Kusudzulana ku Netherlands: kodi njirayi imagwira ntchito bwanji?

Chisudzulo ku Netherlands nthawi zonse chimadutsa m'khoti: palibe njira yoyendetsera ukwati. Ukwati umatha pokhapokha ngati chigamulo cha khoti chalembedwa mu kaundula wa boma, zomwe ziyenera kuchitika mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chigamulocho chitaperekedwa; ngati nthawi yomalizayo yalephera, chigamulocho chimatha ndipo ndondomeko yonse iyenera kubwerezedwanso (Nkhani 1:163 ya Dutch Civil Code, Burgerlijk Wetboek , BW).

Ndondomekoyi imatenga njira imodzi mwa ziwiri. Pamene okwatirana onse awiri avomerezana, amalemba pempho logwirizana kudzera mwa loya mmodzi ( advocaat ) woimira onse awiri, pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wa chisudzulo ( echtscheidingsconvenant ) ndipo, ngati pali ana osakwana zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, dongosolo la makolo. Mkhalapakati angathandize kukwaniritsa mapangano amenewo, koma loya yekha ndi amene angalembe pempholo. Iyi ndi njira yachangu komanso yotsika mtengo, ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe kumvetsera komwe kumafunika. Ngati palibe mgwirizano, mnzawo m'modzi amalemba pempholo kudzera mwa loya wake, winayo amalemba chitetezo kudzera mwa wawo, ndipo khoti limasankha mfundo zomwe zikukangana pambuyo pa mlandu. Njira zokayikitsa, monga amene amakhala m'nyumba, komwe ana amakhala ndi kusamalira kwakanthawi, zitha kupemphedwa padera ndipo nthawi zambiri zimathetsedwa mkati mwa milungu osati miyezi.

Mulimonsemo, nkhani zinayi ziyenera kuthetsedwa: kugawa katundu wa m'banja kapena mgwirizano pansi pa mgwirizano wa ukwati, kusamalira ana, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, kwa mwamuna kapena mkazi wakale, makonzedwe a ana, ndi kufanana kwa ufulu wa penshoni womwe umapangidwa panthawi ya ukwati. Pa penshoni, malinga ndi malamulo omwe alipo, wopereka penshoni ayenera kudziwitsidwa mkati mwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene mwamuna kapena mkazi wakale wasudzulana ngati mwamuna kapena mkazi wake wakale alandira malipiro mwachindunji.

Kodi njira zazikulu zothanirana ndi anthu ku Netherlands ndi ziti?

Njira zofunika kwambiri ndi kukonzekera, kupereka pempho, milandu ya khothi, chisankho cha chisudzulo, ndi kulembetsa. Gawo lililonse lili ndi zofunikira zake komanso zikalata zake.

Kodi mumakonzekera bwanji chisudzulo?

Yambani mwa kusonkhanitsa zikalata ndikupanga chithunzithunzi cha katundu wanu, ngongole zanu, ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi penshoni. Kenako sankhani ngati inu ndi mnzanu mungagwirizane pa mfundo zazikulu, chifukwa zimenezo zimatsimikizira njira.

Zikalatazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chidutswa cha satifiketi yaukwati, zidutswa kuchokera ku Personal Records Database ( Basisregistratie Personen , BRP), malipoti azachuma, zolemba za katundu ndi zambiri zokhudza ana. Mufunika kufotokozera mwachidule katundu ndi ngongole zonse zolumikizana komanso za munthu aliyense payekha kuti mudziwe zomwe ziyenera kugawidwa. Ndi katundu uti womwe umagawidwa umadalira dongosolo lanu la katundu: paukwati kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2018, mgwirizano wochepa wa katundu umagwira ntchito mwachisawawa, pa maukwati akale nthawi zambiri anthu wamba, pokhapokha mutapanga mgwirizano wa ukwati ( huwelijkse voorwaarden ).

Zisankho zazikulu zimakhudza kugawa katundu, kusamalira okwatirana, kusamalira ana ndi makonzedwe a ana. Okwatirana angasankhe pakati pa njira ziwiri: pempho logwirizana kapena pempho lochokera mbali imodzi. Pempho logwirizana nthawi zambiri limayenda mwachangu komanso mopanda kupsinjika maganizo, chifukwa onse awiri agwirizana kale pa zomwe agwirizana.

Kodi pempholi limaperekedwa bwanji ndipo milandu ya kukhoti imagwira ntchito bwanji?

Ndondomeko yovomerezeka imayamba ndi pempho ( verzoekschrift ) lomwe laperekedwa ku khothi lachigawo ( rechtbank ) ndi loya. Ndi pempho logwirizana, loya mmodzi akhoza kuchitapo kanthu m'malo mwa okwatirana onse awiri; ndi pempho losiyana, mwamuna aliyense amafuna loya wake.

Khoti la ku Netherlands lili ndi ulamuliro ngati chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zili mu Brussels II-ter Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 zikugwira ntchito. Zifukwa zodziwika bwino ndi zakuti onse awiri, kapena woyankha, amakhala ku Netherlands; kuti wopemphayo wakhala kuno kwa chaka chimodzi asanapereke chikalata; kapena kuti onse awiri ali ndi nzika yaku Netherlands. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi njira zosudzulana zikupezeka patsamba lathu.

Mu ndondomeko yochitidwa ndi munthu mmodzi, mwamuna kapena mkazi winayo ali ndi milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuti apereke chitetezo ndipo akhoza kupereka mapempho otsutsana nawo. Kenako khotilo limakhala ndi msonkhano wa pakamwa, pomwe mwamuna ndi mkazi onse awiri ndi maloya awo amafotokoza maganizo awo. Khotilo limaunikanso zikalatazo, limaunikanso momwe ndalama zakonzedwera ndikusankha zomwe anawo angachite ngati makolowo sangagwirizane.

Kodi chisudzulo chimamalizidwa bwanji?

Khoti likamaliza ndondomekoyi, limapereka chigamulo chake. Chigamulocho chimathetsa ukwatiwo, ndipo chimakhudza mfundo zomwe zikukangana kapena chimaphatikizapo mgwirizano wa chisudzulo womwe unavomerezedwa.

Chigamulo chikatha, loya amachitumiza ku kaundula wa boma kuti akalembetsedwe. Kwa maukwati omwe achitika ku Netherlands, uwu ndi mzinda womwe ukwati unachitikira; kwa maukwati omwe achitika kunja nthawi zambiri amakhala mzinda wa The Hague. Pokhapokha ukwati umathetsedwa. Kulembetsa kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chigamulo chikatha.

Chidule cha masitepe

Gome ili m'munsimu likuwonetsa magawo achizolowezi a njira yosudzulana ya ku Netherlands, ndi zochita zazikulu ndi zotsatira zake pa gawo lililonse.

Ndi zikalata ziti ndi nthawi ziti zomwe zikugwira ntchito?

Mukufuna zikalata zokhudza ukwati wanu, ana anu ndi ndalama zanu. Chisudzulo pa pempho logwirizana nthawi zambiri chimatenga miyezi ingapo; chisudzulo chomwe chimatsutsidwa nthawi zambiri chimatenga nthawi yayitali.

Ndi zikalata ziti zomwe mukufuna?

Pempho liyenera kuperekedwa ndi zikalata zingapo zovomerezeka, ndipo makonzedwe azachuma amafunika kudziwa bwino katundu ndi ndalama zonse.

• chidutswa cha satifiketi ya ukwati, kapena cholembedwa cha ukwati womwe wachitika kunja kwa dziko;
• zotsala kuchokera ku BRP kwa okwatirana ndi ana aang'ono;
• zikalata zobadwira kapena zochotsera za ana;
• dongosolo lolera ana, ngati pali ana aang'ono (Nkhani 815 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure, Wetboek van Burgerlijke Kukonzanso, Rv);
• mgwirizano wa chisudzulo, ngati okwatirana agwirizana;
• pa zikalata zakunja: kumasulira kovomerezeka ndipo, kutengera dziko, apostille kapena kuvomerezedwa.

Zikalata zachuma zimafunika pogawa katundu ndi kuwerengera kukonza. Kusonkhanitsa malipoti amisonkho aposachedwa, malipoti a malipiro, malipoti a banki, zolemba za ndalama, zikalata za ngongole ya nyumba, kuwunika mwachidule za penshoni ndi zambiri zokhudza katundu ndi ngongole zomwe zimagawidwa komanso zomwe munthu aliyense payekhapayekha amalandira. Zikalatazi zimathandiza okwatirana, ndipo ngati pakufunika khoti, kugawa katunduyo molondola ndikuwerengera kusamalira potengera ndalama zenizeni.

Ndondomeko yolera ana iyenera kufotokoza momwe makolo amagawira chisamaliro ndi kulera ana kapena kukonza zokumana, momwe amadziwitsirana ndi kufunsana za nkhani zofunika, komanso momwe amagawirana ndalama zolipirira ana. Iyeneranso kufotokoza momwe ana adathandizira pakujambula.

Kodi chisudzulo chimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Palibe nthawi yokhazikika yokhazikika ya ndondomeko yonse. Monga chizindikiro, chisudzulo pa pempho logwirizana nthawi zambiri chimatha mkati mwa miyezi ingapo mutapereka zikalatazo, bola ngati zikalatazo zatha. Chisudzulo chomwe chimatsutsidwa nthawi zambiri chimatenga chaka chimodzi kapena kuposerapo, makamaka ngati kugawa katundu kapena makonzedwe a ana akukangana.

Mu ndondomeko yomwe ikutsutsidwa, khoti limapatsa mwamuna kapena mkazi winayo milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuti ayankhe, kenako limakonza nthawi yoti mlandu uchitike pakamwa. Nthawi zina khoti limayamba lasankha chisudzulo lokha kenako n’kukambirana ndi mfundo zina, monga kugawa katundu, pambuyo pake. Kuphonya nthawi yomaliza kapena kutumiza zikalata zosakwanira kumachedwetsa ndondomekoyi.

Ngati pakufunika makonzedwe panthawi ya ndondomekoyi, mwamuna kapena mkazi angapemphe njira zochepetsera mavuto ( voorlopige voorzieningen ) motsatira Article 821 Rv. Khothi likhoza kusankha mwachangu, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa milungu ingapo, pankhani monga kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yaukwati, malo okhala ana kwakanthawi komanso kusamalira kwakanthawi.

Kodi muyenera kukonza chiyani mukatha kusudzulana?

Pambuyo polembetsa, njira zingapo zothandiza zimatsatira. Sinthani kulembetsa kwanu mu BRP ngati mutasamuka, ndipo dziwitsani mabanki, makampani a inshuwalansi ndi mabungwe ena. Tsekani kapena gawani maakaunti ogwirizana, ndipo konzani kusamutsa nyumba ndi ngongole ya nyumba ngati m'modzi mwa okwatirana ali ndi nyumbayo.

Yang'ananinso makonzedwe anu a penshoni. Motsatira lamulo la Pension Rights Equalisation (Divorce) Act ( Wet verevening pensioenrechten bij scheiding ) mkazi aliyense wakale ali ndi ufulu wopeza theka la penshoni yopuma pantchito yomwe idapangidwa panthawi ya ukwati, pokhapokha ngati avomerezana mwanjira ina. Kuti wopereka penshoni alipire mwachindunji, woperekayo ayenera kudziwitsidwa mkati mwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene chisudzulo chatha ndi fomu yolembedwa. Lamulo losintha malamulo awa (Wet pensioenverdeling bij scheiding 2022) lidakalipobe ku nyumba yamalamulo ndipo silikugwira ntchito, kotero kulinganiza malinga ndi lamulo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano ndikosayenera.

Onaninso chifuniro chanu ndi maudindo aliwonse opindula, monga omwe ali mu inshuwaransi ya moyo. Ndondomeko yolera ana siyenera kulembetsedwa kulikonse, koma makolo ayenera kuitsatira ndikuisintha ngati zinthu zisintha.

Kodi kusudzulana kumatanthauza chiyani kwa mabanja ndi eni mabizinesi?

Kusudzulana sikukhudza ubale walamulo pakati pa okwatirana. Kwa ana, kumasintha moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku; kwa eni mabizinesi, kungakhudze umwini ndi ndalama za kampaniyo.

Kodi ana amatetezedwa bwanji?

Zofuna za ana zimabwera patsogolo. Makolo omwe anali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana amasunga pambuyo pa chisudzulo, ndipo dongosolo la kulera ana limafotokoza momwe adzapitirizire kulera ana pamodzi (Nkhani 1:251 BW).

Ndondomekoyi iyenera kuphimba chisamaliro ndi kulumikizana, chidziwitso ndi upangiri, komanso ndalama zomwe ana amawononga. Iyenera kuonetsetsa kuti palibe kusokoneza kulikonse komwe kungatheke pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa ana. Ana azaka khumi ndi ziwiri kapena kuposerapo amaitanidwa ndi khoti kuti apereke maganizo awo, ndipo ana aang'ono nawonso akhoza kumvedwa.

Ngati makolo akupitiriza kukangana za ana, khoti likhoza kukhudza Bungwe Loona za Child Care and Protection Board ( Raad voor de Kinderbescherming ).

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pa bizinesi pakasudzulana?

Kaya bizinesi igwera pansi pa gawoli zimadalira dongosolo la katundu. Pansi pa mgwirizano wakale wa katundu, bizinesi nthawi zambiri imagwera m'gulu lonse la anthu. Pansi pa mgwirizano wochepa wa katundu kuyambira 2018, bizinesi yomwe inali ndi munthu asanakwatirane idzakhalabe yachinsinsi, koma anthu ammudzi akhoza kulandira malipiro oyenera chifukwa cha khama la mwamuna kapena mkazi wamalonda panthawi ya ukwati (Nkhani 1:95a BW). Ndi mgwirizano wa ukwati, mgwirizanowo umasankha.

Ngati bizinesi, kapena gawo la mtengo wake, liyenera kugawidwa kapena kuthetsedwa, mtengo wake umafunika. Oyesa bizinesi, nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ndi owerengera ndalama ndi maloya, amayesa mtengo wa kampaniyo potengera zinthu monga ndalama zomwe akuyembekezera mtsogolo, mapangano omwe alipo komanso momwe msika ulili. Amalonda nthawi zambiri amafunafuna njira zothetsera mavuto monga kugula mkazi kapena mwamuna wina, kulipira pang'onopang'ono, kapena kuphatikiza ndi katundu wina, kuti bizinesiyo ipitirire.

Kodi mumasankha bwanji chithandizo choyenera cha zamalamulo?

Thandizo loyenera limadalira momwe inu ndi mnzanuyo mukumverana komanso momwe zinthu zilili zovuta. Loya nthawi zonse amafunika kuti apereke pempholi; mkhalapakati angakuthandizeni kuti mugwirizane.

Kodi chisudzulo chimawononga ndalama zingati, ndipo kodi mungapeze thandizo la zamalamulo?

Ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa ndi ndalama za maloya, ndalama za khothi ( griffierecht ) ndi ndalama zilizonse za oyimira milandu, notaries ndi owerengera ndalama. Zimasiyana malinga ndi zovuta za mlanduwo, njira yomwe yasankhidwa komanso mitengo ya akatswiri omwe akukhudzidwa.

Ngati ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi katundu wanu zili pansi pa malire enaake, mutha kulandira thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa kudzera mu Legal Aid Board ( Raad voor Rechtsbijstand ), ndi chopereka chanu. Kuyimira mlandu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika mtengo, chifukwa okwatirana amakhala ndi mkhalapakati m'modzi ndipo nthawi zambiri loya m'modzi pa pempho logwirizana.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati mnzanu amene wapereka chikalatacho?

Ngati muyamba ndondomekoyi, fayilo yonse imaletsa kuchedwa kukhoti la chigawo. Onani mfundo izi:

• Ngati khoti la ku Netherlands lili ndi ulamuliro pansi pa lamulo la Brussels II-ter, mwachitsanzo chifukwa chakuti mwakhala kuno kwa chaka chimodzi kapena kuposerapo.
• Ndondomeko yanu ya katundu: mgwirizano wochepa wa katundu wa maukwati kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2018, mgwirizano wamba wa maukwati ambiri akale, kapena mgwirizano wa ukwati usanachitike.
• Kaya muli ndi dongosolo lolera ana aang'ono (Article 815 Rv), kapena mungathe kufotokoza chifukwa chake palibe.
• Kaya mukufuna njira zochepetsera mavuto malinga ndi Article 821 Rv pa nyumba, ana kapena kusamalira.
• Kaya satifiketi yanu ya ukwati, zidutswa za BRP ndi zikalata zilizonse zakunja zokhala ndi kumasulira ndi apostille zili zokonzeka.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati mnzanu amene walandira pempholi?

Ngati mnzanu wapereka pempho loti mudziteteze nokha, khoti limakhazikitsa nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuti mudziteteze. Onani mfundo izi:

• Lembani nthawi yomaliza yoti mupereke umboni ndipo funsani loya wanu nthawi yomweyo; simungathe kuipereka nokha.
• Chongani zomwe zili mu pempholi ndikusankha zomwe mukufuna kupereka.
• Sonkhanitsani zikalata zanu zachuma: malipoti a msonkho, malipoti a malipiro, chidule cha penshoni ndi ziwerengero za bizinesi.
• Ngati mukuchita bizinesi, onani ngati anthu ammudzi angapemphe malipiro oyenera motsatira Article 1:95a BW.
• Pambuyo pa chisudzulo, dziwitsani wopereka penshoni mkati mwa zaka ziwiri ngati mukufuna kulipira gawo lanu mwachindunji.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ngati banja lanu lasudzulana?

athu maloya osudzulana in Eindhoven ndi Amsterdam Kuthetsa mabanja achi Dutch ndi akunja, mu Chingerezi kapena Chidatchi. Zambiri zokhudza dera lonse zili pa malamulo apabanja page.

• Timafufuza ngati khoti la ku Netherlands lili ndi ulamuliro komanso lamulo lomwe limagwira ntchito pa katundu wanu ndi kusamalira kwanu.
• Timalemba chikalata chotsimikizira chisudzulo ndi dongosolo la kulera ana ndipo timalemba pempho logwirizana kwa nonse awiri.
• Timapereka pempho la mbali imodzi kapena chitetezo mkati mwa nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi, pamodzi ndi zopempha zilizonse zotsutsa.
• Tikupempha njira zochepetsera nthawi malinga ndi Article 821 Rv pa nyumba, ana ndi chisamaliro cha kanthawi.
• Timagwira ntchito ndi owerengera ndalama ndi odziwitsa za kugawa nyumba, bizinesi kapena magawo.
• Timatumiza chigamulo chomaliza ku kaundula wa boma mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yomaliza ya Article 1:163 BW.

Chidule

• Chisudzulo ku Netherlands nthawi zonse chimafuna chigamulo cha khothi, ndipo ukwati umatha pokhapokha chigamulocho chitalembetsedwa, mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chitakhala chomaliza.
• Ndi pempho logwirizana loti loyimira mwamuna ndi mkazi aliyense achitepo kanthu m'malo mwa mwamuna ndi mkazi; ndi pempho loyimira mwamuna ndi mkazi aliyense amafunikira loya wake.
• Kwa ana aang'ono, dongosolo lolera ana liyenera kuperekedwa pamodzi ndi pempholi.
• Mitu inayi iyenera kuthetsedwa: katundu, kusamalira, ana ndi penshoni.
• Njira zoyezera nthawi panthawi ya opaleshoniyi zitha kupemphedwa padera ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa mkati mwa milungu ingapo.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI