Kwa amalonda, kupeza chitetezo chazachuma ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mukapangana mgwirizano ndi gulu lina, mukufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti mnzakeyo akukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna kulipira. Ngati mupereka ndalama kapena kupanga ndalama zothandizira munthu wina, mumafunanso chitsimikizo chakuti ndalama zomwe mwaperekazo zidzabwezedwa.
M’mawu ena, mumafuna kupeza chisungiko chandalama. Kupeza chitetezo chandalama kumatsimikizira kuti wobwereketsayo ali ndi chikole pamene awona kuti zomwe akunena sizingakwaniritsidwe. Pali mwayi wosiyanasiyana kuti amalonda ndi makampani apeze chitetezo chandalama. M'nkhaniyi, ziwongola dzanja zingapo, escrow, (kampani ya makolo), chitsimikiziro cha 403, chikole ndi chikole zidzakambidwa.
1. Ngongole zingapo
Pankhani ya ngongole zingapo, zomwe zimatchedwanso mangawa ophatikizana, palibe chitsimikizo chomwe chimaperekedwa, koma pali wobwereketsa yemwe amakhala ndi ngongole kwa ena omwe ali ndi ngongole. Zolakwa zingapo zimachokera ku nkhani 6:6 Dutch Civil Code. Zitsanzo za mangawa angapo mkati mwa maubwenzi apakampani ndi anzawo amgwirizano omwe ali ndi mangawa angapo pangongole za mgwirizano kapena owongolera a bungwe lovomerezeka lomwe, nthawi zina, atha kukhala ndi ngongole za kampaniyo. Zolakwa zingapo nthawi zambiri zimakhazikitsidwa ngati chitetezo pa mgwirizano pakati pa maphwando.
Lamulo la chala chachikulu ndi lakuti, pamene ntchito yochokera ku mgwirizano ikuyenera kukhala ndi ngongole ziwiri kapena kuposerapo, aliyense amadzipereka kuti agawane mofanana. Choncho akhoza kungokakamizika kukwaniritsa gawo lawo la mgwirizano. Komabe, zovuta zingapo ndizosiyana ndi lamuloli. Pankhani ya ngongole zingapo, pali ntchito yomwe iyenera kuchitidwa ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole ziwiri kapena kuposerapo, koma kumene wobwereketsa aliyense akhoza kuchitidwa payekha kuti achite ntchito yonseyo.
Wobwereketsa ali ndi ufulu wokwaniritsa mgwirizano wonse kuchokera kwa wobwereketsa aliyense. Chifukwa chake, wobwereketsayo amatha kusankha kuti ndi ndani mwa omwe ali ndi ngongole yomwe akufuna kuwongolera ndiyeno angafune ndalama zonse zomwe ayenera kulipira kwa yemwe wangongoleyo. Wongongole mmodzi akalipira ndalama zonse, obwereketsa sakhalanso ndi ngongole kwa wobwereketsayo.
1.1 Ufulu wothandizira
Omwe ali ndi ngongole amayenera kulipira wina ndi mnzake, choncho ngongole yomwe idalipira ngongole imodzi iyenera kuthetsedwa pakati pa onse omwe ali ndi ngongole. Uku kumatchedwa ufulu wofunsanso. Ufulu wobwerera ndi ufulu wa wobwereketsa kuti abweze zomwe walipira wina yemwe ali ndi mlandu. Ngati wokongoza ali ndi ngongole zonse zolipira ngongole ndipo amalipira ngongole yonse, amalandila ngongoleyo kuchokera kwa omwe ali nawo ngongole.
Ngati ngongole sikufunanso kukhala ndi ngongole zonse zandalama zomwe adalowetsa limodzi ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole, atha kupempha wobwereketsa kalata kuti amuletse ngongole zingapo. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi momwe wokongoza ngongole alowa mgwirizano la ngongole yolumikizana ndi mnzake, koma akufuna kusiya kampani. Pankhaniyi, kuchotsedwa kolemba ngongole zingapo kuyenera kupangidwa nthawi zonse ndi wokongoza; Kudzipereka pakamwa kuchokera kwa anzanu omwe mwapanga nawo ngongole kuti adzabweza ngongole sikokwanira. Ngati inu amene muli ndi ngongole simungathe kukwaniritsa kapena simukukwaniritsa mgwirizano wapakamwa, wobwereketsa akhoza kukufunsani ngongole yonse.
1.2. Kufunika kwa chilolezo
Mnzanu wokwatirana kapena wolembetsedwa wa wobwereketsa yemwe ali ndi udindo payekhapayekha amatetezedwa ndi lamulo . Malinga ndi nkhani 1:88 ndime 1 sub c Dutch Civil Code, mkazi kapena mwamuna amafuna chilolezo kuchokera kwa mkazi kapena mwamuna wina kuti alowe m'mapangano omwe amamukakamiza ngati wobwereketsa mnzake, kupatulapo mu bizinesi yanthawi zonse ya kampani. Ichi ndi chomwe chimatchedwa chofunikira cha chilolezo. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kuteteza okwatirana ku milandu yomwe ingayambitse chiopsezo chachikulu cha zachuma.
Pamene wobwereketsa ali ndi ngongole kwa wobwereketsayo mowirikiza pa chigamulo chonsecho, izi zitha kukhalanso ndi zotsatirapo kwa mnzawo wangongoleyo. Komabe, pali chosiyana ndi chofunikira ichi cha chilolezo. Malinga ndi nkhani 1:88 ndime 5 Dutch Civil Code, chilolezo si chofunika pamene wotsogolera kampani yochepa mangawa kampani kapena payekha limited mangawa kampani (Dutch NV ndi BV) analowa pangano, pamene wotsogolera ndi, yekha kapena pamodzi ndi anzake otsogolera, mwini wa ambiri a magawo ndipo ngati pangano anamaliza m'malo mwa yachibadwa ntchito za kampani.
Mu ichi, pali zofunika ziwiri zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa: wotsogolera ndiye woyang'anira wamkulu komanso eni ake ambiri kapena ali ndi magawo ambiri pamodzi ndi oyang'anira anzake ndipo mgwirizanowo udamalizidwa m'malo mwabizinesi yanthawi zonse ya kampaniyo. Pamene zofunikira zonsezi sizinakwaniritsidwe, lamulo la chilolezo likugwiritsidwa ntchito.
2. Kutuluka
Pamene phwando likufuna chitetezo kuti chigamulo chandalama chilipidwe, chitetezerochi chikhoza kuperekedwanso ndi escrow.[1] Escrow imachokera ku nkhani 7:850 Dutch Civil Code. Timalankhula za escrow pamene wina adzipereka yekha kwa wobwereketsa kuti apereke zomwe gulu lina (wobwereketsa wamkulu) ayenera kukwaniritsa. Izi zimachitika pomaliza mgwirizano wa escrow. Gulu lachitatu lomwe limapereka chitetezo, limatchedwa guarantor.
Wopereka chitsimikizo amatengera udindo kwa wobwereketsa wangongole wamkulu. Choncho guarantor savomereza udindo wa ngongole yake, koma chifukwa cha ngongole ya gulu lina ndipo mwiniwake amapereka chitetezo cha kulipira ngongoleyi. Wopereka chitsimikizo ali ndi udindo ndi katundu wake wonse. An escrow akhoza kuvomerezana kuti akwaniritse maudindo omwe alipo kale, komanso kukwaniritsa maudindo amtsogolo.
Kutengera ndime 7:851 ndime 2 Dutch Civil Code, zomwe zamtsogolo ziyenera kuzindikirika mokwanira panthawi yomwe escrow yatha. Ngati wobwereketsa wamkulu sangathe kukwaniritsa udindo wake kuchokera ku mgwirizano, wobwereketsa akhoza kulankhulana ndi guarantor kuti akwaniritse izi. Malinga ndi nkhani 7: 851 Dutch Civil Code, escrow imadalira udindo wa wobwereketsa kuti cholinga chake chikwaniritsidwe. Choncho, escrow imasiya kukhalapo pamene wobwereketsa wakwaniritsa udindo wake wochokera ku mgwirizano waukulu.
Wobwereketsa sangangolankhula ndi wotsimikizira kuti alipire ngongoleyo. Izi ndichifukwa choti zomwe zimatchedwa kuti subsidiarity zimagwira ntchito pa escrow. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wobwereketsa sangathe kudandaula nthawi yomweyo kwa guarantor kuti alipire. Choyamba, guarantor sangakhale ndi udindo wolipidwa pamaso pa wobwereketsa wamkulu atalephera kukwaniritsa udindo wake. Izi zimachokera ku nkhani 7:855 Dutch Civil Code. Izi zikutanthauza kuti guarantor akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu ndi wobwereketsa pambuyo poti wobwereketsayo alankhula ndi wobwereketsa wamkulu.
Wobwereketsayo ayenera kuti adachita zonse zofunikira kuti atsimikizire kuti wobwereketsayo, yemwe guarantor wadzipereka yekha, adalephera kukwaniritsa udindo wake wolipira. Mulimonsemo, wobwereketsayo ayenera kutumiza chidziwitso cha kusakhulupirika kwa wobwereketsa wamkulu. Pokhapokha ngati wobwereketsa wamkulu akulepherabe kutsatira udindo wa malipiro atalandira chidziwitso ichi cha kusakhulupirika, wobwereketsa akhoza kudandaula kwa guarantor kuti alandire malipiro. Komabe, guarantor alinso ndi mwayi wodziteteza ku zomwe wobwereketsa anena. Pachifukwa ichi, ali ndi chitetezo chofanana chomwe ali nacho chomwe wobwereketsa wamkulu ali nacho, monga kuyimitsidwa, kukhululukidwa kapena kudandaula pa kusagwirizana. Izi zimachokera ku nkhani 7:852 Dutch Civil Code.
2.1 Ufulu wothandizira
Wopereka guarantor yemwe amalipira ngongole ya wobwereketsa, akhoza kubweza ndalama izi kwa wobwereketsa. Ufulu wobwereza umagwiranso ntchito pa escrow. Mu escrow, njira yapadera yaufulu woyankhira ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe ndi subrogation. Lamulo lalikulu ndilakuti pempho limasiya kukhalapo pomwe pempholo lalipidwa. Komabe, subrogation ndizosiyana ndi lamuloli. Mu subrogation, pempho limasamutsidwa kwa mwini wina. Pankhaniyi, gulu lina kuposa wobwereketsa amalipira zonena za wobwereketsa.
Mu escrow, zomwe zimaperekedwa zimalipidwa ndi munthu wina, yemwe ndi guarantor. Mwakulipira ngongoleyo, komabe, chigamulo chotsutsana ndi wobwereketsa sichitayika, basi imasamutsidwa kuchokera kwa wobwereketsa kupita kwa guarantor yemwe adalipira ngongoleyo. Pambuyo pobweza ngongoleyo, wopereka ngongoleyo atha kupita kukabweza ndalamazo kwa wobwereketsa yemwe adapangana naye mgwirizano wa escrow. Kugonjera kumatheka pokhapokha pamilandu yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi lamulo. Kugonjera pankhani ya escrow ndizotheka pamaziko a nkhani 7:866 Dutch Civil Code jo. nkhani 6:10 Dutch Civil Code.
2.2 bizinesi ndi nyumba zazinsinsi
Pali kusiyana pakati pa bizinesi ndi escrow payekha. Business escrow ndi escrow yomwe imatsirizidwa pochita ntchito kapena bizinesi, escrow yachinsinsi ndi escrow yomwe imatsirizidwa kunja kwa ntchito kapena bizinesi. Onse mabungwe ovomerezeka ndi munthu wachilengedwe akhoza kupanga mgwirizano wa escrow.
Zitsanzo za izi ndi kampani yomwe imapanga mgwirizano wa escrow ndi banki kuti ilipire ndalama za kampani yake yothandizira ndi makolo omwe apanga mgwirizano wa escrow kuti awonetsetse kuti malipiro a chiwongoladzanja cha mwana wawo aperekedwa kubanki. Escrow sikuti nthawi zonse iyenera kumalizidwa m'malo mwa banki, ndizothekanso kulowa nawo mapangano a escrow ndi ena omwe ali ndi ngongole.
Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomveka ngati bizinesi kapena escrow yachinsinsi idamalizidwa. Ngati kampani ilowa mu mgwirizano wa escrow, escrow ya bizinesi imatsirizika. Ngati munthu wachilengedwe alowa mu mgwirizano wa escrow, nthawi zambiri pamakhala chiwongola dzanja chapadera. Komabe, kusamveka bwino kumatha kuchitika pomwe director of public limited liability company or private limited liability company akapangana ndi escrow m'malo mwa bungwe lovomerezeka.
Ndime 7: 857 Dutch Civil Code ikuphatikiza zomwe zikutanthauza kuti escrow yachinsinsi: kutsirizika kwa escrow ndi munthu wachilengedwe yemwe sanachite ntchito yake, kapena machitidwe anthawi zonse akampani yodziyimira pawokha kapena kampani yodziyimira payokha. Komanso, wopereka chitsimikizo ayenera kukhala wotsogolera kampaniyo ndipo, yekha kapena ndi otsogolera anzake, ali ndi magawo ambiri. Pali mfundo ziwiri zofunika:
- wotsimikizira ndiye woyang'anira ndipo ambiri amakhala ndi magawo ambiri kapena amagawana nawo
- escrow imamalizidwa m'malo mwa zochitika wamba zamakampani.
M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri pamakhala woyang'anira wamkulu / wogawana nawo ambiri omwe amalowa nawo mgwirizano wa escrow. Woyang'anira wamkulu / wogawana nawo ambiri amasankha ndondomeko ya kampaniyo ndipo adzakhala ndi chidwi ndi escrow ya kampani yake, chifukwa ndizotheka kuti banki sikufuna kupereka ndalama popanda kupanga mgwirizano wa escrow. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano wa escrow, womalizidwa ndi manejala wamkulu / wogawana nawo ambiri, uyeneranso kuti umalizidwe ndi cholinga chabizinesi wamba.
Komabe, izi ndi zosiyana pazochitika zilizonse ndipo lamulo silimatanthauzira mawu akuti 'ntchito zanthawi zonse'. Kuti muwone ngati escrow yatsirizidwa ndi cholinga cha bizinesi yanthawi zonse, zomwe zimachitika pamlanduwo ziyenera kuwunikiridwa. Njira zonsezi zikakwaniritsidwa, kubweza bizinesi kumatsirizika. Ngati wotsogolera yemwe wamaliza kubweza siwoyang'anira wamkulu / wogawana nawo ambiri kapena escrow sinamalizidwe ndi cholinga chabizinesi wamba, kubweza kwachinsinsi kumatsirizika.
Malamulo owonjezera amagwira ntchito pa escrow yachinsinsi. Lamulo limapereka chitetezo kwa okwatirana kapena olembetsa omwe ali ndi guarantor wachinsinsi. Chofunikira cha chilolezo chimagwiranso ntchito ku escrow yachinsinsi. Malinga ndi nkhani 1:88 ndime 1 sub c Dutch Civil Code, mwamuna kapena mkazi amafuna chilolezo cha mwamuna kapena mkazi wina kuti achite pangano lomwe likufuna kumumanga ngati guarantor.
Chilolezo cha mwamuna kapena mkazi wa guarantor ndichofunikira kuti alowe mumgwirizano wovomerezeka wachinsinsi. Komabe, nkhani ya 1:88 ndime 5 Dutch Civil Code imaphatikizapo kuti chilolezochi sichifunikira pamene escrow yatsirizidwa ndi wotsimikizira bizinesi. Chitetezo cha mwamuna kapena mkazi wa guarantor chimagwira ntchito pamapangano achinsinsi a escrow.
3. Chitsimikizo
Chitsimikizo ndi mwayi wina wopeza chitetezo kuti lipoti liperekedwe. Chitsimikizo ndi ufulu wachinsinsi, pomwe munthu wachitatu amatenga gawo lokhazikika pokwaniritsa kudzipereka pakati pa wobwereketsa ndi wobwereketsa. Chitsimikizo chimaphatikizapo kuti wachitatu akutsimikizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa zomwe wobwereketsa adzachite. Wogulitsayo adalipira ngongole ngati wobwerekedwayo sangathe kapena sangapereke. [2] Chitsimikizocho sichimayendetsedwa ndi lamulo, koma chitsimikizo chimamalizidwa mu mgwirizano pakati pa magulu.
3.1. Chowonjezera chitsimikiziro
Kusiyana kungapangidwe pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya zitsimikizo kuti tipeze chitetezo; chitsimikizo chowonjezera ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizika. Chitsimikizo chowonjezera chimadalira pa ubale pakati pa wobwereketsa ndi wobwereketsa. Poyang'ana koyamba, chitsimikizo chothandizira ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi escrow. Komabe, kusiyana kwake ndikuti guarantor ponena za chitsimikiziro chowonjezera sadzipereka yekha ku ntchito yofanana ndi wobwereketsa wamkulu, koma kuudindo waumwini wokhala ndi nkhani yosiyana.
Chitsanzo chosavuta cha izi ndi pamene guarantor adzipereka yekha kupereka tomato kwa wobwereketsa, ngati wobwereketsa sakwaniritsa udindo wake wopereka mbatata. Pankhaniyi, zili za udindo guarantor ndi zosiyana ndi zili udindo wa mangawa. Komabe, izi sizimasokoneza mfundo yakuti pali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa malonjezano awiriwa.
Chitsimikizo chowonjezera ndichowonjezera ku ubale pakati pa wobwereketsa ndi wobwereketsa. Komanso, chitsimikizo chowonjezera nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi ntchito yachitetezo; pokhapokha ngati wobwereketsa wamkulu sakukwaniritsa udindo wake, wotsimikizirayo amaitanidwa kuti achite kudzipereka kwake.
Ngakhale chitsimikizo sichinatchulidwe momveka bwino m'lamulo, nkhani 7: 863 Dutch Civil Code sichimangotanthauza zofunikira zonse. Malinga ndi nkhaniyi, zopereka zokhudzana ndi mseri yazinsinsi zimagwiranso ntchito pamapangano omwe munthu amachita ntchito inayake munthu wina akadzalephera kutsatira zomwe akukakamiza kwa wokongoza mnzakeyo. Zomwe zimakhudzana ndi escrow yapayokha zimagwiranso ntchito pazotsimikizira zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi munthu payekha.
3.2 Chitsimikizo
Kuphatikiza pa chitsimikizo chowonjezera, timadziwanso chitetezo chachuma chotsimikizika chotsimikizika. Mosiyana ndi chitsimikiziro chowonjezera, chitsimikizo chotsimikizika ndikudzipereka kotsimikizika kwa guarantor kupita kwa wokongoza. Chitsimikizo ichi sichimakhala chopanda tsankho kuchokera pachibwenzi chapakati pa wokongoza ndi wobwereketsa. Pankhani ya chitsimikizo chotsimikizika, chitsimikizo chimadzipereka chodzipereka kuti akwaniritse ngongole, ngati angakwanitse. Kuchita uku sikugwirizana ndi mgwirizano wapakati pa wokongoza ngongole ndi wobwereketsa. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chotsimikizika ndi chitsimikizo cha banki.
Chitsimikizo chotsimikizika chikatsirizidwa, wotsimikizirayo sangapemphe chitetezo ku ubale womwe ulipo. Pamene zikhalidwe za chitsimikizo zakwaniritsidwa, wotsimikizirayo sangathe kuletsa kulipira. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chitsimikizo chimachokera ku mgwirizano wosiyana pakati pa wobwereketsa ndi guarantor. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wobwereketsa akhoza kulankhulana ndi guarantor nthawi yomweyo, popanda kutumiza chidziwitso cha kusakhulupirika kwa wobwereketsa. Pomaliza chitsimikiziro, wobwereketsa amapeza kutsimikizika kwakukulu kuti ngongoleyo idalipidwa kwa iye. Kuonjezera apo, wopereka chitsimikizo alibe ufulu wochitapo kanthu.
Komabe, maphwando angaphatikizepo njira zodzitetezera mumgwirizano wotsimikizira. Zotsatira zalamulo za chitsimikizo chosadziwika sizimachokera ku malamulo ovomerezeka, koma zikhoza kudzazidwa ndi maphwando okha. Ngakhale kuti wopereka chitsimikizo alibe ufulu wochitapo kanthu malinga ndi lamulo, akhoza kudzipangira yekha njira zobwezera. Mwachitsanzo, chitsimikiziro cha counter chikhoza kutsirizidwa ndi wobwereketsa kapena chikalata chobwezera chikhoza kulembedwa.
3.3 Chitsimikizo cha kampani ya makolo
M'malamulo a kampani, chitsimikizo cha kampani ya makolo nthawi zambiri chimatsirizidwa. Chitsimikizo cha kampani ya makolo chikutanthauza kuti kholo la kampani likudzipereka kutsata zomwe kampaniyo imafunikira pagulu lomwelo ngati kampaniyo siyingakwaniritse izi kapena sizingakwaniritse izi. Zoonadi, chitsimikiziro ichi chikhoza kuvomerezedwa ndi makampani omwe ali m'gulu kapena kampani yogwira. M'malo mwake, chitsimikiziro chamagulu ndi chitsimikizo chosamveka.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri palibe lingaliro loti 'malipiro oyamba, kenako kuyankhula', pomwe wopereka ngongole amalipira nthawi yomweyo ngongoleyo osayang'ana zenizeni ngati pali chiwongolero chofuna kubweza ngongoleyo. Chifukwa cha izi ndikuti wobwereketsa ndi wothandizira wa guarantor; wopereka chitsimikizo adzafuna kuyang'ana kaye ngati palidi chonena chofunikila. Komabe, kupanga 'malipiro oyamba, kenaka kuyankhula' kungapangidwe kukhala mgwirizano wotsimikizira.
Kupatula apo, maphwando amatha kupanga chitsimikiziro malinga ndi zomwe akufuna. Maphwando akuyeneranso kudziwa ngati chitsimikizirocho chikungokhudza chitsimikiziro cha malipiro kapena ngati chitsimikizocho chiyeneranso kubisala zina, choncho ndi chitsimikizo cha ntchito. Kutalika, nthawi ndi zikhalidwe za chitsimikizo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi maphwando okha. Chitsimikizo cha kampani ya makolo chikhoza kupereka yankho pamene wocheperapo akulephera, koma pokhapokha ngati kampaniyo siinagwe pamodzi ndi mabungwe ake.
4. 403-mawu
M'gulu lamakampani, zomwe zimatchedwa 403-statement nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa. Mawu awa amachokera ku nkhani 2:403 Dutch Civil Code. Popereka chikalata cha 403, mabungwe omwe ali m'gululi saloledwa kulemba ndi kusindikiza maakaunti apadera apachaka. M'malo mwake, akaunti yapachaka yophatikizidwa imapangidwa. Iyi ndi akaunti yapachaka ya kampani ya makolo, momwe zotsatira zonse za mabungwewo zimaphatikizidwa.
Mbiri ya akaunti yophatikizidwa yapachaka ndi yakuti mabungwe onse, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito palokha, pamapeto pake amakhala pansi pa utsogoleri ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi kholo lawo. Chidziwitso cha 403 ndi lamulo lokhazikika, pomwe kudzipereka kodziyimira pawokha kwa kampani ya makolo kumatuluka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawu a 403 ndikudzipereka kosafunikira.
Chidziwitso cha 403 sichimangoperekedwa ndi magulu akuluakulu apadziko lonse; magulu ang'onoang'ono, mwachitsanzo okhala ndi makampani awiri omwe ali ndi ngongole zochepa, amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a 403. Chidziwitso cha 403 chiyenera kulembedwa mu Register Register ya Chamber of Commerce. Mawu awa akuwonetsa kuti ndi ngongole ziti za kampaniyo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi kampani yayikulu komanso kuyambira tsiku liti.
Mbali ina ya chiganizo cha 403 ndikuti kampani ya makolo yomwe ili ndi mawu awa imalengeza kuti ili ndi udindo pazofunikira za mabungwe ake. Chifukwa chake, kampani yayikulu ili ndi ngongole zingapo zobwera chifukwa chalamulo la mabungwewo. Ngongole zingapo izi zimaphatikizapo kuti wobwereketsa wa kampani yocheperako yomwe 403-statement idaperekedwa angasankhe bungwe lazamalamulo lomwe akufuna kuthana nalo kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna: wocheperako omwe adamaliza nawo mgwirizano woyamba kapena kampani yayikulu yomwe idapereka chikalata cha 403. Ndi ngongole zingapo izi, wobwereketsa amalipidwa chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso pazachuma cha subsidiary yomwe ndi mnzake.
Pomwe zitetezo zandalama zomwe tazitchulazi zimangotengera mangawa kwa mnzake yemwe mgwirizanowo wamaliza, mawu a 403 amapangitsa kukhala ndi ngongole kwa onse omwe ali ndi ngongole zamagawo. Pakhoza kukhala obwereketsa ambiri omwe angayankhire kampani yayikulu kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Chifukwa chake, udindo womwe umachokera ku 403-statement ndiwokulirapo. Choyipa cha izi ndikuti 403-statement ingakhudze gulu lonse pamene wothandizira akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Ngati wocheperapo atayika, gulu lonselo likhoza kugwa.
4.1 Kubweza mawu 403
Ndizotheka kuti kampani ya makolo sikufunanso kukhala ndi ngongole za ngongole kapena mabungwe ake. Izi zitha kukhala choncho pamene kampani ya makolo ikufuna kugulitsa wocheperako. Pofuna kuchotsa chiganizo cha 403, ndondomeko yochokera ku nkhani 2:404 Dutch Civil Code iyenera kutsatiridwa. Ndondomekoyi imakhala ndi zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, mawu a 403 ayenera kuthetsedwa. Chilengezo chakuchotsa kuyenera kuyikidwa ku Trade Register ya Chamber of Commerce. Chilengezo cholepheretseratu ichi chikutanthauza kuti kampaniyo sikhalanso ndi ngongole za kampani yocheperako yomwe imabwera pambuyo poti chilengezo chakuchotsa chikaperekedwa.
Komabe, molingana ndi nkhani 2:404 ndime 2 Dutch Civil Code, kampani ya makolo idzakhalabe ndi ngongole za ngongole zomwe zimachokera ku malamulo omwe adatsirizidwa chikalata cha 403 chisanathe. Chifukwa chake, ngongoleyo ikupitilizabe kukhalapo chifukwa cha ngongole zomwe zimachokera ku mapangano omwe adamalizidwa atapereka chiganizo cha 403, koma asanapereke chilengezo chochotsa. Izi ndikuteteza wobwereketsa, yemwe mwina adachita mgwirizano ndi kutsimikizika kwa mawu a 403 m'malingaliro.
Komabe, ndizotheka kuthetsa ngongole zokhudzana ndi zochitika zamilandu zam'mbuyomu. Kuti tichite izi, njira zowonjezera, zochokera mulemba 2: 404 ndime 3 Dutch Civil Code, ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Mikhalidwe ingapo imagwira ntchito motere:
- othandizira sangakhalenso mgululi;
- chidziwitso cha cholinga chothetsa mawuwo 403 chiyenera kuti chinali chopezeka kuti chifufuzidwe ku Chamber of Commerce kwa miyezi yosachepera iwiri;
- osachepera miyezi iwiri ayenera kuti adadutsa chilengezochi atalengeza kuti achotse ntchito atayimitsidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, omwe amabwereketsa ngongole akadali ndi mwayi wotsutsa cholinga chothetsa zomwe 403 zimanena. Mfundo 403 zimatha kutha kutsutsidwa ngati palibe wotsutsa kapena wosagwirizana ndi nthawi yake kapena wotsutsa ngati walengeza kuti ndi wosavomerezeka ndi woweruza. Pokhapokha ngati zifukwa zokwanira kubwezeretsa ndikuchotsa mawuwo 403 zikwaniritsidwe, kampaniyo siikhalanso ndi ngongole iliyonse pazobweza. Ndikofunikira kuti kubwezeretsa ndikuchotsa ntchitoyi kuchitike mosamala; ngati kuchotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa sikunachitikebe bwino, kampani ya kholo ikhoza kukhalanso ndi mlandu wa ngongole zothandizira zomwe zakhala zikugulitsidwa zaka zapitazo.
5. Ngongole ndi chikole
Chitetezo cha zachuma chitha kupezekanso pokhazikitsa nyumba kapena chikole. Ngakhale mitundu iyi ya chitetezo zachuma imafanana kwambiri, pali zosiyana zingapo.
5.1. Ngongole
Ngongole ndi chitetezo chandalama chomwe maphwando angatchule. Ngongole yobwereketsa imafuna kuti gulu limodzi lipereke ngongole kwa gulu lina. Pambuyo pake, ngongole yobwereketsa idzakhazikitsidwa kuti mupeze chitetezo chandalama pakubweza ngongoleyi. Ngongole ndi ufulu wanyumba womwe ungakhazikitsidwe pokhudzana ndi katundu wangongole. Ngati wobwereketsa sangathe kubweza ngongole yake, wobwereketsayo akhoza kutenga malowo kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Chitsanzo chodziŵika koposa cha ngongole ya nyumba ndithudi chiri mwini nyumba amene wagwirizana ndi banki kuti banki idzampatsa ngongole ndiyeno amagwiritsira ntchito nyumba yake monga chikole cha kubweza ngongoleyo.
Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti ngongole ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa kudzera ku banki. Makampani ena ndi anthu pawokha amathanso kumaliza ngongole yanyumba. Mawu akuti kubwereketsa nyumba angakhale osokoneza. M'mawu omveka bwino, phwando, mwachitsanzo, banki, limapereka ngongole ku phwando lina. Komabe, malinga ndi malamulo, wobwereketsa ndiye wobwereketsa ngongole, pamene chipani chomwe chimapereka ngongole ndi mwiniwake wa ngongole. Chifukwa chake banki ndiye mwini ngongole yanyumba ndipo munthu amene akufuna kugula nyumba ndiye wobwereketsa.
Khalidwe la ngongole yobwereketsa ndikuti ngongole yanyumba siyingamalizidwe panyumba iliyonse; malinga ndi nkhani 3:227 Dutch Civil Code, ngongole yobwereketsa ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pa malo olembetsedwa. Malo olembetsedwa akagulitsidwa, kutumiza kumeneku kumayenera kulembedwa m'kaundula wa anthu onse. Pokhapokha kulembetsa uku, malo olembetsedwa amapezedwa kwenikweni ndi wogula. Zitsanzo za malo olembetsedwa ndi malo, nyumba, mabwato ndi ndege. Galimoto si katundu wolembetsedwa. Kuonjezera apo, ngongole yanyumba ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa kuti ipindule ndi 'chigamulo chotsimikizika chokwanira'.
Izi zimachokera ku nkhani 3:231 Dutch Civil Code. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ziyenera kudziwika kuti ndi chiani chomwe ngongole yanyumba imakhazikitsidwa. Ngati wobwereketsa ali ndi zifukwa ziwiri zotsutsana ndi wobwereketsa, ziyenera kudziwika bwino kuti ndi ziti mwazinthu ziwiri zomwe ufulu wobwereketsa waperekedwa. Komanso, mwiniwake wa malo omwe ali ndi ngongole yobwereketsa amakhalabe mwini wake; umwini sudutsa pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wa ngongole. Ngongole imakhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse popereka chikalata cha notarial.
Ngati wobwereketsa sakwaniritsa udindo wake wolipira, wobwereketsa akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake wobwereketsa mwa kugulitsa katundu m'malo mwa omwe ngongoleyo idakhazikitsidwa. Palibe lamulo la khothi lomwe likufunika pa izi. Izi zimatchedwa kuphedwa mwamsanga ndipo zimachokera ku nkhani 3:268 Dutch Civil Code. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti wobwereketsa akhoza kungogulitsa katunduyo kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna; sangatengere katunduyo. Kuletsa uku kwafotokozedwa momveka bwino m'nkhani 3:235 Dutch Civil Code.
Chofunika kwambiri pa ngongole ya ngongole ndi chakuti mwiniwake wa ngongole amakhala patsogolo kuposa omwe amabwereketsa ena omwe akufuna kutenga malowo kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Izi ndi molingana ndi nkhani 3:227 Dutch Civil Code. Panthawi ya bankirapuse, wobwereketsa sayenera kuganizira ena omwe ali ndi ngongole, koma amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake wobwereketsa. Iye ndiye wobwereketsa woyamba yemwe angakwaniritse zomwe akufuna ndi phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa katundu wolembetsedwa.
5.2. Lonjezo
Ufulu wachitetezo womwe ungafanane ndi ngongole yanyumba ndi chikole. Mosiyana ndi ngongole yanyumba, chikole sichingakhazikitsidwe pa katundu wosasunthika. Komabe, chikole chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pa katundu wina uliwonse, monga katundu wosunthika, ufulu kwa wonyamula kapena kulamula ngakhalenso kutengera katundu kapena ufulu woterowo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chikole chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pamagalimoto onse ndi ndalama zomwe mungalandire kuchokera kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole. Wobwereketsa amakhazikitsa chikole kuti apeze chitetezo kuti chiwongola dzanja chilipidwe.
Mgwirizano udzakwaniritsidwa pakati pa wobwereketsa (wobwereketsa) ndi wobwereketsa (wopereka chikole). Ngati wobwereketsa sakugwirizana ndi malipiro ake, wobwereketsayo ali ndi ufulu wogulitsa katunduyo ndikukwaniritsa zomwe akunena ndi phindu lake. Pamene wobwereketsa akulephera kutsatira udindo wake wolipira, wobwereketsa akhoza kugulitsa katunduyo mwamsanga. Malinga ndi nkhani 3: 248 Dutch Civil Code, palibe lamulo la khothi lomwe likufunika pa izi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuphedwa mwamsanga kumagwira ntchito.
Mofanana ndi ngongole yobwereketsa, wobwereketsa saloledwa kutenga malo omwe ali ndi ufulu wolonjeza; akhoza kungogulitsa katunduyo ndi kukwaniritsa zonena zake ndi phindu. Izi zimachokera ku nkhani 3:235 Dutch Civil Code. M'malo mwake, wobwereketsa yemwe ali ndi ufulu wolonjeza amakhala wotsogola kuposa omwe amangongoledwa ngati walephera kapena kuyimitsa kulipira. Komabe, zilibe kanthu kaya chikole chokhala nacho kapena lonjezo losadziwika linamalizidwa.
5.2.1 Chikole cha possessory ndi chikole chosadziwika
Lonjezo laumwini limamalizidwa pamene nyumbayo 'ikuyang'aniridwa ndi wopereka chikole kapena wachitatu'. Izi zikuchokera palemba 3: 236 Dutch Civil Code. Izi zikutanthauza kuti katundu wolonjezedwayo amasamutsidwa kwa wokongoza; wobwereketsa amakhala ndi malo m'manja mwake panthawi yomwe wolonjezayo akhazikika. Lonjezo lokhazikitsidwa limakhazikitsidwa pobweretsa zabwino zomwe zikuyang'aniridwa ndi wobwereketsa. Wobwereketsa ayenera kusamalira nyumbayo ndipo mwina akuwongolera. Ndalama zokonza ziyenera kubwezeredwa ndi wobwereketsa.
Kupatula chikole chakukhala nacho, tilinso ndi chikole chomwe sichinaululidwe, chomwe chimatchedwanso chikole chosakhala nacho. Izi ndi molingana ndi nkhani 3:237 Dutch Civil Code. Pamene chikole chosadziwika chakhazikitsidwa, katunduyo samayendetsedwa ndi wobwereketsa, koma chikalata chosonyeza kuti chikole chosadziwika chakhazikitsidwa chimapangidwa.
Izi zitha kukhala chikalata cha notarial komanso ntchito yachinsinsi. Komabe, ntchito yachinsinsi iyenera kulembetsedwa kwa notary kapena kwa oyang'anira msonkho. Malonjezo osadziwika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani omwe akufuna kukhazikitsa chikole pamakina. Ngati makinawo abweretsedwa m'manja mwa wobwereketsa, kampaniyo sikanatha kuchita bizinesi yake.
Lonjezo lokhala ndi katundu limapereka ufulu wachitetezo champhamvu kuposa chikole chosadziwika. Pamene chikole cha katundu chipangidwa, wobwereketsayo ali ndi katundu m'manja mwake. Izi sizili choncho pamene lonjezo losadziwika likhazikitsidwa. Zikatero, wobwereketsayo ayenera kutsimikizira wobwereketsayo kuti apereke katunduyo. Kodi wamangawa amakana izi, zingakhale zofunikiranso kukakamiza kufalitsa zabwino kudzera m'khoti. Kusiyana pakati pa chikole cha katundu ndi chikole chosadziwika kumathandizanso kuti ndalama ziwonongeke komanso kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro.
Monga tafotokozera kale, wobwereketsa ali ndi ufulu wophedwa mwamsanga; akhoza kugulitsa katunduyo nthawi yomweyo kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Komanso, omwe ali ndi malonjezano amakhala patsogolo kuposa omwe ali ndi ngongole omwe ali mkati mwa bankirapuse. Komabe, pali kusiyana pakati pa lonjezo lokhala nalo ndi lonjezo losadziwika. Amene ali ndi malonjezo omwe ali nawo amakhalanso patsogolo kuposa akuluakulu amisonkho pamene wobwereketsa asowa.
Omwe ali ndi chikole chosadziwika sakhala patsogolo pa akuluakulu amisonkho; ufulu wa akuluakulu amisonkho umapambana ufulu wa mwiniwake wa chikole chosadziwika panthawi ya bankirapuse ya wobwereketsa. Chifukwa chake, lonjezo lokhala ndi katundu limapereka chitetezo chochulukirapo panthawi ya bankirapuse kuposa lonjezo losadziwika.
6. Kutsiliza
Zomwe zili pamwambapa zikutanthauza kuti pali njira zingapo zopezera chitetezo cha ndalama: ngongole zingapo, escrow, chitsimikizo cha (kampani yayikulu), 403-statement, mortgage ndi pledge. Mwachidule, zitetezo izi nthawi zonse zimayikidwa mu mgwirizano. Zitetezo zina zandalama zitha kupangidwa m'njira yopanda mawonekedwe, malinga ndi zomwe maguluwo akufuna, pomwe zitetezo zina zandalama zimatsatira malamulo . Zotsatira zake, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitetezo chandalama zonse zili ndi zabwino ndi zoyipa.
Izi zikugwira ntchito ku phwando lomwe limafuna chitetezo ndi phwando lomwe limapereka chitetezo. Ndalama zina zandalama zimapereka chitetezo chochulukirapo kwa wobwereketsa kuposa zina, koma zimatha kubwera ndi zovuta zina. Malingana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, njira yoyenera yachitetezo chachuma ikhoza kutsirizidwa pakati pa maphwando.
[1] Escrow nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chitsimikizo. Komabe, malinga ndi lamulo lachi Dutch, pali mitundu iwiri yazachitetezo chachuma yomwe imamasulira kuti chitsimikizo mu Chingerezi. Kuti nkhaniyi imveke, mawu oti escrow adzagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza chuma.
[2] Mawu oti "guarantor" adatchulidwa ponyamula komanso chitsimikizo. Komabe, tanthauzo la mawuwa limadalira ufulu wachitetezo womwe ukukhudzidwa.
