Ubale kuntchito ku Netherlands: malamulo a olemba ntchito ndi antchito

Lamulo la ku Netherlands sililetsa ubale pakati pa ogwira nawo ntchito, ndipo olemba ntchito sangaletse: moyo wachinsinsi umatetezedwa ndi Nkhani 8 ya Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya pa Ufulu wa Anthu (ECHR) ndi Nkhani 10 ya Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko la Netherlands (Grondwet). Chomwe olemba ntchito angachite ndikuwongolera zotsatira pa ntchito, monga kusamvana kwa zofuna, malipoti ndi chinsinsi, kudzera mu malangizo oyenera pansi pa Nkhani 7:660 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW).

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe olemba ntchito ndi antchito angafune kuti wina ndi mnzake azichita pamene ogwira nawo ntchito agwirizana: ufulu wolangizidwa, malamulo okhudza khalidwe, malire a malamulo okhudza zachinsinsi, udindo wopewa khalidwe losayenera, ndi njira zochotsera ntchito zinthu zikavuta.

Kodi malamulo a ku Dutch amanena chiyani za ubale pakati pa ogwira nawo ntchito?

Palibe lamulo la ku Netherlands lomwe limakhudza maubwenzi achikondi kuntchito, kotero amaloledwa. Chiletso chonse, gawo loti mnzawo m'modzi achotse ntchito kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito chifukwa choti anzake awiri amakhala limodzi nthawi zambiri sichidzapulumuka kuwunikiranso ndi khoti lachigawo (kantonrechter).

Bwana amakhala ndi chidwi chenicheni ubale ukakhudza ntchito: mtsogoleri wa gulu akuyesa mnzake, wogula amene akupereka pangano ku kampani ya mnzake, kapena mwayi wopeza mafayilo a antchito okhudza munthu amene mumakhala naye. Lamulo lofunika kwambiri: bwanayo akhoza kulamulira momwe ubalewo umakhudzira ntchito, osati ubale weniweniwo.

Magulu onse awiri ayenera kuchita zinthu ngati olemba ntchito abwino komanso antchito abwino (Nkhani 7:611 BW). Muyezo wotseguka umenewo ndi chifukwa chake wantchito akuyembekezeka kunena kuti pali kusamvana koonekeratu, komanso chifukwa chake olemba ntchito akuyembekezeka kufunafuna mgwirizano wothandiza asanapereke chilango.

Kodi ufulu wa olemba ntchito umafika pati?

Bwana angapereke malangizo okhudza ntchito ndi dongosolo labwino mu bizinesi, ndipo wantchito ayenera kuwatsatira (Nkhani 7:660 BW). Malangizo ayenera kukhala okhudzana ndi ntchitoyo komanso oyenera.

Kawirikawiri malangizo oteteza ndi awa:

• kuulula ubale womwe uli mkati mwa mzere wofotokozera mwachindunji kwa HR kapena director;
• kuchotsa zisankho zowunikira, malipiro ndi kukwezedwa pantchito pankhani ya mnzanu m'modzi kuchokera kwa wina;
• kupatsa mnzanu wina udindo wofanana mu gulu lina, osati ngati chilango;
• kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a kampani ndi chidziwitso chachinsinsi pazifukwa zachinsinsi.

Malangizo opitirira muyeso nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito: kufuna kuti munthu alandire mauthenga achinsinsi, kuyika "nthawi yoyeserera" paubwenzi, kapena kupangitsa kuti ntchito yopitilira ikhale yogwirizana ndi kuthetsa ubwenziwo. Ngati wantchito akana malangizo ovomerezeka komanso oyenera, kukana kumeneko, osati ubalewo, ndi komwe abwana angachitepo kanthu.

Kodi bwana wanu angasinthe udindo wanu kapena gulu lanu?

Pokhapokha potsatira malamulo okhudza kusintha kwa munthu m'modzi. Ndi gawo lolembedwa losiyana kwa munthu m'modzi, olemba ntchito amafunikira chiwongola dzanja chachikulu kotero kuti chiwongola dzanja cha wantchito chiyenera kuperekedwa motsatira miyezo yoyenera komanso yachilungamo (Nkhani 7:613 BW).

Popanda gawo lotere, olemba ntchito ayenera kupereka lingaliro loyenera lomwe wantchitoyo angayembekezere kulandira, kutengera momwe amalembera ntchito bwino (Nkhani 7:611 BW). Kusamutsidwa komwe kumaperekedwa ngati chilango cha ubale sikumakumana ndi mayeso amenewo kawirikawiri.

Kodi gawo la ubale mu malamulo a khalidwe liyenera kukhala ndi chiyani?

Chiganizo chachifupi, chosalowerera ndale chimaletsa mikangano yambiri. Ndi lamulo loyendetsera ntchitoyo, kotero likugwirizana ndi Article 7:660 BW.

• Pamene kuulula kukufunika: kokha ndi mzere wofotokozera, udindo wowunikira kapena ulamuliro pa malipiro, kukwezedwa pantchito, kugula kapena kulemba anthu ntchito.
• Kwa amene akuwululidwa, kulembedwa pamalo amodzi ndi mwayi wochepa.
• Ndi zisankho ziti zomwe ogwirizana amasiya, ndi ndani amene amasankha m'malo mwake.
• Zimene olemba ntchito amachita ndi chidziwitsocho komanso nthawi yomwe chimasungidwa.
• Kuulula kumeneko mwachikhulupiriro chabwino sikubweretsa chilango, kusamutsa kosafunikira kapena kusakonzanso pangano la nthawi yokhazikika.

Ngati mkangano ufika ku khoti lachigawo chaching'ono, lamulo lolembedwa ndilo chinthu choyamba chomwe khotilo limawerenga. Gawo lonena za machitidwe a antchito kapena kukonza zambiri zaumwini lingafunike chilolezo cha khonsolo ya ntchito (onani pansipa).

Kodi mumatani mukakumana ndi mikangano ya zofuna?

Chotsani chisankhocho kwa munthu amene akukhudzidwayo ndipo lembani amene watenga chisankhocho m'malo mwake. Mkangano wa zofuna umayamba chifukwa cha udindowo, osati chifukwa cha zolinga, kotero chikhulupiriro chabwino sichingayankhe.

Mwachidule, kuwunika kumakweza gawo limodzi, zisankho zogulira zinthu zimafuna kusainidwa kwachiwiri, ndipo fayilo yolembera anthu ntchito imanena kuti munthu amene akufuna ntchitoyo sanachite nawo mbali. Kwa mkulu wovomerezeka wa kampani yachinsinsi (BV), malamulo a kampani amafuna kale izi: mkulu wokhala ndi chidwi chaumwini kapena chachindunji chomwe chikusemphana ndi chidwi cha kampaniyo satenga nawo mbali pazokambirana ndi chisankho (Nkhani 2:239(6) BW). Lembani kokha kuti panali kusamvana komwe kunanenedwa ndi zisankho zomwe zinasinthidwa, osati tsatanetsatane wa ubalewo.

Kodi olemba ntchito ayenera kuchita chiyani ndi khalidwe losafunikira?

Olemba ntchito ayenera kutsatira mfundo zoletsa, kapena ngati sizingatheke kuchepetsa, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zokhudzana ndi maganizo (Article 3(2) Working Conditions Act, Arbowet). Kuzunza anthu pogonana, kusankhana, nkhanza, kuzunza anthu ndi kukakamizidwa kuntchito zonse ndi mbali ya tanthauzo limenelo.

Zoopsa izi zili mu mndandanda wa zoopsa ndi kuwunika (RI&E) ndi dongosolo la zochita. Pansi pa udindo wa chisamaliro cha Article 7:658 BW, olemba ntchito omwe amadziwa za khalidwe losafunikira lomwe silinachitikepo ndipo sanachitepo kanthu akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu kwa wantchitoyo. Nkhani yokhudza kuvulala imasamaliridwa ndi katswiri wodziwa za kuvulala.

Ndalama zomwe zimapitirira pambuyo poti zakanidwa zimakhala zosaloledwa. Kuzunzidwa kwa kugonana kumagwera pansi pa lamulo loletsa kusankhana mwachindunji chifukwa cha kugonana (Nkhani 7:646(6) BW). Wantchito akhoza kupempha maganizo osakakamiza ku Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens) kapena kupita ku khoti laling'ono. Onani tsamba lathu lonena za kuzunzidwa kuntchito.

Pambuyo pa lipoti, olemba ntchito ayenera kuchitapo kanthu: njira yolembera madandaulo, mlangizi wachinsinsi (vertrouwenspersoon) kunja kwa mzere wolembera malipoti, ndipo, ngati pakufunika, kumvetsera kafukufuku wofufuza mbali zonse ziwiri. Njira zosalowerera ndale, zakanthawi monga tchuthi cholipidwa zimaloledwa. Olemba ntchito omwe ali ndi antchito 50 kapena kuposerapo ayenera kukhala ndi njira yolembera malipoti mkati motsatira lamulo la Whistleblower Protection Act (Wet bescherming klokkenluiders).

Kodi olemba ntchito angafufuze chiyani motsatira lamulo la zachinsinsi?

Zochepa kwambiri. Gawo lililonse lokhazikitsa kapena kulemba ubale ndi kukonza deta yanu motsatira General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, mu Dutch AVG) ndipo limafunika maziko ovomerezeka; chilolezo sichigwira ntchito nthawi zambiri pantchito chifukwa sichiperekedwa mwaulere.

Zimenezo zimasiya chidwi chenicheni cha olemba ntchito, chomwe chimagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati cholingacho chili chodziwikiratu, njira zake sizikusokoneza kwambiri ndipo zofuna za wantchito sizipambana. Deta yokhudza moyo wa kugonana wa munthu kapena chilakolako cha kugonana ndi magulu apadera a deta yaumwini yomwe kwenikweni singakonzedwe. Lembani kusintha kwa zisankho, osati ubale.

Khoti la ku Ulaya la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe lagamula motsatira Nkhani 8 ya ECHR kuti makalata kuntchito ndi otetezedwa ndipo kuyang'anira kuyenera kulengezedwa pasadakhale, kuchepetsedwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi chifukwa china chake. Kufufuza makalata a makalata, kutsegula macheza achinsinsi kapena kufufuza zambiri za mabaji kuti muwone omwe adakhala limodzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosiyana.

Bungwe la ntchito (ondernemingsraad) liyenera kuvomereza malamulo okhudza momwe ntchito ikuyendera, momwe ntchito ikuyendera deta ya antchito komanso malo owunikira machitidwe a antchito (Nkhani 27 ya Works Councils Act, WOR). Ndondomeko ya ubale kapena kuyang'anira yomwe yatengedwa popanda chilolezocho ikhoza kuthetsedwa.

Kodi wantchito angachotsedwe ntchito chibwenzi chitatha?

Kuthetsa chibwenzi si chifukwa chochotsera ntchito. Bwana amafunika chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomveka za Article 7:669(3) BW, zomwe zili ndi umboni wokwanira, ndipo ayenera kusonyeza kuti kusinthira ntchito sikungatheke.

Zifukwa zitatu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchita izi:

• Pansi e: khalidwe loipa, monga kunyalanyaza lamulo lovomerezeka loti asiye zisankho, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kampani kutsatira mnzanu wakale.
• Pansi g: Ubale wosokonekera kuntchito ndi waukulu kwambiri kotero kuti kupitiriza sikungafunike; makhothi amayesa izi mosamalitsa.
• Maziko h ndi i: zochitika zina, kapena kuphatikiza zifukwa zosakwanira, momwe khothi lingapereke ndalama zowonjezera.

Pazifukwa izi, olemba ntchito akupempha khoti lachigawo kuti lithetse mgwirizano (Nkhani 7:671b BW). Kuchotsedwa ntchito mwachangu pazifukwa zadzidzidzi (Nkhani 7:677 ndi 7:678 BW) kumasungidwa pamilandu yayikulu monga kuukira kapena kuphwanya kwakukulu chinsinsi ndipo kuyenera kuperekedwa nthawi yomweyo. Onani kuchotsedwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo.

Kodi mgwirizano wothetsera mavuto umagwira ntchito bwanji pano?

Milandu yambiri imatha ndi mgwirizano wothetsa mavuto (vaststellingsovereeenkomst). Wantchito akhoza kuthetsa vutoli polemba popanda kupereka zifukwa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pamene linatha (Nkhani 7:670b BW).

Panganoli limalemba tsiku lomaliza, nthawi yodziwitsa, ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa, chinsinsi komanso umboni wosalowererapo, ndipo liyenera kunena kuti wantchitoyo sayenera kuimbidwa mlandu kuti phindu la ulova (WW) kuchokera ku UWV lisaikidwe pachiwopsezo. Malipiro osinthira (transitievergoeding) motsatira Article 7:673 BW ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malipiro a pamwezi pachaka chautumiki, ndi malire a 2026 a €102,000 kapena malipiro amodzi pachaka ngati ndi apamwamba.

Nanga bwanji ngati mnzanu wakale akupitiriza kukutsatirani?

Bwana angaletse munthu kulowa m'nyumbamo, ndipo munthu amene wakhudzidwayo angapemphe khoti la milandu kuti limuletse kulankhulana ndi kuyandikira munthuyo komanso chilango. Kutsatira (kunyalanyaza) ndi mlandu wokhudza milandu malinga ndi Nkhani 285b ya Criminal Code (Sr), yomwe imatsutsidwa pokhapokha ngati munthuyo wadandaula.

Ngati okwatirana nawonso ali ndi eni masheya kapena amayendetsa bizinesi ya banja limodzi, mgwirizano wa eni masheya uyenera kulamulira zomwe zimachitika pa kugawikana. Kwa okwatirana, onani katundu mkati ndi pambuyo pa ukwati.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wolemba ntchito?

• Onetsetsani kuti malamulo anu a khalidwe ali ndi mgwirizano wofanana komanso gawo lotsutsana ndi zofuna zanu.
• Yang'anani ngati chilolezo cha bungwe la ntchito motsatira Article 27 WOR chikufunika musanachivomereze.
• Onetsetsani kuti zisankho zowunikira, malipiro ndi kugula zinthu zasinthidwa ndikulembedwa.
• Onetsetsani kuti RI&E ikukhudza nkhanza zogonana komanso kuti pali mlangizi wachinsinsi.
• Onetsetsani kuti kuwunika kulikonse kwalengezedwa pasadakhale, kuli ndi malire ndipo kumadalira chifukwa china chake.
• Onetsetsani kuti mfundo yochotsera ntchito motsatira Article 7:669(3) BW ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa mokwanira musanachitepo kanthu.

Kodi muyenera kuwunika chiyani ngati wantchito?

• Nenani za kusagwirizana kwa chidwi polemba wina asanatero.
• Pemphani kuti mulembe chikalata chotsimikizira kuti ndi zisankho ziti zomwe zasinthidwa.
• Kanani malangizo omwe amakhudza moyo wanu wachinsinsi, ndipo fotokozani chifukwa chake polemba.
• Sungani zolemba zakale komanso zolondola ngati khalidwe lanu silikukondedwa, ndipo muuzeni mlangizi wachinsinsi.
• Gwiritsani ntchito nthawi yoganizira ya masiku khumi ndi anayi musanayambe mgwirizano womaliza.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi maubwenzi kuntchito?

Maloya athu okhudza ntchito amagwira ntchito m'malo mwa olemba anthu ntchito, mabungwe a ntchito ndi antchito.

• Tikulemba gawo la ubale ndi kusamvana kwa zofuna zanu pa malamulo anu oyendetsera zinthu.
• Timawunikanso mfundo zowunikira motsutsana ndi GDPR ndi Article 27 WOR.
• Timachita kapena kuwunikanso kafukufuku wamkati pa madandaulo okhudza khalidwe losayenera.
• Timayesa kusamutsa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito komwe kukuyembekezeredwa motsatira Nkhani 7:613 ndi 7:669 BW.
• Timakambirana ndikuwunikanso mapangano ogwirizana, kuphatikizapo malipiro osinthira.

Chidule

• Lamulo la ku Netherlands sililetsa ubale ndi anthu kuntchito; moyo wachinsinsi umatetezedwa ndi Nkhani 8 ya ECHR ndi Nkhani 10 ya Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko.
• Olemba ntchito akhoza kulamulira zotsatira za ntchitoyo pogwiritsa ntchito malangizo oyenera (Nkhani 7:660 BW).
• Mikangano ya zofuna imathetsedwa mwa kusamutsanso zisankho ndikulemba zimenezo.
• Olemba ntchito ayenera kupewa nkhanza zogonana (Article 3(2) Arbowet) ndikuchitapo kanthu pa madandaulo.
• Kuthetsa chibwenzi si chifukwa chochotsera ntchito; olemba ntchito amafunika chifukwa chochotsera ntchito motsatira Article 7:669(3) BW.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI