palibe ufulu wopatsidwa.

Yankho lake ndi ufulu wa superficies, opstalrecht (art. 5:101 BW): ufulu weniweni wolembetsedwa wolekanitsa umwini wa malowo ndi umwini wa malowo. Pamene woyendetsa wina, kampani yobwereketsa kapena wolemba ntchito ayika malowo pamalo a wina ndipo akufuna kusunga umwini, kuchotsa katunduyo kapena kulipirira, ichi ndi chida. Chimafuna chikalata cha notarial ndi kulembetsa, ndipo chiyenera kuthana ndi nthawi, malipiro, kupeza, kukonza ndi kugulitsa malowo. Vuto lomweli limabweranso ndi ma solar panels padenga lobwerekedwa.

Malo olipira malo obwereka a bizinesi

Kukhazikitsa malo olipira kumasintha malo obwerekedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafuna chilolezo cha mwini nyumba (art. 7:215 BW). Wobwereka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wochotsa zomwe adawonjezera ndipo ayenera kubweza malowo malinga ndi momwe adavomerezera (art. 7:216 BW ndi art. 7:224 BW). Onse atatu ali mu gawo la Buku 7 lokhudzana ndi maudindo a wobwereka, lomwe limagwira ntchito ku malo amalonda komanso ku nyumba, koma kokha pa lendi yokhala ndi nyumba ndi komwe lendi ili. 7:215 BW ndi yofunikira kwa wobwereka. Mitundu ya ROZ yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi mu lendi iliyonse yamalonda yaku Dutch imaletsa kusintha ndikuyika udindo wokonzanso, kotero udindo wovomerezeka ndi udindo wokambirana, osati zotsatira zake.

Limbikitsani mwa kulemba, komanso mwa chilolezo chokha:

• Ndani amalipira — mtengo wa ndalama, kukhazikitsa, kukweza ndi kukonza kulumikizana, komanso ngati chilichonse mwa izi chimadutsa mu ndalama zothandizira anthu obwereka omwe salipira.
• Umwini ndi kuchotsedwa — ufulu wa zinthu zapamwamba ngati wobwereka kapena wogulitsa wake asunga umwini; apo ayi mgwirizano womveka bwino wakuti kukhazikitsako kukhalebe, ndi mtengo wake.
• Kugawa mphamvu m'nyumba yokhala ndi anthu ambiri obwereka nyumba, komwe munthu woyamba kubwereka nyumbayo amadya chipinda chachikulu chomwe ena amafunikira.
• Magetsi — zoyesedwa padera, zolipiridwa pamtengo, kapena zobwezedwa kudzera mu ndalama zothandizira, komanso ngati mwini nyumba amapereka ndalama zoposa mtengo.

Nyumba zapanyumba ndi VvE

Pamene malo oimika magalimoto ndi gawo lofala la nyumba yogawidwa m'magawo a nyumba, mwiniwake payekha sangangoyika. Zigawo zofala zimayendetsedwa ndi bungwe (art. 5:126 BW), kotero kusinthako kumafunika chisankho cha msonkhano wa eni ake motsatira chikalata chogawa magawo ndi malamulo. Ngati chilolezo cha bungwe, ziwalo zake kapena eni ake ena sichinaperekedwe popanda chifukwa chomveka, kapena chipani chomwe chiyenera kupereka sichinayankhe, mwiniwake amene akuchifuna akhoza kupempha khoti lachigawo kuti lisinthe chilolezocho ndi chilolezo (art. 5:121 BW). Ngati malo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera kapena kapangidwe kake kasintha kwambiri, kusintha kwa chikalata chogawa magawo kungafunike, komwe kumakhala kolemetsa kwambiri.

Zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuzipanga. Mu nyumba zomwe zikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a 2017, kudziwitsa bungwe kungakhale kokwanira kale, malinga ndi mikhalidwe. Ndipo lamulo losintha Buku 5 la Civil Code lingayambitse dongosolo lazidziwitso, kotero mwini nyumba amene akwaniritsa mikhalidwe yofunikira amafunika kungodziwitsa m'malo mopeza chilolezo, ndi tsatanetsatane wosiyidwa ku lamulo la khonsolo. Lamuloli lakhala likuchitika kudzera pa intaneti koma silinakhazikitsidwe pamene nkhaniyi inalembedwa, ndipo lamulo la khonsolo lokhazikitsa mikhalidwe silinasindikizidwe; onani mapepala a nyumba yamalamulo musanadalire. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo chisankho cha bungweli chikadali chofunikira, ndipo mabungwe ayenera kuthetsa zomwe boma silingayankhe: kuyeza ndi kulipira, inshuwaransi, chitetezo cha moto, ndi amene amalipira kuti alimbikitse kulumikizana kwa nyumbayo.

Ntchito yochaja: magulu atatu osiyana

Mabizinesi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maudindo atatu: woyang'anira malo ochajira (CPO) , yemwe ali ndi kapena kuyendetsa zidazo ndikugulitsa mwayi wolowera; wopereka chithandizo cha e-mobility (eMSP) , yemwe amapereka khadi lochajira kapena pulogalamu ndikulipira dalaivala, nthawi zambiri kudzera pa maukonde ena kudzera mu roaming; ndi wogulitsa magetsi , yemwe amapereka kulumikizana kumbuyo kwa malo ochajira.

Kaya kugulitsa magetsi pamalo ochapira kumafuna chilolezo chogulitsira ndi funso lomwe mabizinesi amafunsadi. Chilolezo chimafunika kuti chipereke mphamvu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi kulumikizana pang'ono (art. 2.17 Energiewet), ndipo ACM imafalitsa mndandanda wotsekedwa wa zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo kupereka ku malo amodzi omwe muli nawo kudzera mu kulumikizana kumodzi, kupereka kwa ogula ambiri, komanso kuchita ngati wogulitsa ndi wogulitsa wovomerezeka.

Kusanthula kwachikhalidwe ndi kwakuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ndiye wogwiritsa ntchito womaliza kulumikizana kwake ndipo amagulitsa ntchito yochaja, osati magetsi kudzera pa kulumikizana, kotero palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Zimakhala zovuta pamene bizinesi imalola ena kutenga ndalama kuchokera ku kulumikizana kwake ndikuwapatsa ngongole: mwini nyumba akuchajanso obwereka, bungwe lokhalamo anthu okhalamo, kapena anansi omwe akugawana malo amodzi. ACM sinasindikize malangizo aliwonse okhudza malo ochaja pansi pa Energiewet; chomwe imafalitsa ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zina zomwe sizikupezeka, zomwe zimaphimbanso kupereka kwa maulumikizidwe ang'onoang'ono a maboma kuti agwire ntchito zawo zapagulu komanso kupereka kwa gulu lamagetsi lopanda phindu kwa mamembala ake. Ngati pali kukayika, gwirani ntchito kudzera mwa wogulitsa wovomerezeka kapena CPO m'malo mokhala mmodzi.

Kulipira anthu onse, kuvomereza ndi kupereka ma tender a boma

Kulipiritsa anthu onse ku Netherlands nthawi zambiri kumakhala msika wolamulidwa ndi mgwirizano. Maboma ndi mabungwe ogwirizana m'madera amapereka zilolezo zoyika ndikugwiritsa ntchito malo olipiritsa anthu onse, nthawi zambiri kwa nthawi yayitali komanso nthawi zambiri pamodzi m'maboma ambiri. Kampani yomwe ikufuna kupikisana ndi imodzi ndikupereka mgwirizano wa anthu onse: lamulo logula zinthu limagwira ntchito, njira zoperekera mphoto zimakhala zovuta, ndipo opikisana nawo omwe akhumudwa amakambirana.

Yang'anani musanagule: ndani ali ndi malo olipira panthawi komanso pambuyo pa nthawiyo, komanso ngati ufulu wa superficies waperekedwa kapena ngati chilolezo chogwira ntchito chaloledwa; ndalama zomwe zimalipidwa ku boma, nthawi zambiri pa kWh; njira yoyika, kuphatikizapo chisankho cha magalimoto chosungira malo; nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito; malire a msonkho; ndi kubwezera.

Kuwonekera bwino kwa ogula ndi mitengo pamalo operekera ndalama kwa anthu onse

Lamulo (EU) 2023/1804 pa zomangamanga zamafuta ena (AFIR) likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 13 Epulo 2024 ndipo likugwira ntchito mwachindunji. Maudindo ake okhudzana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ali mu gawo. 5 AFIR:

• Kuchaja kwadzidzidzi — ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhala okhoza kulipira popanda mgwirizano ndi wogwiritsa ntchito kapena wopereka chithandizo.
• malipiro — malo opezeka pagulu a mphamvu zosachepera 50 kW ayenera kulandira malipiro apakompyuta kudzera mu chowerengera makadi kapena chipangizo chopanda kukhudza. Malo omwe kale analipo kale lamuloli lisanagwiritsidwe ntchito samasulidwa kwamuyaya: art. 5 AFIR imakakamiza ogwira ntchito kuti agwirizane ndi malo omwe alipo kale a mphamvu zosachepera 50 kW pofika pa 1 Januwale 2027, kaya ndi malo olumikizira makadi kapena polipira kudzera mu QR code.
• Mtengo wowonekera — mitengo yokhazikika iyenera kukhala yoyenera, yowonekera bwino komanso yopanda tsankho, yoperekedwa gawo lisanayambe, komanso kutengera mtengo pa kWh pa malo osachepera 50 kW, ndi gawo lililonse lokhalamo lomwe likuwonetsedwa padera.
• Othandizira — eMSP iyenera kupatsa dalaivala zinthu zonse zamtengo wa gawoli, kuphatikizapo kuyendayenda, pasadakhale.

Lamulo la ogula la ku Netherlands limagwiranso ntchito. AFIR imagwira ntchito mwachindunji, popanda malamulo aku Dutch okhazikitsa, ndipo kuyang'anira kuwonekera bwino kwa mitengo yanthawi yochepa komanso mgwirizano kuli m'manja mwa ACM ndi RDW.

Njira yogwirira ntchito: kuyitanitsa galimoto ya kampani kunyumba

Apa ndi pomwe olemba ntchito amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri komanso osakonzekera bwino. Ngati wantchito ali ndi galimoto ya kampani yamagetsi, magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba ndi mtengo wa galimoto ya wantchito, yomwe wantchitoyo amapatsidwa. Chifukwa chake, kubweza ndalama nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa ngati kubweza ndalama zolipirira pakati ndipo sikulipira msonkho - koma pokhapokha ngati zikugwirizana ndi mtengo weniweni wa wantchito. Mu nkhani yofalitsidwa, gulu la chidziwitso la Belastingdienst linakana mtengo wapakati wadziko lonse, chifukwa kufalikira pakati pa antchito ndi kwakukulu kwambiri (KG:204:2024:13). Udindo wakale umakhudza kubweza mtengo wolipirira wokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa superficies kuti usunge udindo (KG:204:2022:5). Misonkho yapamwamba yokha, osati upangiri wamisonkho.

Malo ogwirira ntchito ndi osiyana, ndipo ali mu dongosolo la galimoto kapena pangano:

• Ndani ali ndi, amaika inshuwaransi, ndi kusamalira malo oikira ndalama panyumba ya wantchito, ndi zomwe zimachitika wantchito akachoka, kusamuka kapena kusintha galimoto.
• Momwe ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimayezedwera ndikubwezeredwa, komanso umboni wa mtengo womwe wantchito ayenera kupereka.
• Kaya olemba ntchito angabweze ndalama zoyikira kapena kuchotsa antchito akachotsedwa ntchito — funso loti kuchotsera malipiro kumafunika chifukwa chomveka bwino.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito paokha galimoto yachiwiri, ndi makadi olipira potuluka. Kusintha kwa galimoto imodzi n'kovuta: njira yobwezera ndalama yomwe imagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ingakhale nthawi yogwira ntchito.

Chitetezo cha deta pamalo oikira ndalama

Gawo lolipiritsa silikudziwika. Makhadi olipiritsa, ma RFID tag, maakaunti a pulogalamu ndi zolemba zoyendayenda zimalumikiza gawolo ndi munthu, nthawi ndi malo, kotero GDPR imagwira ntchito ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito, wopereka chithandizo ndi olemba ntchito aliyense ayenera kudziwa kuti ndi ndani mwa iwo amene ali woyang'anira. Deta yolipiritsa imavumbula komwe wantchito anali komanso nthawi yomwe: kugwiritsa ntchito kupitirira malire a ndalama kumafuna maziko ovomerezeka motsatira art. 6 GDPR, chidziwitso ndipo, komwe kuli ngati kuyang'anira, kutenga nawo mbali kwa bungwe la ntchito. Sungani zomwe zimafunika kuti bilu iperekedwe.

Chitetezo, malamulo omanga ndi zilolezo

Malo olipira amalamulidwa ndi Besluit bouwwerken leefomgeving (Bbl) pansi pa Omgevingswet. Bbl ikukhazikitsa maudindo olipiritsa a EPBD yosinthidwa, ndipo zosintha za 2026 zidazikweza. Pakumanga kwatsopano ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa nyumba yosakhalamo yokhala ndi malo oimika magalimoto opitilira asanu, chofunikira tsopano ndi malo olipira osachepera amodzi pa malo asanu aliwonse - chimodzi pa awiri aliwonse mnyumba yokhala ndi ofesi - kuyika mawaya asanafike theka la malo ndi kuyika mawaya amtsogolo kwa ena onse (art. 4.160b Bbl). Nyumba zomwe sizilimo zokhalamo zokhala ndi malo oimika magalimoto opitilira makumi awiri zakhala zikufunika malo olipira osachepera limodzi kuyambira 1 Januware 2025; kuyambira 1 Januware 2027 zimafunikira malo olipira amodzi pa malo khumi aliwonse kapena kuyika mawaya amtsogolo kwa theka la iwo, ndipo nyumba za anthu onse zikukumana ndi zofunikira zina zoyika mawaya amtsogolo kuyambira 1 Januware 2033.

Malo oimika magalimoto omwe ali mkati mwake amafunika chisamaliro chapadera. Palibe lamulo lalikulu loletsa kuyitanitsa magalimoto m'modzi, koma nyumbayo iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za Bbl, kukhazikitsa kuyenera kutsatira miyezo yoyenera, ndipo akuluakulu a boma akhoza kupereka zofunikira zapadera. Makampani a inshuwalansi ndi ozimitsa moto amayembekezera kukhala pafupi ndi khomo lolowera kapena pansi pa mpweya wopumira, switch yapakati yadzidzidzi, zizindikiro zosonyeza komwe kulipiritsa, ndi chitsimikizo chakuti inshuwaransi ya nyumbayo ikugwirabe ntchito. Pa malo olipiritsa magalimoto omwe ali pansi pa nyumba yomwe ili ndi ntchito yogona, Bbl imapita patsogolo, ikufuna kuti mode 3 kapena mode 4 ilipiritse, switch yodula pakati yolumikizidwa ndi kuyika alamu yamoto, komanso sprinkler yolemera komanso yopereka mpweya wopumira. Kaya chilolezo chikufunika, yang'anani pamalopo osati pa hardware: ntchito yomanga yaukadaulo nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda chilolezo, koma omgevingsplan ingapangitse kuti kuyika malo olipiritsa kukhale ntchito yomwe chilolezo chikufunika, ndipo kuchoka pa pulaniyo kumatenga nthawi yayitali. Yang'anani omgevingsplan ya boma lomwe likukhudzidwa kudzera mu Omgevingsloket musanayitanitse zida.

Mndandanda wa olemba ntchito omwe akukhazikitsa ndalama zolipiritsa pamalo ake

• Tsimikizirani mphamvu zomwe zilipo ndi woyendetsa makina musanagwiritse ntchito zida zamagetsi, ndipo perekani mitengo ya njira zina: kukweza, kuyatsa mwanzeru, kapena mgwirizano wosinthasintha wonyamula.
• Ngati mubwereka nyumba, pemphani chilolezo cholembedwa cha mwini nyumbayo, ndipo mtengo wake, umwini wake ndi kuchotsedwa kwake zithetsedwe, ndipo perekani ufulu wosankha ngati umwini wake udzakhala kwina kulikonse kupatulapo kwa mwini nyumbayo.
• Sankhani ngati malo olipira adzatsegulidwa kwa alendo; ngati ndi choncho, ganizirani kuti AFIR ikugwira ntchito.
• Konzani njira yolipirira, ndipo tsatirani upangiri musanabwezeretse magetsi kwa munthu wina.
• Yang'anani zomwe Bbl ikuyenera kuchita, komanso chitetezo cha moto ngati malo oimika magalimoto ali otsekedwa.
• Lembani malamulo mu ndondomeko ya galimoto: kuyenerera, kulipiritsa nyumba, kubweza ndalama, makadi olipiritsa, kutuluka.
• Ikani chidziwitso choteteza deta ndi malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi wogwiritsa ntchito ndi wopereka chithandizo, ndipo gwirizanani ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito, chitsimikizo ndi njira yotulukira.