Pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe kampani yanu imachita ndi boma la Dutch — chilolezo, thandizo la ndalama, kuyang'anira, chindapusa, kukana — chimayendetsedwa ndi lamulo limodzi: Algemene wet bestuursrecht, kapena Awb. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe imachita, malingaliro omwe amasankha milandu yambiri, komanso njira ndi nthawi yomaliza mukasiyana.
Kodi Awb ndi chiyani, ndipo chifukwa chake lamulo limodzi ndi lofunika kwambiri
Awb ndi malamulo onse oyendetsera dziko la Dutch . Kuyambira mu 1994, imagwira ntchito pofotokoza za moyo wa chisankho cha boma: momwe chiyenera kukonzedwera, zomwe ziyenera kuyezedwa, nthawi yomwe zingatenge, momwe mungatsutsire, ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati zitakhala zosaloledwa. Sizisankha ngati mupeza chilolezo chanu - izi ndi za lamulo la gawo, monga Omgevingswet kapena Vreemdelingenwet 2000. Awb imalamulira momwe akuluakulu amasankhira, ndi zomwe mungachite nazo.
Kufunika kwake ndikuti imagwira ntchito m'boma lonse pokhapokha ngati lamulo linalake likunena zosiyana: boma, bungwe la misonkho, IND, ACM ndi bungwe loyang'anira zinthu zonse zimagwira ntchito mofanana komanso nthawi yomaliza yomweyi. Pamene lamulo lapadera likhazikitsa lamulo losiyana, lamuloli limagwira ntchito: lex specialis derogat legi generali . Vreemdelingenwet 2000 imakhazikitsa makonzedwe ake a apilo; Omgevingswet imatumiza zisankho zambiri kukhothi. Koma lamulo lapadera limachotsa Awb pokhapokha ngati likunena china chake chosiyana; chilichonse chomwe sichinakhudzidwe chimagwiranso ntchito. Phunzirani Awb kamodzi ndipo mutha kudziwongolera nokha m'munda uliwonse wolamulira wa ku Dutch.
Malingaliro onse amatseguka
Ulamuliro wotsogolera (bestuurorgaan)
Lamuloli limagwira ntchito pa zochita za bungwe lovomerezeka (art. 1:1 Awb): bungwe la munthu wovomerezeka wokhazikitsidwa motsatira malamulo aboma — boma, zigawo, mizinda, mabungwe owongolera madzi ndi nduna zawo, akuluakulu ndi mameya — kapena munthu wina aliyense kapena bungwe lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro winawake wa boma. Gawo lachiwiri ndi lofunika pamalonda: mabungwe ndi makampani achinsinsi ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira malinga ngati lamulo limawapatsa mphamvu aboma, mwachitsanzo kutsimikizira kapena kugawa ndalama za boma. Zisankho zawo zimatha kupemphedwa pansi pa lamulo la Awb, osati kungopanga pangano.
Chisankho (chosankha) — ndi chomwe sichili chisankho
Besluit ndi chisankho cholembedwa cha bungwe lolamulira lomwe lili ndi lamulo la boma (art. 1:3 Awb): cholembedwa, kuchokera ku bungwe lolamulira, chozikidwa pa mphamvu ya lamulo la boma, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kupanga, kusintha kapena kukana zotsatira zalamulo.
Iyi ndi njira yodziwikiratu: njira ya Awb — kutsutsa, apilo, apilo yapamwamba — imatsegulidwa kokha motsutsana ndi besluit. Zochita zomwe sizipereka zotsatira zalamulo ndi zochitika zenizeni ( feitelijke handelingen ): ndemanga ya woyang'anira, kalata yodziwitsa, chenjezo la zomwe akuluakulu angachite. Sizingatsutsidwe, ndipo yankho, ngati lilipo, lili m'khothi la milandu.
Zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuzisintha. Kukana kokha ndi chisankho, kotero pempho lokanidwa likhoza kupemphedwa; ndipo kulephera kusankha pa nthawi yake kumafanana ndi chisankho, kotero chete chikhoza kuperekedwa kukhoti (art. 6:2 Awb). Kawirikawiri malamulo omangirira ndi malamulo a ndondomeko saloledwa kupemphedwa ndi art. 8:3 Awb, kotero palibe chomwe chingatengedwe kukhoti loyang'anira mwayekha.
Kugwedezeka
Beschikking ndi besluit yomwe si ya anthu onse, kuphatikizapo kukana pempho la munthu wina (art. 1:3 Awb): chisankho cha munthu payekha chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa munthu wina kapena mkhalidwe winawake — chilolezo chanu, thandizo lanu, chindapusa chanu, lamulo lanu lokakamiza. Gawo lalikulu la chaputala 4 cha Awb lalembedwa kuti beschikkingen.
The chidwi Party (belanghebbende)
Munthu amene ali ndi chidwi ndi munthu amene chidwi chake chimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi chisankho (Chithunzi 1:2 Awb). Munthu amene ali ndi chidwi ndi amene angatsutse kapena kupempha apilo, ndipo mayesowa amachotsa odandaula ambiri. Milandu imafuna chidwi chomwe chili chanu, chanu, chotsimikizika bwino, chamakono komanso cholunjika. Mnansi amene angathe kuona ndi kumva kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumbayo akuyenerera; munthu amene ali m'misewu iwiri kutali sayenerera. Mpikisano amayenerera popanda chilolezo cha mdani wake pokhapokha ngati akugwira ntchito pamsika ndi dera lomwelo. Chidwi chomwe chilipo kudzera mu mgwirizano ndi wolandira nyumbayo, monga cha wobwereka nyumba, nthawi zambiri chimachokera ndipo sichikwanira. Anthu ovomerezeka angachite zinthu mogwirizana ndi zofuna zawo ndi zochita zawo.
Mfundo zazikulu za kayendetsedwe koyenera
The algemene beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur ndi miyezo yomwe makhoti amayesa zigamulo. Zina nzolembedwa, zina sizinalembedwe; onse amamanga mofanana. Izi zimagamula milandu:
- chisamaliro choyenera — ulamuliro umasonkhanitsa chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza mfundo ndi zokonda zoyenera (Chithunzi 3:2 Awb). Kulephera kufufuza kapena kutsimikizira mfundo yotsimikizika ndiye njira yodziwika kwambiri yopambana.
- zifukwa — chisankho chiyenera kudalira pa zifukwa zomveka (art. 3:46 Awb), zomwe zanenedwa pamene zadziwitsidwa (art. 3:47 Awb). Kuganiza komwe kulibe, kosagwirizana kapena kopanda mawu pa mfundo yanu yaikulu n'kosaloledwa.
- Kutsimikizika kwalamulo — chisankho chiyenera kukhala chomveka bwino kuti chitsatidwe, ndipo ufulu woperekedwa suchotsedwa pang'ono mobwerezabwereza.
- Zoyembekeza zovomerezeka — chitsimikizo chenicheni, choperekedwa ku ulamuliro, chomwe mwadalira moyenera chiyenera kulemekezedwa, pokhapokha ngati chidwi chachikulu cha anthu kapena cha chipani chachitatu chikutsutsa. Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo inapereka mayeso a magawo atatu mu chigamulo chake cha pa 29 Meyi 2019 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2019:1694): choyamba, ngati mawu kapena khalidwe labwino linapereka lingaliro la lingaliro loyenera lomwe latengedwa ndi ulamuliro; chachiwiri, ngati zimenezo zingatchulidwe ndi bungwe loyenerera; chachitatu, ngati zofuna zazikulu zimalepheretsa kulemekeza — ndipo pamene zitero, ulamuliro ukhoza kukakamizidwa, monga gawo la chisankho chomwecho, kulipira kutayika komwe sikukanabwera popanda chiyembekezo.
- Kulingana — Milandu yofananayo imaonedwa mofanana; imapweteka kwambiri pamene ulamuliro umasiya kutsatira malamulo okhazikika kapena mfundo.
- Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika — mphamvu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa cholinga chomwe idapatsidwa (Chithunzi 3:3 Awb). Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoteteza nyumba pothetsa vuto lovuta n'kosaloledwa koma zotsatira zake zingakhale zabwino.
Kuchulukana: zomwe zasintha kuyambira 2022
Nkhani 3:4 Awb imafuna kuti ulamuliro ufufuze zofuna zomwe zikukhudzidwa mwachindunji, ndipo ikunena kuti zotsatira zake sizingakhale zosiyana ndi zolinga zomwe zaperekedwa. Kwa zaka zambiri makhothi adafunsa kokha ngati ulamulirowo ukanatha kusankha moyenera monga momwe unachitira - malire omwe sanadutsepo.
Zimenezo zinasintha ndi chigamulo cha Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State cha pa 2 February 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:285), chomwe chinaperekedwa ndi chipinda chachikulu pambuyo pa lingaliro logwirizana la Advocates General Wattel ndi Widdershoven la pa 7 July 2021 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2021:1468). Gawoli linasintha njira ya "kusagwirizana kwapadera" ndi kusanthula komveka bwino kwa kufanana: ndiye muyeso woyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga; kodi ndikofunikira , kapena muyeso wosalemetsa ungachite; ndipo kodi uli wolinganizidwa poganizira zotsatira za munthu amene wakhudzidwayo. Silinakhazikitse mphamvu imodzi yowunikiranso: momwe khothi limayang'ana mozama zimasiyana motsatira sikelo yotsika yomwe ikuwonetsa kusankha komwe kwaperekedwa, zofuna zomwe zili pachiwopsezo komanso kuopsa kwa kusokoneza.
Maganizo akuti muyeso ndi wopitirira muyeso pa mfundo, zomwe kale zinali zopanda chiyembekezo, tsopano ziyenera kuperekedwa motsutsana ndi kutsekedwa kwa nyumba, zilolezo zochotsedwa ndi malamulo okakamiza. Malire ake ndi enieni: pomwe lamulo silipereka ufulu, art. 3:4 Awb sapereka chilichonse chowunikira, monga momwe Dipatimenti idatsimikizira pa 1 Marichi 2023 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2023:772).
Momwe chisankho chiyenera kukonzekeredwera
Ntchito ziwiri zimalamulira kukonzekera chisankho cha munthu payekha. Choyamba ndi udindo wosamalira (art. 3:2 Awb). Chachiwiri ndi udindo womva: musanakane pempho potengera mfundo zokhudza wopempha zomwe zimasiyana ndi zomwe wopemphayo wapereka, ulamuliro uyenera kulola wopemphayo kupereka maganizo ake (art. 4:7 Awb); udindo wofanana umagwira ntchito kwa anthu ena omwe akuyembekezeka kutsutsa (art. 4:8 Awb). Ngati fayiloyo ili ndi mfundo zazikulu zokhudza inu, ikonzeni, osati patatha miyezi ingapo.
Njira yokonzekera anthu onse mofanana
Pa zisankho zomwe zimakhudza anthu ambiri, Awb imapereka njira yolemetsa, njira yokonzekera anthu onse yomwe ili mu Gawo 3.4. Imagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati lamulo kapena chigamulo cha bungweli chanena choncho (art. 3:10 Awb) — monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri pazisankho zazikulu zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi mapulani. Bungweli limafalitsa chisankho choyambirira chokhala ndi zikalata zothandizira kuti ziwunikidwe (art. 3:11, art. 3:12 Awb), ndipo anthu okhudzidwa, kapena ngati lamuloli lapereka kwa aliyense, akhoza kupereka maganizo ( zienswijzen ) mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi (art. 3:15, art. 3:16 Awb).
Zotsatira ziwiri zimatsatira. Palibe gawo lotsutsa: mumachita apilo mwachindunji kukhoti lachigawo. Ndipo ngati simunapereke maganizo anu, maganizo anu pambuyo pake akhoza kufooka. Nthawi yomaliza mu fayilo yayikulu yololeza imabwera miyezi ingapo chisankho chisanachitike.
Nthawi yosankha zochita, chete ndi chilango chosankha mochedwa
Chisankho pa pempho chiyenera kutengedwa mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo loyenera kapena, ngati sichoncho, mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera, yomwe Awb akuganiza kuti sipitirira milungu isanu ndi itatu kuchokera pamene yalandiridwa (art. 4:13 Awb). Ulamuliro ukhoza kuyimitsa kaye, ndi chidziwitso (art. 4:14 Awb), ndipo wotchi imayima pamene ikuyembekezera chidziwitso chomwe yapempha moyenera (art. 4:15 Awb).
Ngati nthawi yomaliza yadutsa, palibe chomwe chimachitika chokha. Muyenera kutumiza kalata yolembedwa , chidziwitso cha kusalipira. Patatha milungu iwiri bungweli litalandira, mudzalandira chilango tsiku lililonse la kusalipira, osapitirira masiku 42. Ndalama za tsiku ndi tsiku zimakwera m'magawo atatu panthawiyo, ndipo ndalamazo ndi zomwe zapezeka mwalamulo zalembedwa mu Art. 4:17 Awb ndipo zalembedwa, choncho tengani ziwerengero zomwe zilipo kuchokera m'nkhaniyo osati kuchokera ku gwero lakale. Ndondomekoyi ili mu Art. 4:17 mpaka 4:19 Awb, ndipo ndi udindo wokhawo womwe udziwe zomwe uli nazo.
Chinthu chimodzi chachikulu chachotsedwapo. Chilango chosankha mochedwa sichikugwiranso ntchito pa zisankho za Utumiki Wosamukira ndi Kusamuka: chinathetsedwa pa ma fomu olembedwa pansi pa Vreemdelingenwet 2000 kuyambira pa 15 Epulo 2025. Munthu amene akuyembekezera IND akhoza kupereka chidziwitso cha kusachita bwino ntchito yake ndikutumiza kukhothi kulephera kwake, ndipo khothi likhozabe kuphatikiza malipiro a chilango cha khothi ku lamulo loti ligamule motsatira art. 8:55d Awb, koma chilango chokhazikika cha kayendetsedwe ka ntchito sichinathe. Ndi chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha mfundo ya lex specialis: Awb amalamulira mpaka lamulo lapadera litanena zosiyana.
Chidziwitso cha kusachitapo kanthu chimatsegulanso khothi. Kulephera kusankha nthawi kumafanana ndi chisankho, kotero chikhoza kutsutsidwa mwanjira yomweyo (art. 6:2 Awb). Apilo yokha siili ndi malire a nthawi, koma kwenikweni ikhoza kubweretsedwa pokhapokha chidziwitso cha kusachitapo kanthu chaperekedwa ndipo milungu iwiri yapita; chidziwitso cha kusachitapo kanthu chingathetsedwe pamene sichingafunike, ndipo apilo yomwe yaperekedwa mochedwa kwambiri siingavomerezedwe (art. 6:12 Awb). Ngati apiloyo ipambana, khothi lidzalamula akuluakulu kuti asankhe mkati mwa milungu iwiri, mothandizidwa ndi chilango china cha khothi, ngakhale kuti ikhoza kukhazikitsa nthawi yosiyana m'milandu yapadera (art. 8:55d Awb). Palinso njira yachidule kumbali ina: ndi pempho lanu ndi chilolezo cha akuluakulu, kutsutsa kungapite mwachindunji kukhothi lachigawo ngati apilo (art. 7:1a Awb), yoyenera kufunsa komwe mkanganowo uli wovomerezeka.
Njira yodziwika bwino yotetezera mwalamulo
Pokhapokha ngati lamulo la gawo kapena njira yokonzekera ikunena zosiyana, njira ndi: kutsutsa ulamuliro womwe unasankha, kukadandaula kukhothi lachigawo, kenako kukadandaula kukhothi lalikulu ku imodzi mwa makhothi atatu akuluakulu oyang'anira.
| Gawo | Kumene ikupita | Kutalika kwa nthawi | Zomwe zimachitika |
|---|---|---|---|
| Objection (bezwaar) | Ulamuliro womwewo womwe unapanga chisankho | Masabata asanu ndi limodzi kuyambira tsiku lotsatira chidziwitso (art. 6:7, art. 6:8 Awb) | Kuganiziranso kwathunthu za mfundo, malamulo ndi mfundo (art. 7:11 Awb); nthawi zambiri mumamvedwa (art. 7:2 Awb). Chisankho mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, khumi ndi iwiri ndi komiti yolangiza (art. 7:10 Awb). |
| Kupempha (beroep) | Gawo la malamulo oyang'anira khothi la chigawo (rechtbank) | Masabata asanu ndi limodzi kuyambira tsiku lomwe chisankho chotsutsa chadziwitsidwa | Kuwunikidwa ndi khothi lodziyimira pawokha (art. 8:1 Awb). Ndalama zolembetsera ziyenera kulipidwa, zokwera kwambiri kwa makampani. Khothi likhoza kuthetsa ndipo, ngati n'kotheka, kuthetsa mkanganowo. |
| Kukongola kwapamwamba (hoger beroep) | Council of State (Administrative Jurisdiction Division), Centrale Raad van Beroep, kapena College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven, ndi nkhani | Masabata asanu ndi limodzi kuyambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chatumizidwa | Chitsanzo chomaliza (art. 8:104, art. 8:105 Awb). Centrale Raad imamvetsera milandu ya chitetezo cha anthu ndi ntchito za boma, milandu ya zachuma ndi malamulo aku Koleji, ndi zina zonse za Council of State. Ma apilo a msonkho amapita ku makhothi a apilo ndi Khoti Lalikulu. |
| Kupumula kwakanthawi (voorlopige voorziening) | Woweruza milandu woyambirira wa khoti loyenerera | Nthawi iliyonse pamene kutsutsa kapena apilo ikuyembekezeredwa | Kuyimitsa chisankho kapena njira ina yokhazikika pamene pakufunika kutero mwachangu (art. 8:81 Awb). |
Nthawi yomaliza, zotsutsa mochedwa komanso kusowa kwa zotsatira zoyimitsa
Masabata asanu ndi limodzi ndi ovuta. Chitsutso chomwe chaperekedwa mochedwa tsiku limodzi sichiloledwa ndipo mfundo zake sizipezeka. Chikalata chotumizidwa chimakhala cha nthawi yake ngati chatumizidwa nthawi isanathe ndipo chalandiridwa mkati mwa sabata imodzi kuchokera pamene chatha (art. 6:9 Awb). Ngati simungathe kupanga zifukwa, perekani chitsutso cha kanthawi kochepa ndikupempha kuti chiwonjezere; ulamuliro uyenera kulola kuti cholakwikacho chichiritsidwe (art. 6:6 Awb).
Kuchedwa koyenera ndi kochepa. Ngati simungaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa cha kuchedwako, kusaloledwa sikumatchulidwa (art. 6:11 Awb). Kulephera kuchita zinthu, chigamulo chotumizidwa ku adilesi yolakwika, kapena mawu osowa kapena olakwika a njira yothetsera vutoli kungayenereredwe; kukhala kunja, kukhala wotanganidwa kapena kuyembekezera kumasuliridwa sikungayenerere. Komabe, makhothi apamwamba kwambiri a boma achepetsa mayesowo. Mu chigamulo chake cha pa 30 Januwale 2024 (ECLI:NL:CBB:2024:31) Khoti Loona za Apilo la Zamalonda ndi Makampani linasankha njira yolunjika pa mlandu wa munthu aliyense, kupereka malo ochulukirapo pazochitika zaumwini monga matenda ndi zochitika zakunja, kuwonetsa kuti kungoimbidwa mlandu pang'ono sikukwanira kuti munthuyo achedwetsedwe, ndipo - kwa munthu amene sanali kudziwa komanso sakanatha kudziwa za chisankho - kulola milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuti asadziwe za icho m'malo mwa milungu iwiri yomwe inkafunika kale. Gawo la Malamulo Oyendetsera Ntchito linatsatira mfundo imeneyo, pofuna kufanana kwa lamulo, pa 3 Epulo 2024 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2024:1406). Chifukwa chake, kutsutsa kochedwa n'kofunika kuunikanso m'malo mosiya, koma poyambira ndi pomwe nthawiyo ndi yochepa ndipo kupatulapo kuyenera kuperekedwa.
Kutsutsa sikuletsa chisankhocho. Kupereka chitsutso kapena apilo sikuletsa kugwira ntchito kwa chisankhocho (Chithunzi 6:16 Awb). Chilolezocho chikakanidwa, kutsekedwa kwa chikalatacho kukugwirabe ntchito, chindapusa chiyenera kulipidwa. Kuti mulepheretse, muyenera kulembetsa padera kuti mupeze thandizo la kanthawi kochepa.
Mpumulo wa kanthawi
Chitsutso kapena apilo ikaperekedwa, woweruza woyambirira akhoza kuyimitsa chisankhocho kapena kupereka lamulo lina lokhazikika pamene zofuna zake zikufunikira (art. 8:81 Awb). Kuyesako ndi kufulumira, kuwona kwakanthawi kwa ubwino ndi kulinganiza kwa zofuna; kumvetsera kumachitika mkati mwa masiku kapena milungu. Kwa kampani yomwe ikukumana ndi lamulo lotseka kapena tsiku lomaliza lokakamiza, iyi, osati kutsutsa, ndi sitepe yofulumira.
Kumene khoti la anthu wamba limalowererapo
Khoti loyang'anira lili ndi ulamuliro pa malamulo; zina zonse zimagwera m'manja mwa khoti la anthu wamba monga woweruza wotsalira — machitidwe enieni a boma, mapangano ndi bungwe la boma, ndi mphamvu za malamulo achinsinsi monga umwini wa malo.
Chiphunzitso chimodzi chiyenera kuchenjezedwa. Ngati besluit inali yokonzeka kutsutsidwa ndi kupemphedwa ndipo simunagwiritse ntchito njira imeneyo, khoti la milandu limaona kuti ndi lovomerezeka pa nkhani ndi kukonzekera — formele rechtskracht , mphamvu yalamulo yovomerezeka. Simungalole kuti nthawi yomaliza yolamulira idutse kenako n’kumanga mlandu chifukwa cha chigamulo chomwecho.
Kukakamiza, thandizo la ndalama ndi udindo mwachidule
Kukakamiza ndi zilango
Chaputala 5 cha Awb chili ndi lamulo lalikulu lokhazikitsa malamulo: ndani amene ali wolakwa, mphamvu zomwe oyang'anira ali nazo, ndi malamulo a zilango (art. 5:1, art. 5:2 Awb). Limagawa zilango m'njira zobwezera, zomwe zimathetsa kapena kuthetsa kuphwanya malamulo — lamulo lomwe limakhala pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwa oyang'anira, komwe ulamuliro ungachitepo kanthu pa ndalama zanu (art. 5:21 Awb), ndi lamulo lomwe limakhala pansi pa malipiro a chilango (art. 5:31d Awb) — ndi zilango. Chindapusa cha oyang'anira (art. 5:40 Awb) ndi chilango, ndipo chimakopa chitetezo cha milandu yolungama kuphatikizapo ufulu wokhala chete.
Othandizira
Mutu 4.2 wa Awb ndi njira yonse yothandizira ndalama za boma. Thandizo ndi kupempha ndalama za boma pazinthu zinazake, kupatula kulipira katundu kapena ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu aboma (art. 4:21 Awb). Zinthu ziwiri zimakopa olandira: Thandizo nthawi zambiri limafuna maziko alamulo (art. 4:23 Awb), ndipo mphotho ndi chigamulo chomaliza ndi zisankho zosiyana zokhala ndi nthawi yomaliza yosiyana. Chigamulocho chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pansi, ndikubwezeretsanso kusiyana.
Zowonongeka ndi malipiro
Kuwonongeka kwa chigamulo chosaloledwa kungabwere ku khothi loyang'anira milandu (art. 8:88 Awb), mphamvu zogawikana ndi khothi la milandu malinga ndi nkhani komanso nthawi zina kukula kwa mlanduwo. Pa mlandu wovomerezeka womwe umakhudza munthu m'modzi mopanda malire, Mutu 4.5 wa Awb umapereka dongosolo la nadeelcompensatie , lomangidwa pa chiopsezo cha anthu wamba. Pansi pa art. 8:89 Awb, pempho la chipukuta misozi cha mpaka €25,000 likhoza kubweretsedwa ku khothi loyang'anira milandu; pamwamba pa chiwerengerocho khothi la milandu ndiye malo oyamba.
Mwalandira chisankho cha ku Dutch chomwe simukumvetsa
- Pezani tsiku lodziwitsidwa ndikuwerengera milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Nthawiyi imayambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chinatumizidwa, osati tsiku lomwe munawerenga.
- Werengani ndime yomaliza kaye. Ngati chigamulo chili chovomerezeka kutsutsa kapena kutsutsa, akuluakulu ayenera kunena zimenezo akachidziwitsa (art. 3:45 Awb). rechtsmiddelenclausule imatchula mankhwala, thupi ndi nthawi yomaliza — mzere wodalirika kwambiri m'kalatayo, ndi chifukwa chake mungachite bwino musanamvetse mfundoyo.
- Fayilo munthawi yake, ngakhale itamalizidwa. Kutsutsa mwachidule kupempha nthawi yowonjezera maziko kumateteza chilichonse; chomaliza pa tsiku la makumi anayi ndi atatu sichiteteza chilichonse.
- Funsani fayilo, ndipo yembekezerani kuti ipezeke ku Dutch. Mukhoza kuyang'ana zikalata zomwe chigamulocho chakhazikika; mavuto ambiri opambana amamangidwa pa zomwe fayiloyo ilibe. Akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito Chidatchi (art. 2:6 Awb), komanso milandu yokhudza milandu.
Kodi kutsutsa kumachedwetsa chisankho chomwe ndikutsutsa?
Ayi. Kutsutsa kapena apilo sikuletsa kugwira ntchito kwa chigamulocho (art. 6:16 Awb). Kutseka, lamulo lokakamiza kapena udindo wolipira ukupitilizabe kugwira ntchito pamene kutsutsako kukuyembekezeredwa. Kuti mulepheretse, lembani padera kwa woweruza woyambirira (art. 8:81 Awb), komwe kungathe kuthetsedwa m'masiku ochepa. Uku ndi kusamvana kokwera mtengo kwambiri komwe atsopano amapanga.
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa besluit ndi chochitika chenicheni n'chiyani?
Besluit ndi chisankho cholembedwa cha akuluakulu oyang'anira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zalamulo (art. 1:3 Awb). Chochitika chenicheni — ndemanga ya woyang'anira, kalata yodziwitsa, khalidwe la thupi — sichipereka chilichonse. Besluit yokha ndi yomwe ingatsutsidwe ndikupemphedwa apilo motsatira Awb; motsutsana ndi chochita chenicheni, njira, ngati ilipo, ili m'manja mwa khothi la milandu, ndipo kulakwitsa kumeneku kumawononga milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
Ndalephera kulemba nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Kodi pali chilichonse chomwe chatsala?
Mwina, koma musadalire. Kutsutsa mochedwa sikuloledwa pokhapokha ngati simungaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa cha kuchedwako (Chithunzi 6:11 Awb). Zifukwa zodziwika bwino ndi zazing'ono: adilesi yolakwika, mawu osowa kapena olakwika a chithandizo, kulephera kuchita bwino. Kukhala kunja kwa dziko kapena kuyembekezera kumasuliridwa sikokwanira. Perekani umboni nthawi yomweyo, ndipo funsani ngati akuluakuluwo angaganizirenso.
Kodi mayeso a corporationality akhaladi ovuta?
Inde, m'lingaliro lakuti kuwunikiranso sikulinso koyenera mofanana. Kuyambira chigamulo cha Council of State cha pa 2 February 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:285), makhothi amawunika kuyenerera, kufunikira, ndi kulinganiza motsatira art. 3:4 Awb pa sikelo yotsika yomwe imayikidwa ndi kusankha komwe kwaperekedwa, zofuna zomwe zili pachiwopsezo komanso kuopsa kwa kusokoneza. Pamene lamulo silisiya kusankha, mkangano nthawi zambiri umalephera.
Kodi ndingapite kukhoti mwachindunji m'malo mongotsutsa kaye?
Nthawi zina. Pamene njira yokonzekera milandu ya anthu onse inagwiritsidwa ntchito, palibe gawo lotsutsa ndipo mumachita apilo mwachindunji ku khoti lachigawo. Apo ayi, mungapemphe kuti mlandu wanu utumizidwe mwachindunji kukhoti, lomwe likufunika chilolezo cha akuluakulu (art. 7:1a Awb) — koyenera kupemphedwa ngati mkanganowo uli wovomerezeka. Ngati izi zitachitika, gawo lotsutsa ndi lokakamiza, ndipo kulidumpha kumapangitsa kuti apilo isavomerezedwe.
