Milandu yabodza: ​​njira zothanirana ndi milandu ndi milandu ya anthu motsatira malamulo aku Dutch

Ngati wina akukuimbani mlandu wabodza, malamulo aku Dutch amakupatsirani njira yachifwamba komanso yachipongwe. Kupereka lipoti la apolisi mwadala ndi mlandu motsatira Nkhani 188 ya Dutch Criminal Code (Sr), ndipo kufalitsa mlandu womwe mukudziwa kuti si wabodza ndi miseche (laster) motsatira Nkhani 262 Sr; kupatulapo ndi mawu operekedwa pofuna kudziteteza kapena, mwachikhulupiriro chabwino, pofuna kuthandiza anthu.

Njira ya boma nthawi zambiri imakhala yothandiza kwambiri. Kuneneza zabodza nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopanda lamulo (onrechtmatige daad) motsatira Nkhani 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW). Khothi likhoza kulamula kuti mawuwo ayimitse, kulamula kuti akonze ndikulipira ndalama, kuphatikizapo kulipira chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mbiri yanu.

Kodi mlandu wabodza umakhala mlandu waupandu liti?

Milandu ingapo mu Criminal Code imagwira ntchito, kutengera momwe mlanduwo waperekedwera. Zilango zazikulu zomwe zili pansipa zimakhazikitsidwa ndi nkhani zomwezo; chigamulo chenicheni chimasankhidwa ndi khothi.

• Lipoti labodza (Nkhani 188 Sr): Kukanena kwa apolisi kapena akuluakulu ena kuti mlandu wachitika, podziwa kuti siwolakwa. Kumangidwa kwa chaka chimodzi kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachitatu.
• Kunyoza (smaad, Article 261 Sr): kuwononga ulemu kapena mbiri ya munthu mwadala pomuneneza za mfundo inayake, ndi cholinga chodziwikiratu kuti ifalitsidwe. Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi; polemba kapena pazithunzi (smaadschrift) pazipita chaka chimodzi.
• Kuneneza (last, Article 262 Sr): kunyoza dzina la munthu pamene wokamba nkhani akudziwa kuti mlanduwo si woona. Chindapusa cha zaka ziwiri kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachinayi.
• Kuneneza zabodza (lasterlijke aanklacht, Article 268 Sr): kupereka mwadala madandaulo olembedwa abodza kapena lipoti lonena za munthu winawake kwa akuluakulu aboma, zomwe zingawononge mbiri yawo. Zaka ziwiri zokha.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 261(3) Sr palibe kunyoza dzina ngati wokamba nkhaniyo anachita zinthu zodziteteza, kapena angaganize kuti mlanduwo unali woona ndipo kuti zofuna za anthu onse zimafuna zimenezo. Kudziteteza kumeneko sikuthandiza munthu amene ankadziwa kuti mawuwo ndi abodza.

Chifukwa chiyani nthawi yomaliza ya miyezi itatu ndi yofunika

Kunyoza ndi kunyoza ndi milandu yomwe ikuimbidwa mlandu pa madandaulo okha (klachtdelict) motsatira Article 269 Sr: Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) ingathe kuchitapo kanthu pokhapokha ngati inu, monga munthu amene mukuimbidwa mlandu, mupereka madandaulo. Motsatira Article 66 Sr muyenera kutero mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera tsiku lomwe mudamva za mlanduwo. Lipoti labodza motsatira Article 188 Sr ndi mlandu wonyoza motsatira Article 268 Sr si milandu yodandaula.

Ngakhale pakhale madandaulo omveka bwino, chisankho chotsutsa mlandu chili m'manja mwa Public Prosecution Service. Kupezeka ndi mlandu sikuchotsa mawuwo kapena kukubwezerani, ndichifukwa chake anthu ambiri amatsatira njira ya boma.

Kodi munganene chiyani pa milandu ya milandu ya anthu wamba?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162 BW, mawuwo ndi osaloledwa ngati, pambuyo poyesa ufulu wolankhula motsutsana ndi ufulu wanu wokhala ndi mbiri yabwino, apitirira muyeso: mwachitsanzo chifukwa chakuti analibe maziko okwanira, kapena adanenedwa mwanjira yopweteka mosafunikira. Mlandu wabodza womwe mwadziwa nthawi zambiri umakhala wosaloledwa.

Khoti la milandu likhoza kulamula izi:

• kuletsa kubwereza mlanduwo, mothandizidwa ndi chilango (dwangsom) pa kuphwanya kulikonse;
• kuchotsa zolemba pa intaneti ndi kuchotsa chikalatacho;
• kufalitsa chikalata chokonza zinthu mwanjira yomwe khoti lakhazikitsa (Nkhani 6:167 BW);
• malipiro a kutayika kwa ndalama, monga kutayika kwa ndalama kapena ndalama;
• malipiro a kuwonongeka kosakhala kwa ndalama pamene ulemu kapena mbiri yanu yawonongeka (Nkhani 6:106(b) BW).

Ngati vuto likupitirira, malamulo awa akhoza kupemphedwa mwachangu m'nkhani yachidule (kort geding) pamaso pa woweruza wa khothi lachigawo yemwe akupereka chithandizo cha kanthawi. Ndalama zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa chifukwa cha kutayika komwe kukufunikabe kutsimikizika nthawi zambiri zimapemphedwa m'nkhaniyo pamaziko a umboni.

Kodi mumamanga bwanji mlandu wanu?

Njira zonse ziwiri zimadalira umboni. Pa milandu ya milandu ya anthu muyenera kutsimikizira kuti mawuwo adanenedwa, zomwe kwenikweni zidanenedwa komanso kwa ndani; mbali inayo iyenera kutsimikizira mfundo zomwe idadalira. Yambani kusonkhanitsa nthawi yomweyo mukamva za mlanduwu, chifukwa mauthenga ndi zolemba zimatha kutha.

• Sungani maimelo, mauthenga ochezera, ndi zolemba zapaintaneti pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsa tsiku, nthawi ndi wotumiza.
• Lembani makambirano omwe mlanduwo unabwera, tsiku, malo ndi amene analipo.
• Sonkhanitsani mayina a mboni zomwe zinamva kapena kuwerenga mlanduwo.
• Sungani zolemba zomwe sizikutsimikizira zomwe mukuimbidwa mlandu, monga zolemba, zovomerezeka ndi makalata.
• Lembani tsiku lomwe mudadziwa koyamba za mlanduwo; limayamba miyezi itatu ya madandaulo.

Musanayankhe pagulu, ganizirani pempho lolembedwa (sommatie) kwa munthu amene akumuneneza. Limaika nthawi yochepa yoti achotse mawuwo ndikuchotsa zolemba, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi chikalata choyamba chomwe khothi lidzayang'ana pochita mwachidule.

Kodi ufulu wanu ndi wotani ngati apolisi akukufunsani mafunso?

Pansi pa Nkhani 27c Sv muyenera kuuzidwa mlandu womwe mukukayikiridwa, pofika nthawi yomaliza musanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba. Pansi pa Nkhani 29 Sv simukuyenera kuyankha, ndipo apolisi ayenera kukuuzani zimenezo musanayambe kuyankhulana.

Muli ndi ufulu wokhala ndi loya (Article 28 Sv). Ngati mwamangidwa, mutha kufunsa loya musanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba, makamaka kwa mphindi 30 (Article 28c Sv), ndipo loya wanu akhoza kupezekapo ndikutenga nawo mbali mu kuyankhulanako ngati mwapempha (Article 28d Sv). Kusiya ufulu wokhala ndi loya kuyenera kukhala kodzifunira komanso kosasinthasintha (Article 28a Sv).

Nanga bwanji ngati mlanduwo waperekedwa kuntchito?

Nkhani 7:611 BW imakakamiza olemba ntchito ndi antchito onse kuti azichita ngati olemba ntchito abwino komanso antchito abwino. Wolemba ntchito amene akuimbidwa mlandu ayenera kufufuza mosamala, kumva mbali yanu ndipo asapange ziganizo asanatsimikizire mfundo zake.

Bwana amene akuchotsani ntchito ayenera kusonyeza chifukwa chofulumira (dringende reden) motsatira Nkhani 7:678 BW, ndipo udindo wopereka umboni uli m'manja mwa bwana. Ngati mukufuna kutsutsa kuchotsedwa ntchito mwachidule, pempholi ku khoti la kantonrechter (khoti lachigawo) liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi iwiri ntchito itatha (Nkhani 7:686a(4) BW). Ngati mlanduwu umakhudzanso kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika deta yanu, mutha kuitumiza kwa bwana pansi pa GDPR kapena kudandaula ku Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens).

Kodi muyenera kulankhulana bwanji za mlanduwo?

Musayankhe mwatsatanetsatane nkhani yatsopano nthawi yomweyo. Tsimikizani kuti mwalandira, funsani mfundo ndi zikalata zomwe zili mkati mwake, ndipo yankhani polemba mukaziyang'ana. Izi zimapewa mawu omwe pambuyo pake amatsutsana ndi fayilo yanu.

Pewani kukambirana za mlanduwo ndi anzanu, pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kapena ndi munthu wina popanda upangiri. Pa mlandu waupandu, chilichonse chomwe munganene kwa apolisi chimalembedwa mu lipoti lovomerezeka (njira-mawu) ndipo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati umboni.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wantchito woimbidwa mlandu?

• Funsani mwa kulemba kuti mukuimbidwa mlandu wa chiyani, ndani komanso umboni wake.
• Onani ngati abwana anu atsatira njira zawo zodandaulira kapena zolungama.
• Lembani mbali yanu ndipo pemphani kuti ionjezedwe mu fayilo yofufuza.
• Musasayine pangano lothetsa mavuto kapena kusiya ntchito musanaliwunikenso.
• Pambuyo pochotsa ntchito mwachidule, lembani tsiku lomaliza la miyezi iwiri motsatira Nkhani 7:686a BW.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wolemba ntchito?

• Mvetserani wantchito woimbidwa mlandu komanso munthu amene akumunenezayo musanachitepo kanthu.
• Chepetsani chiwerengero cha anthu odziwitsidwa, kuti musafalitse mlandu wosatsimikizika nokha.
• Lembani kafukufuku, umboni ndi zomwe mwapeza polemba.
• Onani ngati mfundozo ndi chifukwa chofunikira malinga ndi Nkhani 7:678 BW musanachotsedwe mlandu.
• Ganizirani zomwe zingachitikire wantchito amene mwadala wanena zabodza.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ngati mwamunamizira?

Maloya athu a milandu amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi maloya athu olemba ntchito ndi milandu pamilandu iyi.

• Timayesa mlandu wanu ndi umboni wanu ndipo timalangiza za njira zaupandu ndi zandale.
• Timalemba ndi kutumiza pempho lolembedwa kuti tichotse chikalatacho ndikuchotsa zolemba.
• Timalemba ndikupereka madandaulo anu ku polisi mkati mwa miyezi itatu yomaliza.
• Tikuyamba mwachidule njira zoletsera, kuchotsa ndi kukonza.
• Tikupempha chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ndalama ndi kuvulala kwa mbiri.
• Timakuthandizani pa kafukufuku wa kuntchito kapena njira yochotsera ntchito.

Chidule

• Lipoti la apolisi lonama mwadala ndi mlandu motsatira Article 188 Sr; kufalitsa mlandu wabodza mwadala ndi miseche motsatira Article 262 Sr.
• Pankhani yonyoza ndi kunyoza, muyenera kupereka madandaulo mkati mwa miyezi itatu (Nkhani 269 ndi 66 Sr).
• Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162, 6:167 ndi 6:106 BW, khothi la milandu likhoza kulamula kuti liletse, lisinthe malamulo komanso liwononge ndalama.
• Sonkhanitsani umboni nthawi yomweyo ndipo lembani nthawi yomwe mudayamba kumva za mlanduwo.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI