Udindo wa boma ku Netherlands

Akuluakulu aku Dutch amabweretsa kutayika m'njira ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri: mwa kuchita zinthu mosaloledwa, komanso mwalamulo m'njira yomwe imanyamula katundu wochuluka kwa anthu onse. Chilichonse chili ndi njira yakeyake, ndipo chisankhocho chimasankha komwe mungapereke ndi zomwe muyenera kutsimikizira. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023, pamene Mutu 4.5 wa Algemene wet bestuursrecht (Awb) unayamba kugwira ntchito, njira yachiwiri ili ndi maziko akeake, ndipo kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2024 kuwonongeka kwa mapulani kwasamuka kuchoka pa Wet ruimtelijke ordening (Wro) kupita ku Omgevingswet.

Njira ziwiri, ndi chifukwa chake kusiyana kuli kofunika

Njira yoyamba ndi mlandu. Ngati bungwe lipanga chisankho chomwe pambuyo pake chinathetsedwa, kapena kuchita zinthu mosaloledwa, kutayikako kungabwezeretsedwe ngati kuwonongeka kuchokera ku daad ya onrechtmatige : kusaloledwa, kutengera, chifukwa, kutayika — ndi malipiro onse.

Chachiwiri ndi nadeelcompensatie : malipiro a khalidwe lovomerezeka, kudalira pa mfundo ya égalité devant les charges publiques yomwe yalembedwa mu art. 4:126 Awb. Ulamuliro womwe, pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake kapena ntchito yake mwalamulo, umayambitsa kuwonongeka kopitilira chiopsezo cha anthu wamba ndikukhudza gulu limodzi mosiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi ena uyenera kulipira gululo ngati wapempha. Kubwezeretsa sikudzaza: chidutswa cha kutayika chimakhala ndi wopemphayo mwadongosolo. Njira si njira zina zomwe mungasankhe momasuka - zimatsatira khalidwe la mchitidwewo.

Njira yoyamba: chindapusa cha chisankho chosaloledwa

Kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo kumathetsa kusamvera malamulo ndi zolakwa

Khoti likaletsa chigamulo, sichikhala chovomerezeka kwa wolankhulidwa ndipo cholakwa ( schuld ) chimaperekedwa: ulamuliro sungathawe mwa kunena zoona kapena kuweruzidwa bwino kwa lamulo (HR 31 Meyi 1991, ECLI:NL:HR:1991:ZC0261, Van Gog/Nederweert). Kuchotsa chigamulo chifukwa chakuti chisankhocho chinali cholakwika, kapena kuvomereza momveka bwino kuti chinali chosaloledwa, kumakhala ndi zotsatira zomwezo. Chifukwa chake, nkhondoyi siili yokhudza kuchita zolakwa; ndi yokhudza chifukwa ndi kuchuluka kwa milandu.

Chifukwa ndi pamene zopempha izi zimapambana kapena kutayika

Chitetezo chokhazikika ndichakuti kutayikako kukanachitika. Ngati kuchotsedwako kunali chifukwa cha vuto la ndondomeko ndipo ulamulirowo ukadakwaniritsa zotsatira zomwezo mwalamulo, palibe chifukwa cholumikizirana kapena kuwonongeka. Ngati zotsatira zokhazo mwalamulo zinali thandizo, kutayika komwe kudabwera chifukwa cha kukana kapena kuchedwa kungabwezeretsedwe. Chilichonse chimayambiranso kupanga chisankho chovomerezeka chomwe chikadayenera kupangidwa.

Khoti la oyang'anira kapena khoti la milandu

Mutu 8.4 Awb imapatsa khoti loyang'anira ufulu wake wopereka ndalama zolipirira. Malinga ndi nkhani 8:88 Awb ikhoza kulamula kuti munthu alandire ndalama zolipirira chifukwa cha chigamulo chosaloledwa, kuchitapo kanthu kosaloledwa pokonzekera chisankho, kapena kulephera kusankha pa nthawi yake. Nkhani 8:89 Awb imagawa mphamvu zake: yokhayokha ku khoti loyang'anira ufulu pomwe chigamulo choyambira chili m'manja mwa Centrale Raad van Beroep kapena chipinda cha misonkho cha Khoti Lalikulu, ndipo pokhapokha ngati ndalama zomwe akufunazo zili zosakwana €25,000 kuphatikiza chiwongola dzanja mpaka tsiku lomwe pempholo laperekedwa. Pamwamba pa zimenezo, khoti la milandu limasankha. Muyeso umatsatira ndalama zomwe zapemphedwa, osati kutayika konse, kotero wopemphayo angalepheretse pempholo kukhalabe mu forum imeneyo.

Pempholi laperekedwa polemba motsatira Art. 8:90 Awb, ndipo milungu isanu ndi itatu m'mbuyomu munthu wokhudzidwayo ayenera kuti adapempha ulamuliro kuti alipire. Mabwalo onse awiriwa sangayendetsedwe pa mlandu womwewo.

Pa milandu yamalonda, khoti la anthu nthawi zambiri limakhala malo oyenera: kutayika kwa chilolezo chokanidwa kapena lamulo lotseka mosaloledwa kumapitirira €25,000. Limapereka njira zonse zotsimikizira umboni komanso kusankhidwa kwa akatswiri, pamtengo woyerekeza mtengo ndi liwiro; njira yoyendetsera ntchito ndi yachangu, yotsika mtengo ndipo imagwirizana ndi apilo yomwe ikugwira ntchito kale.

Msampha womaliza: chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati simunapemphe apilo

Izi zimakopa makampani akunja kuposa china chilichonse pano. Ngati chigamulo chinali chovomerezeka kutsutsa ndi kupempha apilo ndipo mulola kuti nthawiyo ipitirire, chimakhala chomaliza ( onherroepelijk ), ndipo formele rechtskracht imafuna kuti khothi la anthu lizione ngati zovomerezeka pazolembedwa ndi kukonzekera. Simungathe kusuma pambuyo pake potengera kuti chilolezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa. Ulamuliro ndi HR 16 Meyi 1986, ECLI:NL:HR:1986:AC9347 (Heesch/Van de Akker), womwe umapereka njira yopulumukira pang'ono: lamuloli lingapereke phindu pamene pali zinthu zina zokwanira, monga ulamuliro wonyenga chipanicho za njira yotseguka.

Zosiyana zimenezo sizimapambana kawirikawiri. Chigamulo chakuti "apilo si yoyenera ndalama zolipirira" sichili chopanda tsankho: nthawi zambiri chimathetsanso pempho la kuwonongeka. Perekani chitsutso mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, ngakhale mutakhala ndi cholinga chokambirana nthawi imodzi. Onani kusiyana ndi nadeelcompensatie, komwe kutsiriza si chopinga koma chofunikira.

Nadeelcompensatie pansi pa Mutu 4.5 Awb

Mutu 4.5 Awb usanayambe kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2023, izi zinali zogawikana: mapulani osiyana mu malamulo a Wro, malamulo a madzi ndi zomangamanga, malamulo ambiri am'deralo, ndi mfundo yosalembedwa yokhudza ufulu wa anthu yomwe inadzaza mipata. Mutu 4.5 Awb unalowa m'malo mwake ndi dongosolo limodzi la akuluakulu onse, lomwe limakhudza zisankho zovomerezeka ndi machitidwe ovomerezeka.

Mikhalidwe

Art. 4:126 Awb imakhazikitsa zofunikira ziwiri zosonkhanitsira. Katundu wosazolowereka ( wosazolowereka wotsiriza ) umafuna kutayika kopitilira chiopsezo cha anthu kapena bizinesi. Katundu wapadera ( wotsiriza ) umafuna kuti wopemphayo amenyedwe mopitirira muyeso poyerekeza ndi ena omwe ali pamalo ofanana; pomwe gawo lonse kapena chigawo chonse chikukhudzidwa mofanana, palibe chopempha.

Nkhani yomweyi imasunga magulu anayi a wopempha: chiopsezo chovomerezeka; njira zoyenera zotayira zitha kukhala zochepa; kutayika komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha wopempha; ndi kutayika komwe kuli kotetezedwa mwanjira ina, ndi inshuwaransi kapena mgwirizano. Ubwino uliwonse womwe chochitikacho chabweretsa umaperekedwa, ndipo chipukuta misozi chingaperekedwe mwanjira ina.

Chiwopsezo cha anthu wamba komanso momwe chimayeretsedwa

Chiwopsezo cha anthu wamba ndi malire omwe kutayika kumakhala gawo la malonda m'dziko lotukuka: ntchito za misewu zimachitika, madera amasintha, malamulo amachepa. Kuwerengera ndiye gawo lovuta kwambiri pa fayilo iliyonse, ndipo machitidwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri.

• A kulephera kwalamulo: gawo lokhazikika la kutayika komwe kumakhalabe ndi wopempha, monga peresenti ya mtengo wa katunduyo. Mu malo omangidwa awa ndi 4% motsatira nkhani. 15.7 Ow.
• A kuwunika kwa milandu yeniyeni, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa zonse pogulitsa ndi kutaya ndalama, komwe palibe gawo lovomerezeka ndi lamulo. Ulamulirowu umayesa ngati chitukukocho chikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa derali ndi mfundo zake, momwe kusokonezaku kulili kwachibadwa, komanso momwe bizinesi iyi yakhudzidwira kwambiri.

Ziwirizi sizingasinthidwe. Malinga ndi Wro wakale, chiwerengero cha 2% mu art. 6.2 Wro chinali chocheperako, osati yankho (ABRvS 5 Seputembala 2012, ECLI:NL:RVS:2012:BX6492). Art. 15.7 Ow sichigwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyi: 4% ya kuwonongeka kwa katundu mwachindunji ndi cholakwa chokhazikika chalamulo, chomwe akuluakulu sangachikweze kapena kuchepetsa. Ndi cha boma la Omgevingswet la kuwonongeka kwa mwachindunji osati lamulo lonse la art. 4:126 Awb.

Kuzindikira: kuvomereza zoopsa mwachangu komanso mosachitapo kanthu

Kuvomereza zoopsa mwachangu (Chithunzi 15.5 Ow) kumagwira ntchito pamene mudagula kapena kuyika ndalama pamene munthu wodziwa bwino ntchito komanso wanzeru, akuwerenga zikalata za ndondomeko zofalitsidwa, akanatha kuwona bwino chitukukocho. Mtengo wolipidwa umawonedwa ngati ukuwonetsa zoopsa kale; zolemba za ndondomeko, masomphenya a kapangidwe kake ndi zikalata zofunsira zonse zitha kuyamba nthawi.

Kuvomereza zoopsa zopanda pake (Chithunzi 15.6 Ow) kumagwira ntchito pa ufulu wokonza nyumba womwe munali nawo koma simunagwiritsepo ntchito. Mukangochotsa ndalamazo, mwiniwakeyo ali ndi nthawi yokwanira yogwiritsira ntchito ufuluwo; amene akukhalabe akutaya pempho loti achotsedwe. Mu ABRvS 28 Seputembala 2016, ECLI:NL:RVS:2016:2582 mwiniwakeyo adauzidwa m'makalata zaka zambiri dongosolo latsopano lisanavomerezedwe kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nyumbayo kudzapita, sikudzatengapo kanthu, ndipo sikudzabweza kalikonse.

Kuwonongeka kwa mapulani m'malo omangidwa pansi pa Omgevingswet

Mawu akuti planschade apita: Chaputala 15 cha Omgevingswet chimagwiritsa ntchito nadeelcompensatie yonse, kuwonjezera Mutu 4.5 Awb pa malo omangidwa.

Chomwe chimayambitsa chiganizo

Art. 15.1 Ow ili ndi mndandanda wotsekedwa: lamulo mu dongosolo la omgevingsplan kapena waterschapsverordening, maatwerkvoorschrift, omgevingsvergunning , projectbesluit ndi zida zofanana. Popeza ndi yokwanira, imachotsa kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chilichonse chomwe chili kunja kwake. Ndi yotakata kuposa dongosolo lakale la Wro, chifukwa imafika pakuwonongeka kwa kukhazikitsa: kutayika kwakanthawi chifukwa chochita ntchitoyo, monga ntchito zomanga kapena kutsekedwa kwa msewu.

Kusintha kuchokera ku dongosolo kupita ku ntchito

Uku ndiye kusintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe kake. Pansi pa Wro, kuwonongeka kwa mapulani osalunjika kunayesedwa pamene dongosololi linakhala losasinthika, poyerekeza zomwe dongosolo lakale linapanga ndi latsopano. Mfundo zazikulu zinagwa papepala tsiku lomwe dongosololi linayamba kugwira ntchito, kaya linamangidwa kapena ayi.

Pansi pa kuwunika kwa Omgevingswet, ntchitoyo imapita ku ntchitoyo. Pamene chilolezo chikufunika, nkhani. 15.3 Kuwunika kumagwirizana ndi gawo la chilolezo; pamene palibe chomwe chikufunika, nkhani. 15.4 Kuwunika kumagwirizana ndi pempholo ndi chidziwitso kapena chiyambi cha ntchitoyo. Dongosolo lololeza chitukuko chomwe sichinachitikepo, motero silibweretsa kuwonongeka kosalunjika: zopempha zimakula pambuyo pake, ndipo mfundo yofunikira ndi zomwe zachitika, osati zomwe dongosololo limalola m'malingaliro.

Kuwonongeka mwachindunji, kuwonongeka kosalunjika ndi 4% ya failure

Kuwonongeka mwachindunji ndi kutayika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo anu, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kuletsa zomwe mungamange kapena kuchita. Kuwonongeka mwachindunji kumachokera ku kusintha kwa malo a munthu wina: dongosolo la nyumba kumbuyo kwa hotelo yanu, kusintha kwa misewu komwe kumachotsa malonda anu omwe akupita.

Ndalama zokwana 4% zomwe zili mu Article 15.7 Ow imagwira ntchito pokhapokha pa kuwonongeka kosalunjika komwe kukuphatikizapo kutsika kwa mtengo wa katundu wosasuntha, osati kuwonongeka mwachindunji komanso osati kutayika kwa ndalama kapena kutayika kwa ndalama, komwe kumayesedwa pa mfundo zake zokha. Article 15.2 Ow imachotsa mitu ina ya kutayika konse.

Lamulo losinthira: ndi lamulo liti lomwe limagwira ntchito pa fayilo yanu

Apa ndi pomwe zolakwika zambiri zimachitika, chifukwa patsamba linalake yankho lingakhalebe lamulo lakale. Ulamuliro wosintha uli mu art. 4.17 Invoeringswet Omgevingswet: komwe chisankho kapena dongosolo loyambitsa kuwonongeka limayambira pa 1 Januware 2024 isanafike, malamulo akale okonzekera kuwonongeka kwa Wro akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito, ndipo udindo umenewo umagwira ntchito kwa zaka zisanu, kotero mpaka 1 Januware 2029. Bestemmingsplan yomwe imalowetsedwa mu omgevingsplan pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo si chifukwa chatsopano. Pa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe zachitika isanafike 1 Januware 2024, monga bestemmingsplan pansi pa malamulo akale a Wet ruimtelijke, lamulo lakale la Gawo 6.1 Wro likupitilizabe kugwira ntchito, bola ngati pempholo laperekedwa mkati mwa zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene chisankhocho sichinasinthe. Chifukwa chake, pa dongosolo lililonse la 2024 lisanafike, onani tsikulo kaye: mutha kukhala pawindo lotseka pansi pa Wro, ndi njira yake yochotsera ndi kufananiza.

Ntchito za anthu onse, kutsekedwa kwa misewu ndi mapulojekiti omanga nthawi yayitali

Nkhani yodziwika kwambiri pamalonda ndi iyi: hotelo, lesitilanti, malo owonetsera zinthu kapena malo ogulitsira omwe anthu amatseka njira yawo kwa miyezi ingapo chifukwa cha ntchito za sitima, kusintha milatho kapena kukonzanso zimbudzi. Kutayika kumeneku ndi kusintha kwa ndalama, osati mtengo wa katundu.

Ntchitozi ndi zovomerezeka, kotero iyi ndi njira ya Title 4.5 Awb. Nthawi zambiri katundu wapadera amakwaniritsidwa pamene chopingacho chimayikidwa pamalo afupiafupi ndi malo ochepa, ndipo chimakhala chovuta kwambiri pamene chigawo chonse chimakhudzidwa chimodzimodzi. Mtolo wosazolowereka ndi malo omenyera nkhondo, chifukwa bizinesi iyenera kulandira kusokonezedwa wamba ngati chiopsezo cha bizinesi yachibadwa. Chomwe chimakankhira kutayika pamwamba pa mzerewo ndi nthawi yopitilira yomwe idalengezedwa, kutayika kwathunthu m'malo mwa kutayika pang'ono, kusakhala ndi njira ina yothandiza kapena zizindikiro, komanso kusokonezedwa munyengo yomwe bizinesiyo imadalira. Art. 4:126 Awb imasiyanso ndi wodandaulayo njira zoyenera zothanirana ndi kutayikako zikanapewedwa.

Palibe chiwerengero chalamulo chomwe chimagwira ntchito pa kutayika kwa ndalama, ndipo palibe chiwerengero chokhazikika cha milandu. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amaika malire m'malamulo awo a ndondomeko ya nadeelcompensatie, omwe amafotokozedwa ngati peresenti ya ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthawi yowonongeka yomwe imayesedwa motsutsana ndi nthawi yodziwika ya zaka zapitazo yokonzedwa chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kayendetsedwe ka msika. Gawo la Ulamuliro Woyang'anira limavomereza malire otere pomwe ali ofanana ndi chiopsezo chomwe gawo lomwe likukhudzidwa nthawi zambiri limakhala nacho, ndipo magawo omwe adasunga ndi okwera kwambiri kuposa kutayika kwa katundu: pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ntchito zomangamanga za sikelo wamba, komanso apamwamba pomwe bizinesiyo yokha ili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, mwachitsanzo malonda amodzi pa ziphaso zosinthidwa pachaka. Chifukwa chake poyambira ndi lamulo la mfundo la bungwe lomwe lili ndi udindo, ndipo mkangano ndi wokhudza ngati malire omwe likugwiritsa ntchito akugwirizana ndi bizinesi iyi ndi kusokoneza kumeneku. Palibe chilichonse chomwe chiyenera kusokonezedwa ndi kutayika kwa katundu kovomerezeka. 15.7 Ow, komwe kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha kutsika kwa mtengo wa katundu wosasuntha.

Ndondomeko, malire a nthawi, chiwongola dzanja ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Pempho ndi komiti yolangiza

Mumapempha kwa akuluakulu omwe ali ndi udindo pa zomwe zayambitsa kuwonongeka; art. 15.8 Ow imazindikiritsa malo omangidwa. Pansi pa art. 4:127 Awb pempholi liyenera kuzindikira chochitikacho ndikufotokoza mtundu wa kutayika ndipo, momwe zingathekere, kuchuluka kwake ndi tsatanetsatane. art. 4:128 Awb imalola ndalama zoyendetsera zomwe zili pa €500, kubwezeredwa ngati chipukuta misozi chaperekedwa.

Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amalandira upangiri kuchokera ku komiti yodziyimira payokha, yomwe imafufuza, kumvetsera wopemphayo ndikupereka upangiri woyambirira kuti apereke ndemanga. Malinga ndi gawo la 4:130, akuluakulu amasankha mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi itatu, kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi komwe komiti yoteroyo isankhidwe, ndikuyimitsa kamodzi kwa milungu isanu ndi itatu kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ngati kutayikako kwachitikanso chifukwa cha chisankho chomwe chikadali chovomerezeka kuti apilo, fayiloyo ikhoza kusungidwa mpaka itathetsedwa.

Chigamulocho chokha chingathe kupimbidwa mlandu: kutsutsa mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, kenako apilo ku khoti lachigawo ndikupitilira apo apilo ku Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo ya Bungwe la Boma . Khalidwe lenileni limagwera pansi pa Mutu 4.5 Awb, ndipo apilo ku khoti loyang'anira milandu imatsegulidwa kokha motsutsana ndi chisankho chosiyana chokhudza malipiro okha.

Malire a nthawi

Art. 4:131 Awb imalola ulamuliro kukana pempho lomwe laperekedwa pamene zaka zisanu zapita kuyambira tsiku lomwe wovulalayo adadziwa za kuwonongeka ndi ulamuliro woyenerera, ndipo mulimonsemo patatha zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene kuwonongekako kudachitika. Ngati chigamulo chovomerezeka chapangitsa kuwonongeka, zaka zisanu siziyamba chisankhocho chisanasinthidwe.

Pa njira yosaloledwa, gawo 8:93 Awb imagwiritsa ntchito malamulo oletsa milandu ya anthu, koma nthawi siiyamba tsiku lisanafike tsiku lomwe kuchotsedwa kwa lamuloli sikungasinthidwe kapena akuluakulu aboma adavomereza kusaloledwa.

Chiwongola dzanja ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Art. 4:129 Awb ndi wowolowa manja kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu ambiri opempha ndalama amaganizira. Pamene malipiro aperekedwa, akuluakulu ayeneranso kulipira ndalama zoyenera zopewera kapena kuchepetsa kutayika, ndalama zoyenera zothandizira akatswiri azamalamulo kapena akatswiri ena pokhazikitsa kutayika, ndalama zofunsira, ndi chiwongola dzanja chalamulo kuyambira polandira pempholo kapena, ngati kutayikako kukubwera pambuyo pake, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Ndalama zomwe akatswiri amalipira zimasintha kwambiri zachuma poyambitsa lipoti loyenera la kuwerengera ndalama kapena lipoti la kafukufuku wa zamalamulo pachiyambi.

Umboni: zinthu zotsutsana ndi mbiri ya akaunti

Chilichonse chomwe chikunena apa chikuyerekeza dziko lapansi monga momwe lilili ndi dziko lapansi monga momwe likanakhalira. Kupanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi zimenezo ndiye ntchito.

• Konzani malo ofotokozera. Pa katundu, mtengo wake uyenera kuwerengedwa pa tsiku lolondola lofotokozera komanso kufananiza ndi malamulo. Pa bizinesi, nthawi zonse pamafunika kukonzekera ziwerengero kwa zaka zingapo pasadakhale, kuti mzere wa malonda ukhale wotetezeka.
• Siyanitsani chifukwa cha boma ndi china chilichonse. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amanena kuti kusintha kwa anthu kutsika pazifukwa zina; samalani izi ndi zizindikiro za gawo, nthambi zofanana kwina, ndi deta yokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akupita kapena kusungitsa malo.
• Gwirani ntchito mu ndalama zonse, osati kusintha kwa ndalama. Kutayika kwa ndalama kumateteza mtengo wosinthasintha; chonena chonyalanyaza izi chimapempha kuchotsera ndalama zonse.
• Sungani zolemba za nthawi yomweyo — zithunzi zakale za kutsekedwa kwa nyumba, makalata ndi akuluakulu aboma ndi kontrakitala, ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito ndi kusintha kulikonse.
• Kuchepetsa zikalata — zomwe munachita, zomwe zinawononga ndalama, chifukwa chiyani munakana njira zina.
• Yang'anirani masiku — nthawi yotsutsa chisankho chilichonse chomwe chingabweretse kutayika kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, ndi nthawi ya zaka zisanu motsatira nkhani. 4:131 Awb.

Mafayilo awa amapereka mphotho pa malo oyambira: umboni wotsimikizika ulipo pokhapokha ngati wajambulidwa pamene chochitikacho chikupitirira.

Law & More Malamulo okhudza mabizinesi ndi eni malo motsutsana ndi akuluakulu aku Dutch panjira zonse ziwiri: chiwongola dzanja cha chigamulo chothetsedwa kapena chosaloledwa, ndi chiwongola dzanja cha ntchito zovomerezeka, kutseka ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la omgevings. Chifukwa nthawi yotsutsa ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi nthawi zambiri imasankha ngati chiwongola dzanja cha chiwongola dzanja chikadalipo, chonde titumizireni uthenga pamene chisankhocho chafika osati pamene kutayikako kuwerengedwa.