Udindo wa boma ku Netherlands: kuwonongeka ndi malipiro a nadeel

Boma la Dutch liyenera kulipira ndalama zomwe mwataya pazochitika ziwiri: pamene linachita zinthu mosaloledwa, mwachitsanzo ndi chigamulo chomwe pambuyo pake chinathetsedwa, ndi pamene linachita zinthu movomerezeka koma linakubweretserani mavuto osaneneka. Njira yoyamba imapereka malipiro onse; yachiwiri, nadeelcompensatie motsatira Nkhani 4:126 ya General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb), nthawi zonse imasiya gawo la kutayika kwanu, ndipo palibe njira iliyonse yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati mulola chisankho chosaloledwa kukhala chomaliza popanda kutsutsa.

Pansipa tikufotokoza njira zonse ziwiri, malamulo okhudza kuwonongeka kwa mapulani motsatira Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet), nthawi yomaliza komanso momwe tingapangire umboni.

Ndi njira iti yomwe ikugwira ntchito: kuchita zosaloledwa kapena nadeelcompensatie?

Khalidwe la lamulo la boma limasankha njira, osati zomwe mumakonda. Chisankho kapena zochita zosaloledwa zimapangitsa kuti munthu apeze ndalama zolipirira; chisankho chovomerezeka kapena ntchito yovomerezeka yomwe imakukhudzani kwambiri imatsogolera ku pempho la nadeelcompensatie kwa akuluakulu aboma.

Kodi mumapempha bwanji chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha chisankho chosaloledwa?

Choyamba muyenera kuletsa, kuchotsa kapena kuvomereza kuti chigamulocho chinali chosemphana ndi malamulo; kenako mutsimikizire chifukwa chake ndi kuchuluka kwa kutayika. Kusatsatira malamulo ndi cholakwika nthawi zambiri sizikhala vuto pambuyo pa kuletsa.

Kodi ulamulirowo ndiwo uli ndi vuto pambuyo poti lamulo lathetsedwa?

Inde, kwenikweni. Mu mlandu wa Van Gog/Nederweert, Hoge Raad inanena kuti bungwe lomwe chigamulo chake chachotsedwa chifukwa chosatsatira malamulo ndilo limakhala ndi mlandu, ndipo khoti la milandu liyenera kukakamizidwa ndi chigamulo chimenecho (HR 31 Meyi 1991, ECLI:NL:HR:1991:ZC0261).

Ulamuliro sungathawe popempha chikhulupiriro chabwino. Chifukwa chake mkangano nthawi zambiri umakhala pa chifukwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu.

N’chifukwa chiyani nkhani yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti kuchititsa zinthu ndi chifukwa?

Undunawu udzanena kuti kutayikako kukanakhalapo. Ngati chigamulocho chikanathetsedwa chifukwa cha vuto la ndondomeko ndipo ulamulirowo ukadakwaniritsa zomwezo mwalamulo, palibe chifukwa cholumikizirana ndi kubwezera.

Ngati zotsatira zovomerezeka zokha zinali kuperekedwa kwa chilolezocho, kutayika komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha kukana kapena kuchedwako kungabwezeretsedwe. Chilichonse chimadalira kukonzanso chisankho chomwe chimayenera kutengedwa.

Kodi muyenera kupita ku khoti la boma kapena ku khoti la anthu wamba?

Khothi loyang'anira milandu likhoza kupereka chipukuta misozi motsatira Nkhani 8:88 Awb chifukwa cha chisankho chosaloledwa, kukonzekera kosaloledwa kapena kulephera kusankha pa nthawi yake. Motsatira Nkhani 8:89 Awb ili ndi ufulu wofikira €25,000 kuphatikiza chiwongola dzanja mpaka tsiku lopempha, ndipo ili ndi ufulu wokhawokha ngati Centrale Raad van Beroep kapena Hoge Raad asankha chisankho choyambira, monga momwe zilili ndi chitetezo cha anthu ndi misonkho.

Khoti la milandu ya anthu opitilira €25,000 limasankha. Musanapereke chikalata ku khoti la milandu ya anthu olamulira muyenera kupempha akuluakulu aboma kuti akulipireni ndalama pasadakhale milungu isanu ndi itatu (Nkhani 8:90 Awb). Mukayamba milandu ya anthu olamulira pa kutayika komweko, khoti la milandu ya anthu olamulira sililinso ndi mphamvu (Nkhani 8:89(3) Awb). Pa kutayika kwa malonda, khoti la milandu ya anthu nthawi zambiri limakhala malo enieni ochitira zinthu.

Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani ngati simunatsutse chisankhocho?

Nthawi zambiri mumataya pempho la ndalama zomwe mudalipira. Chigamulo chomwe mukanatha kuchitsutsa koma sichinakhale chomaliza, ndipo motsatira chiphunzitso cha mphamvu yovomerezeka yalamulo (formele rechtskracht) khoti la milandu liyenera kuchiwona ngati chovomerezeka.

Hoge Raad amavomereza zosiyana pokhapokha pazochitika zapadera, mwachitsanzo pamene bungwe lokha linapanga chithunzi cholakwika chokhudza njira yomwe ilipo (HR 16 Meyi 1986, ECLI:NL:HR:1986:AC9347, Heesch/Van de Akker). Zosiyana zotere sizimapambana kawirikawiri. Tumizani chitsutso (bezwaar) mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi (Nkhani 6:7 Awb), ngakhale mutakhala mukukambirana nthawi imodzi.

Ndi liti pamene muli ndi ufulu wa nadeelcompensatie?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 4:126(1) Awb, bungwe lomwe limayambitsa kuwonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake mwalamulo liyenera, ngati lipempha, kulipira kuwonongeka komwe kumaposa chiopsezo cha anthu wamba ndipo kumakukhudzani mopitirira muyeso poyerekeza ndi ena. Mutu 4.5 Awb adasintha njira zosiyanasiyana ndi dongosolo limodzi lomwe limaphimba zisankho zovomerezeka ndi machitidwe ovomerezeka, monga ntchito za anthu onse.

Ndi zinthu ziwiri ziti zomwe muyenera kukwaniritsa?

Kutayika kuyenera kupitirira chiopsezo cha anthu kapena bizinesi (mtolo wosazolowereka), ndipo kuyenera kukukhudzani kwambiri kuposa ena omwe ali pamalo ofanana (mtolo wapadera). Pamene gawo lonse kapena chigawo chonse chikukhudzidwa mofanana, nthawi zambiri sipakhala chifukwa chodandaula.

Nkhani 4:126(2) Awb imakusiyirani kutayika kulikonse komwe mwavomereza chiopsezocho, mukadachepetsa kutayikako ndi njira zoyenera, kutayikako kumabwera chifukwa cha inu, kapena chipukuta misozi chimatetezedwa kwina, mwachitsanzo ndi inshuwaransi. Ubwino uliwonse womwe mudapeza kuchokera ku chochitika chomwecho umachotsedwa.

Kodi chiopsezo cha anthu chimawerengedwa bwanji?

Pakutsika kwa mtengo wa katundu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chitukuko chomwe sichili pa malo anu, Nkhani 15.7 ya Omgevingswet imaona kuti peresenti inayi ya mtengo wa katunduyo ndi chiopsezo cha anthu. Peresenti inayi ndi kuchotsedwa kokhazikika kwa malamulo.

Pa kuwonongeka mwachindunji komanso kutayika kwa ndalama kapena kusintha kwa ndalama, palibe kuchuluka kwa ndalama komwe kumaperekedwa ndi lamulo. Akuluakulu amawunika mfundo izi: ngati chitukukocho chikugwirizana ndi dera lomwe lili ndi mfundo zomwe zilipo, momwe kusokoneza kulili kwabwinobwino komanso momwe kumakukhudzirani. Pansi pa lamulo lakale la Wet ruimtelijke (Wro), kuchotsedwa kwa magawo awiri pa zana kunali kochepa ndipo akuluakulu poyamba adayenera kuwunika chiopsezo cha anthu wamba (ABRvS 5 Seputembala 2012, ECLI:NL:RVS:2012:BX6492).

Kodi mwavomereza liti chiopsezocho?

Mumavomereza chiopsezo ngati mudagula kapena kuyika ndalama panthawi yomwe wogula wanzeru akanatha kuwona chitukuko kuchokera ku mfundo yofalitsidwa (kuvomereza chiopsezo chogwira ntchito, Nkhani 4:126(2)(a) Awb). Mtengo womwe mudalipira umaganiziridwa kuti ukuwonetsa chiopsezo chimenecho.

Kuvomereza zoopsa zopanda pake kumagwira ntchito ngati simunagwiritse ntchito ufulu wokonza nyumba womwe ulipo kale mutachotsa kale. Nkhani 15.6 Omgevingswet imayika mayeso omveka bwino a kusintha kwa omgevingsplan: akuluakulu adalengeza kusinthako chaka chimodzi pasadakhale, ndipo ntchito yololedwa sinachitike m'zaka zitatu chilengezocho chisanachitike kapena pambuyo pake. Malinga ndi lamulo lakale, Gawoli linakana kulipira mwiniwake yemwe adauzidwa m'malemba zaka zambiri dongosolo latsopano lisanakhazikitsidwe kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nyumbayo kudzachitika ndipo sanachitepo kanthu (ABRvS 28 Seputembala 2016, ECLI:NL:RVS:2016:2582).

Kodi kukonza kuwonongeka kumagwira ntchito bwanji pansi pa Omgevingswet?

Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2024 kuwonongeka kwa mapulani (planschade) kumagwera pansi pa Mutu 15 wa Omgevingswet, womwe umawonjezera Mutu 4.5 Awb. Kusintha kwakukulu ndikuti kuwonongeka kosalunjika kumayesedwa pamene ntchitoyo yaloledwa kapena yayamba, osati pamene dongosololo lavomerezedwa.

Ndi ziganizo ziti zomwe zingayambitse chiganizo?

Nkhani 15.1 Omgevingswet ili ndi mndandanda wotsekedwa wa zida, kuphatikizapo malamulo omwe ali mu omgevingsplan, chilolezo choteteza chilengedwe (omgevingsvergunning) ndi chisankho cha polojekiti (projectbesluit). Kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chida chomwe chili kunja kwa mndandandawu sikugwera pansi pa mutu uwu. Kuwonongeka kosafunikira sikuchotsedwa (Nkhani 15.2 Omgevingswet).

Kodi kuwonongeka kosalunjika kumayesedwa liti?

Ngati ntchitoyo ikufuna chilolezo, kutsika kwa mtengo kumayesedwa poyerekeza mtengowo nthawi yomweyo asanadziwitse komanso pambuyo pa chidziwitso cha chigamulo cha chilolezocho (Nkhani 15.3 Kufotokozera). Ngati palibe chilolezo chofunikira, mutha kulembetsa mukangodziwitsa woyambitsayo za ntchitoyo kapena atayambitsa (Nkhani 15.4 Kufotokozera).

Lamulo la omgevingsplan lomwe siligwiritsidwa ntchito konse silibweretsa kuwonongeka kosalunjika komwe kungabwezeretsedwe. Malinga ndi Nkhani 15.5 Omgevingswet, kugula nyumba pambuyo poti omgevingsplan yavomerezedwa kapena kusinthidwa sizitanthauza kuti mwavomereza chiopsezo cha ntchito ina pambuyo pake.

Kodi lamulo lakale la Wro likugwirabe ntchito pa malo anu?

Zingatero. Malinga ndi Nkhani 4.19 ya Invoeringswet Omgevingswet, malamulo akale a Wro akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito pa kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika isanafike 1 Januwale 2024 ndi, pakati pa zinthu zina, dongosolo logawa malo (bestemmingsplan), bola ngati pempholo laperekedwa mkati mwa zaka zisanu kuchokera tsiku limenelo, kotero isanafike 1 Januwale 2029.

Pa chisankho chomwe chinapemphedwa kapena chofalitsidwa mu chikalata chisanafike chaka cha 2024 koma chikayamba kugwira ntchito pambuyo pake, zaka zisanu zimayambira tsiku lomwe chinayamba kugwira ntchito. Choyamba yang'anani tsiku la chisankho chomwe chinayambitsa kuwonongeka, chifukwa njira yofananizira ndi ndalama zomwe zachotsedwa zimasiyana.

Kodi mungathe kupempha kuti mugwire ntchito yomanga misewu ndi ntchito zomanga zazitali?

Inde, kudzera mu nadeelcompensatie, chifukwa ntchitozo ndi zovomerezeka. Iyi ndi nkhani yofala kwambiri yamalonda: shopu, hotelo kapena lesitilanti yomwe njira yake imatsekedwa kwa miyezi ingapo chifukwa cha msewu, sitima kapena ntchito zotsukira zinyalala.

Mtolo wapadera nthawi zambiri umathetsedwa pamene chopingacho chikuyang'aniridwa m'malo ochepa. Mtolo wosazolowereka ndiye vuto lenileni: bizinesi iyenera kuvomereza kusokonezedwa wamba. Zinthu zomwe zimakankhira kutayika pamwamba pa mzerewu ndi ntchito zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa zomwe zalengezedwa, kutayika kwathunthu kwa njira, kusakhala ndi njira ina kapena zizindikiro, ndi nthawi yomwe bizinesiyo ikukula kwambiri. Akuluakulu ambiri amaika malire a kutayika kwa ntchito m'malamulo awo a nadeelcompensatie, omwe Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Ulamuliro imawunikanso kuti ione kufanana; choyamba yang'anani lamulo la bungwe loyang'anira.

Kodi ndondomekoyi ndi iti, nthawi yomaliza yogwirira ntchito, ndi ndalama zake ndi ziti?

Mupempha kwa akuluakulu omwe ali ndi udindo pa kuwonongekako; pa malo enieni Nkhani 15.8 Omgevingswet imafotokoza kuti ndi thupi liti limenelo. Pempho liyenera kufotokoza chochitikacho ndi mtundu wa kutayikako, ndipo, momwe zingathekere, kuchuluka kwake ndi mfundo zina (Nkhani 4:127 Awb).

Kodi ulamuliro uyenera kusankha nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Masabata asanu ndi atatu, kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ngati komiti yodziyimira payokha yasankhidwa, ndi nthawi imodzi yowonjezera mpaka masabata asanu ndi atatu kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (Nkhani 4:130 Awb). Ngati kuwonongekako kunayambitsidwanso ndi chisankho chomwe chingapitirizidwebe, akuluakulu a boma angadikire mpaka chisankhocho chikhale chomaliza.

Chigamulo cha pempho lanu chingathe kuperekedwa apilo yokha: kutsutsa mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, kenako apilo ku khoti la chigawo ndi apilo yapamwamba ku Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo ya Bungwe la Boma.

Ndi malire ati a nthawi omwe amagwira ntchito?

Ulamuliro ukhoza kukana pempho la nadeelcompensatie lomwe laperekedwa patatha zaka zoposa zisanu mutadziwa za kuwonongeka ndi ulamuliro woyenerera, ndipo mulimonsemo patatha zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene kuwonongekako kunayambitsidwa (Nkhani 4:131 Awb). Pa kuwonongeka komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi chisankho chovomerezeka, zaka zisanu siziyamba chisankhocho chisanafike chomaliza.

Pa ndalama zomwe zawonongeka pambuyo pa chisankho chosaloledwa, nthawi yochepetsera milandu ya Article 3:310 BW imagwira ntchito kudzera mu Article 8:93 Awb, koma siiyamba kuthetsedwa kwa mlanduwo kusanachitike kapena ulamulirowo utavomereza kusaloledwa.

Ndi ndalama ziti ndi chiwongola dzanja zomwe zimabwezedwa?

Ngati nadeelcompensatie yaperekedwa, akuluakulu ayeneranso kulipira ndalama zoyenera zopewera kapena kuchepetsa kutayika, ndalama zoyenera zothandizira akatswiri azamalamulo kapena akatswiri pakukhazikitsa kutayika, ndalama zilizonse zofunsira ndi chiwongola dzanja chalamulo kuchokera pakulandira fomu yofunsira (Nkhani 4:129 Awb). Lamulo lingalole akuluakuluwo kulipira ndalama zofunsira mpaka €500 (Nkhani 4:128 Awb).

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati mwini bizinesi kapena mwini nyumba?

Zolankhulidwa zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zoyambirira komanso umboni. Onani mfundo izi:

• Kaya chisankho chomwe chinakupangitsani kutayika chingatsutsidwebe: tsutsani mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
• Kaya lamuloli linali losaloledwa (njira yowononga) kapena lovomerezeka (njira yolipira).
• Ziwerengero zanu za zaka zingapo chochitika chisanachitike, mu ndalama zonse m'malo mwa ndalama zomwe zagulidwa.
• Zithunzi zolembedwa ndi tsiku, makalata ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito, zimasungidwa pamene ntchito ikupitirira.
• Zimene munachita kuti muchepetse kutayika ndi mtengo wake.
• Tsiku la chisankho chokonzekera, kuti muwone ngati Wro wakale kapena Omgevingswet zikugwira ntchito.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati bungwe la boma?

Akuluakulu a boma akukumana ndi mafunso omwewo kuchokera kumbali ina. Onani mfundo izi:

• Kaya pempholi lili ndi chidziwitso chofunikira mu Article 4:127 Awb.
• Kaya malire a zaka zisanu kapena makumi awiri a Article 4:131 Awb adutsa.
• Kaya kuwonongekako kumakhalabe mkati mwa chiopsezo cha anthu wamba kapena malire anu a ndondomeko.
• Kaya wopemphayo wavomereza chiopsezocho kapena walephera kuchepetsa kutayika.
• Kaya pakufunika komiti yodziyimira payokha yolangiza komanso nthawi yoti apange chisankho igwire ntchito.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ngati boma lanena kuti mwalakwitsa?

Maloya athu oyendetsera ntchito amagwira ntchito m'malo mwa mabizinesi ndi eni nyumba m'njira zonse ziwiri. Tikhoza:

• Unikani ngati kutayika kwanu kuli pansi pa njira yowonongera kapena ngati kuli koyenera.
• Perekani chitsutso chotsutsa chisankho choyambitsa kuwonongeka mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
• Lembani pempho lolembedwa kwa akuluakulu ndi pempho motsatira Nkhani 4:127 Awb.
• Uzani katswiri wowerengera ndalama kapena wowerengera ndalama za kafukufuku wa zamalamulo ndipo pangani mfundo yotsutsana nayo.
• Ndikuyimirani pamaso pa komiti yolangiza, potsutsa komanso pa apilo.
• Bweretsani chiwongola dzanja cha ndalama ku khoti loyang'anira kapena khoti la anthu wamba.

Chidule

• Zochita za boma zosaloledwa zimadzetsa mavuto; zochita zovomerezeka zomwe zimakukhudzani mopitirira muyeso zimadzetsa kulipidwa motsatira Article 4:126 Awb.
• Popanda kutsutsa pa nthawi yake, chisankho chosaloledwa chimakhala chomaliza ndipo nthawi zambiri pempho la kuwonongeka silingakwaniritsidwe.
• Khothi loyang'anira milandu limagamula kuti ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa ndi ndalama zokwana €25,000 (Article 8:89 Awb); pamwamba pa izi, khothi la milandu.
• Ngati mtengo wa katundu watsika chifukwa cha chitukuko kwina, magawo anayi pa zana a mtengowo amakhalabe ndi inu (Article 15.7 Omgevingswet).
• Ndalama zolipirira ziyenera kupemphedwa mkati mwa zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene munthu wadziwa kuwonongeka ndi ulamuliro wake (Nkhani 4:131 Awb).

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI