General Administration Law Act (Awb): zisankho, nthawi yomaliza ndi zotsutsa

Lamulo la General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb) limayang'anira pafupifupi mgwirizano uliwonse womwe muli nawo ndi boma la Dutch: momwe liyenera kukonzekera chisankho, nthawi yomwe chingatenge, ndi momwe mungachitsutsire. Lamulo lofunika kwambiri ndilakuti mutha kutsutsa chisankho chovomerezeka (besluit), mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi mutatumizidwa (Article 6:7 Awb); lamulo lapadera, monga Aliens Act 2000 kapena Environment and Planning Act, likhoza kusiyana ndi izi.

AWB sasankha ngati mulandira chilolezo chanu kapena thandizo lanu; lamulo la gawo lililonse limatero. AWB imakhazikitsa njira ndi miyezo, kuyambira ku boma ndi ku Tax Administration mpaka ku IND ndi ACM. Pansipa tikufotokoza mfundo zazikulu, mfundo zazikulu, nthawi zochitira zisankho ndi njira yotetezera malamulo oyang'anira.

Kodi Awb imagwira ntchito liti?

Lamuloli limagwira ntchito pa zochita za ulamuliro wotsogolera (bestuursorgaan): bungwe la munthu wovomerezeka ndi lamulo la boma, monga Boma, chigawo, boma kapena bungwe la madzi, kapena munthu wina aliyense kapena bungwe lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wa boma (Nkhani 1:1 Awb). Chifukwa chake, kampani ya maziko kapena yachinsinsi ikhoza kukhala ulamuliro wotsogolera malinga ngati lamulo limapereka mphamvu kwa boma, mwachitsanzo kutsimikizira kapena kugawa ndalama za boma.

Lamulo lapadera limakhala patsogolo pokhapokha ngati likunena zosiyana; chilichonse chomwe silinakhudzidwe chimakhalabe cholamulidwa ndi Awb. Phunzirani Awb kamodzi ndipo mutha kupeza njira yanu m'munda uliwonse wolamulira wa ku Netherlands.

Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimawerengedwa ngati chisankho (chosankha)?

Besluit ndi chisankho cholembedwa cha bungwe lolamulira lomwe lili ndi lamulo la boma (Article 1:3 Awb). Chiyenera kukhala cholembedwa, chochokera kwa bungwe lolamulira, chodalira mphamvu ya lamulo la boma ndipo cholinga chake ndi kupanga, kusintha kapena kukana zotsatira za lamulo.

Kungonena kuti munthu ndi wolakwa ndi amene amatsegula njira yotsutsa ndi kuimbira mlandu. Ndemanga ya woyang'anira, kalata yodziwitsa kapena chenjezo la zomwe akuluakulu angachite ndi zochita zenizeni (feitelijke handelingen) popanda mphamvu yalamulo; khoti la anthu wamba ndilo malo ochitira zimenezo. Kukana pempholo palokha ndi chisankho, ndipo kulephera kusankha pa nthawi yake kumafanana ndi chimodzi (Nkhani 6:2 Awb). Malamulo ndi malamulo a mfundo zonse sizingapitsidwe paokha (Nkhani 8:3 Awb).

Kodi beschikking ndi chiyani?

Kusankha munthu amene akufuna kukhala ndi chilolezo ndi chisankho chomwe sichigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense, kuphatikizapo kukana pempho la munthu amene akufuna kukhala ndi chilolezocho (Nkhani 1:3(2) Awb). Chilolezo chanu, thandizo lanu, chindapusa kapena lamulo lokakamiza zonse ndi zachinyengo, ndipo gawo lalikulu la Mutu 4 wa Awb lalembedwa chifukwa cha iwo.

Ndani ali ndi chidwi?

Munthu wokonda chidwi yekha (belanghebbende) ndi amene angatsutse kapena apilo: munthu amene chidwi chake chikukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi chisankhocho (Nkhani 1:2 Awb). Milandu imafuna chidwi chomwe chili chanu, chaumwini, chotsimikizika, chamakono komanso cholunjika.

Mnansi amene angaone kapena kumva kukhazikitsidwa komwe kwakonzedwa nthawi zambiri amayenerera; munthu wina m'misewu ingapo nthawi zambiri sayenerera. Mpikisano amayenerera popanda chilolezo cha mdani wake pokhapokha ngati akugwira ntchito pamsika ndi m'dera lomwelo. Munthu wovomerezeka akhoza kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu onse zomwe zili mkati mwa zolinga zake ndipo zomwe kwenikweni amazitsatira (Nkhani 1:2(3) Awb).

Ndi mfundo ziti zazikulu za kayendetsedwe kabwino zomwe khoti limagwiritsa ntchito?

Mfundo zazikulu za kayendetsedwe kabwino (algemene beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur) ndi miyezo yomwe makhothi amayesa zisankho. Zina zalembedwa mu Awb, zina sizinalembedwe; zonse ziwiri ndi zomangirira.

• Chisamaliro choyenera: ulamuliro umasonkhanitsa chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza mfundo ndi zokonda zoyenera (Nkhani 3:2 Awb). Kulephera kufufuza mfundo yotsimikizika ndiye chifukwa chodziwika bwino chopambana.
• Zifukwa zomveka: Chigamulo chiyenera kudalira pa zifukwa zomveka (Nkhani 3:46 Awb), zomwe zanenedwa pamene zadziwitsidwa (Nkhani 3:47 Awb).
• Palibe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika: mphamvu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa cholinga chomwe idapatsidwa (Nkhani 3:3 Awb).
• Kutsimikizika kwa malamulo ndi kufanana: Zigamulo ziyenera kukhala zomveka bwino, ndipo milandu yofanana iyenera kuonedwa mofanana, makamaka pamene ulamuliro ukusiyana ndi mfundo zake.
• Zoyembekeza zovomerezeka: chitsimikizo chenicheni, choperekedwa ndi akuluakulu oyenerera, chomwe mwadalira moyenera chiyenera kulemekezedwa. Gawo la Ulamuliro wa Oyang'anira la Council of State linakhazikitsa mayeso a magawo atatu pa 29 Meyi 2019 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2019:1694).

Kodi mayeso a kuyerekeza kwa zinthu ndi okhwima bwanji kuyambira mu 2022?

Nkhani 3:4 Awb imafuna kuti ulamuliro ufufuze zofuna zomwe zikukhudzidwa, ndipo zotsatira zoyipa za chisankho sizingakhale zofanana ndi zolinga zake. Mu chigamulo chake cha pa 2 February 2022 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2022:285), Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo ya Bungwe la Boma inasintha mayeso akale "osamveka bwino" ndi kuwunika momveka bwino kwa kuyenerera, kufunikira ndi kulinganiza.

Kuwunika kwa khothi mozama kumadalira mphamvu zomwe lamulo limapereka, zofuna zomwe zili pachiwopsezo komanso kuopsa kwa kusokoneza. Mfundo zoti lamulo lotseka, kuchotsa kapena kukakamiza anthu kuti achite zinthu mopitirira muyeso tsopano ndizofunikira. Komabe, pamene lamuloli silikulola ulamuliro kusankha, Nkhani 3:4 siyikupereka chilichonse chowunikira.

Kodi chisankho chiyenera kukonzedwa bwanji?

Asanakane pempho lokhudza mfundo zokhudza wopempha zomwe zimasiyana ndi zomwe wopemphayo wapereka, akuluakulu ayenera kupatsa wopemphayo mwayi woti afotokoze maganizo awo (Nkhani 4:7 Awb). Udindo wofananawo umagwiranso ntchito kwa anthu ena omwe angayembekezere kutsutsa (Nkhani 4:8 Awb). Ngati fayiloyo ili ndi mfundo zomveka bwino zokhudza inu, ikonzeni panthawiyo.

Kodi njira yokonzekera anthu onse ndi yotani?

Pa zisankho zomwe zimakhudza anthu ambiri, Gawo 3.4 la Awb limapereka njira yolemetsa, yomwe imagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati lamulo kapena ulamuliro wokha wanena choncho (Nkhani 3:10 Awb). Ulamuliro umafalitsa chigamulo choyambirira, ndipo anthu okhudzidwa, kapena aliyense amene lamulolo lanena choncho, akhoza kupereka maganizo (zienswijzen) mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi (Nkhani 3:16 Awb).

Pambuyo pa ndondomekoyi palibe gawo lotsutsa: mumachita apilo mwachindunji kukhothi. Ngati simunapereke maganizo anu pa chikalatacho, maganizo anu pa apilo angakhale ofooka, kotero nthawi yomaliza imabwera miyezi ingapo chisankho chomaliza chisanachitike.

Kodi ulamuliro ungatenge nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti usankhe?

Ulamuliro uyenera kusankha mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo loyenera kapena, ngati palibe, mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera, yomwe imatha milungu isanu ndi itatu mutalandira pempho (Nkhani 4:13 Awb). Ikhoza kuchedwetsa ndikukudziwitsani, ndikutchula nthawi yochepa momwe ingathere (Nkhani 4:14 Awb), ndipo nthawiyo imayimitsidwa pamene ikudikira chidziwitso chomwe idapempha moyenera (Nkhani 4:15 Awb).

Kodi mungachite chiyani ngati akuluakulu a boma asankha mochedwa?

Palibe chomwe chimachitika chokha. Choyamba muyenera kutumiza chidziwitso cholembedwa cha kusagwira ntchito (ingebrekestelling). Patatha milungu iwiri kuchokera pamene akuluakulu alandira, malipiro a chilango (dwangsom) amayamba kugwira ntchito tsiku lililonse lochedwa, kwa masiku osapitirira 42 (Nkhani 4:17 Awb).

Ndalamazo ndi €23 patsiku kwa masiku khumi ndi anayi oyambirira, €35 patsiku kwa masiku khumi ndi anayi otsatira ndi €45 patsiku kwa masiku otsalawo, kotero osachepera €1,442. Palibe chilango choyenera kulipidwa ngati mwapereka chidziwitso mochedwa, simuli munthu wokhudzidwa, kapena pempholo silikuvomerezedwa kapena lopanda maziko (Nkhani 4:17(5) Awb).

Chilangochi sichikugwiranso ntchito pa zisankho za Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) pa ma fomu ofunsira pansi pa lamulo la Aliens Act 2000; chinathetsedwa kuyambira pa 15 Epulo 2025. Mutha kuperekabe chidziwitso cha kusachita bwino ntchito yanu ndikuchita apilo chifukwa cha kulephera kwanu kusankha.

Apilo yotsutsana ndi kulephera kupereka chigamulo siimangidwa ndi nthawi yoikika, koma mutha kuipereka pokhapokha mutadziwa kuti simunachitepo kanthu ndipo milungu iwiri yapita (Nkhani 6:12 Awb). Ngati apiloyo ipambana, khothi limalamula kuti akuluakulu apereke chigamulo mkati mwa milungu iwiri ndipo limaphatikiza chilango ku lamulolo (Nkhani 8:55d Awb).

Kodi njira yodziwika bwino yotsutsira chisankho ndi iti?

Pokhapokha ngati lamulo lapadera kapena njira yokonzekera anthu onse ikunena zosiyana, mukutsutsa ulamuliro womwe unasankha, kenako mupite kukhoti lachigawo, kenako mupereke apilo yapamwamba. Nthawi yokwanira ya gawo lililonse ndi milungu isanu ndi umodzi (Nkhani 6:7 Awb), kuyambira tsiku lotsatira chigamulocho chitatumizidwa kapena kufalitsidwa (Nkhani 6:8 Awb).

Ndi pempho lanu ndi chilolezo cha akuluakulu, chotsutsa chingapite mwachindunji kukhothi ngati apilo (Nkhani 7:1a Awb). Izi ndizofunikira kufunsa pamene mkanganowo ukunena za lamulo lokha. Milandu ya misonkho imayenda yokha kudzera m'makhothi apilo ndi Khothi Lalikulu.

Nanga bwanji ngati mwaphonya nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi?

Kutsutsa mochedwa kapena apilo sikuloledwa pokhapokha ngati simungaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa cha kuchedwako (Nkhani 6:11 Awb). Chikalata chotumizidwa ndi positi chimakhala pa nthawi yake ngati chinatumizidwa nthawi isanakwane ndipo chinalandiridwa pasanathe sabata imodzi kuchokera pamene chinatumizidwa (Nkhani 6:9 Awb).

Makhothi apamwamba kwambiri olamulira apangitsa kuti mayeso okhululukidwa akhale aumwini pang'ono. CBb idachita izi pa 30 Januwale 2024 (ECLI:NL:CBB:2024:31) ndipo Gawo Lolamulira linatsatira pa 3 Epulo 2024 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2024:1406), zomwe zinapatsa malo ambiri pazochitika zaumwini monga matenda. Komabe, poyambira ndi kokhwima: kukhala kunja kapena kukhala otanganidwa si chifukwa chowiringula. Ngati simungathe kupanga zifukwa zanu, perekani chitsutso chachifupi pakapita nthawi ndikupempha nthawi yowonjezerapo (Nkhani 6:6 Awb).

Kodi kutsutsa kumayimitsa chisankhocho?

Ayi. Kutsutsa kapena apilo sikuletsa zotsatira za chigamulocho (Nkhani 6:16 Awb): kutseka mlandu kumagwirabe ntchito ndipo chindapusa chimalipiridwabe. Kuti muletse, lembani padera kwa woweruza milandu woyambirira (Nkhani 8:81 Awb), yemwe amaona kufunika kwachangu, kuona mwachidule ubwino ndi ubwino wa zinthu; nthawi zambiri kumvetsera mlandu kumachitika mkati mwa masiku kapena milungu.

Kodi khoti la milandu ya anthu limayamba liti?

Khothi la boma limaweruza zisankho; china chilichonse, monga machitidwe enieni, mapangano ndi bungwe la boma ndi malamulo achinsinsi monga kugulitsa malo, ndi a khothi la boma. Ngati simunagwiritse ntchito njira yotsutsa ndi apilo motsutsana ndi chisankho, khothi la boma limaona chisankhocho ngati chovomerezeka (formal legal force, formele rechtskracht). Simungalole kuti nthawi yomaliza idutse kenako n’kusuma mlandu woti muwononge ndalama chifukwa cha chisankho chomwecho.

Kodi Awb akunena chiyani za kukakamiza malamulo, thandizo la ndalama ndi ndalama zolipirira?

Mutu 5 wa Awb uli ndi malamulo onse okhudza kukakamiza. Zilango zokonzanso zimathetsa kuphwanya malamulo: lamuloli liyenera kutsatiridwa ndi malamulo a utsogoleri (last onder bestuursdwang, Article 5:21 Awb) ndi lamuloli liyenera kulipidwa chilango (last onder dwangsom, Article 5:31d Awb). Chindapusa cha utsogoleri (Article 5:40 Awb) ndi chilango ndipo chimabwera ndi chitetezo chachilungamo, kuphatikizapo ufulu wokhala chete.

Mutu 4.2 umalamulira ndalama zothandizira. Ndalama zothandizira nthawi zambiri zimafuna maziko a malamulo (Nkhani 4:23 Awb), ndipo ndalama zothandizira ndi chigamulo chomaliza ndi zisankho zosiyana; chigamulocho chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pang'ono, ndi kubweza kusiyana.

Kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chigamulo chosaloledwa kungaperekedwe kuchokera ku khothi loyang'anira mpaka €25,000 kuphatikiza chiwongola dzanja (Nkhani 8:89(2) Awb); kupitirira ndalama zimenezo khothi la milandu ndilo malo ofunikira. Pa milandu yovomerezeka ya boma yomwe imakukhudzani mopanda malire, Mutu 4.5 umapereka chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha kutayika kosayerekezeka (nadeelcompensatie).

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani mukalandira chisankho?

• Kodi chigamulocho chinatumizidwa liti? Werengani masabata asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera tsiku lotsatira.
• Kodi ndime yomaliza ikunena chiyani? Iyenera kufotokoza njira yothetsera vutoli, thupi lake ndi nthawi yomaliza (Nkhani 3:45 Awb).
• Kodi ndi nkhani yovomerezeka yokhala ndi zotsatira zalamulo, kapena ndi nkhani yeniyeni kapena kalata yodziwitsa?
• Kodi mukufuna thandizo la kanthawi chifukwa chisankhocho chimayamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo?
• Kodi mwapempha fayiloyi? Akuluakulu amagwira ntchito mu Chidatchi (Nkhani 2:6 Awb), choncho konzani zomasulira.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati munthu wachitatu, monga mnansi wanu kapena mpikisano wanu?

• Kodi chidwi chanu chimakhudzidwa mwachindunji, kapena mwanjira ina yokha kudzera mu mgwirizano?
• Kodi chisankhocho chinakonzedwa mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya anthu onse, kotero muyenera kupereka maganizo anu pa chikalatacho mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi?
• Kodi chigamulocho chinafalitsidwa liti? Tsiku lomaliza lomaliza limayambanso kuyambira pofalitsa kapena kudziwitsa.
• Kodi mukufuna thandizo la kanthawi kuti musiye ntchito kapena zochitika pamene chitsutso chanu chikuyembekezeredwa?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi General Administrative Law Act?

Maloya athu oyang'anira ntchito amagwira ntchito m'malo mwa makampani ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mikangano ndi akuluakulu aboma aku Netherlands.

• Timayesa mkati mwa tsiku limodzi logwira ntchito ngati kalata ndi chisankho komanso nthawi yanu yomaliza ndi iti.
• Tikutsutsa pa nthawi yake, choyamba ngati pakufunika tikupereka kaye kachidule kuti tisunge ufulu wanu.
• Timatumiza chidziwitso cha kusachita bwino ntchito ndipo timapempha chilango ngati akuluakulu a boma asankha mochedwa.
• Tikupempha thandizo la kanthawi kuti tiime chisankho.
• Timakonza milandu ya apilo ndi apilo yapamwamba komanso zopempha ndalama zolipirira.

Chidule

• Awb imalamulira momwe akuluakulu aku Dutch amasankhira; malamulo apadera amatha kusokonekera.
• Mungathe kutsutsa besluit yokha, komanso ngati munthu wokonda.
• Kutsutsa, apilo ndi apilo yapamwamba iliyonse ili ndi nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
• Kutsutsa sikuletsa chisankho; koma mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa umalepheretsa.
• Chigamulo chochedwa chimapereka ufulu wopereka chilango cha €1,442 pambuyo podziwitsa kuti simunachite bwino, kupatulapo zisankho za IND.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI