Lamulo la zaluso ku Netherlands: umwini, kutumiza kunja, ufulu wa olemba ndi chiyambi chake

Lamulo la zaluso ku Netherlands ndi kuphatikiza malamulo omwe amalamulira mwini ntchito, amene angaikope, ngati ingachoke mdzikolo ndi zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa isanasinthe manja. Palibe lamulo limodzi la zaluso. Dongosololi lili ndi Heritage Act (Erfgoedwet), Copyright Act (Auteurswet), malamulo onse a katundu ndi mgwirizano mu Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), malamulo oletsa kusamba ndalama a Wwft, ndi malamulo a EU okhudza kutumiza ndi kutumiza katundu wachikhalidwe.

Malamulo amenewo asintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndondomeko ya EU yogulitsira zinthu zachikhalidwe inayamba kugwira ntchito mu June 2025, mfundo yobwezera zinthu yakhala ikuwonjezeka kuyambira pa ntchito zomwe zinabedwa panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse mpaka pazinthu zomwe zinapezedwa mu nthawi ya atsamunda, ndipo ntchito zama digito zakakamiza malingaliro akale a umwini ndi kubereka kukhala atsopano. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza komwe lamuloli likuyimira ojambula, osonkhanitsa, malo owonetsera zinthu zakale, ogulitsa ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku Netherlands kapena kudzera mu Netherlands.

Ndondomeko ya malamulo

Malamulo anayi ndi omwe amagwira ntchito yambiri. Lamulo la Cholowa, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira 2016, linaphatikiza malamulo akale okhudza katundu wachikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo lamulo lokhazikitsa Msonkhano wa UNESCO wa 1970, ndipo limayang'anira chitetezo cha zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zasankhidwa ndi zosonkhanitsidwa. Lamulo la Copyright limateteza ntchitoyo komanso udindo wa wopanga wake. Malamulo a Zachikhalidwe amatsimikiza nthawi yomwe umwini umadutsa, zomwe wogula angayembekezere pa chinthucho komanso zomwe zimachitika ngati sichili chomwe chinanenedwa. Lamulo la Kuchotsa Ndalama ndi Kupereka Ndalama Zachigawenga (Wwft) limayika makasitomala ndi kuwunika kwa malonda kwa akatswiri omwe akuchita nawo malonda a zaluso.

Pamwamba pa zimenezo pali malamulo aku Europe omwe amagwira ntchito mwachindunji. Lamulo 116/2009 limayang'anira kutumiza katundu wachikhalidwe kuchokera kudera la kasitomu la European Union, Lamulo 2019/880 limayang'anira kulowetsedwa ndi kutumizidwa kwawo, ndipo Lamulo 2014/60/EU limayang'anira kubwezedwa kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zachotsedwa mosaloledwa kuchokera kudera la dziko lina lomwe lili membala. Chifukwa chakuti zidazi zimagwiritsa ntchito magulu awoawo ndi malire awoawo, chinthucho chikhoza kugulitsidwa mwaulere ku Netherlands ndipo chimafunabe chilolezo nthawi yomweyo chikadutsa malire.

Katundu wachikhalidwe wotetezedwa, kutumiza kunja ndi kulowetsa kunja

Nduna ya Maphunziro, Chikhalidwe ndi Sayansi ikhoza kusankha chinthu kapena zosonkhanitsa ngati chinthu chachikhalidwe chotetezedwa motsatira lamulo la Cholowa chifukwa chakuti sichingasinthidwe komanso sichifunika kwambiri pa cholowa cha chikhalidwe cha ku Netherlands. Kusankhidwa kumalembedwa mu kaundula wa anthu onse ndipo sikutenga mwiniwake, koma kumaletsa zomwe mwiniwakeyo angachite: chinthu chosankhidwacho sichingatengedwe kunja kwa dzikolo popanda chilolezo, ndipo mwiniwake amene akufuna kugulitsa ayenera kudziwitsa Boma, lomwe limapatsidwa mwayi wopeza chinthucho. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachizolowezi, kubwereketsa ndi kugulitsa mkati mwa Netherlands kumakhala kotheka.

Kutumiza katundu kunja kwa European Union ndi nkhani yosiyana ndipo imayang'aniridwa ndi Regulation 116/2009. Chilolezo chotumiza katundu kunja chikufunika pa katundu amene ali m'magulu omwe ali mu annex ya lamuloli ndipo amapitirira zaka ndi mtengo zomwe zimayikidwa, zomwe zimasiyana pa gulu lililonse, ndipo chilolezocho chimaperekedwa ndi bungwe lovomerezeka la dziko. Mbali yotumizira katundu yakhala ikulamulidwa kuyambira Regulation 2019/880, yomwe maudindo ake a chilolezo adayamba kugwira ntchito pa 28 June 2025 pamene dongosolo lamagetsi lazinthu zachikhalidwe linayamba kugwira ntchito. Kuyambira pamenepo, kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe mu EU kumafuna chilolezo chotumizira katundu kunja, pamagulu omwe amaonedwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha malonda osaloledwa, kapena chikalata chotumiza katundu kunja, zonse zomwe zidaperekedwa pakompyuta katunduyo asanafike pamisonkhano. Zinthu zomwe zachotsedwa mosaloledwa kuchokera kudziko lina lomwe lili membala zithanso kukhala nkhani yobwezera pansi pa Directive 2014/60/EU, zomwe zimakhala ndi malire a nthawi kuyambira nthawi yomwe boma lopemphalo likudziwa komwe kuli chinthucho komanso amene ali nacho.

Zotsatira zake kwa osonkhanitsa ndi ogulitsa ndikuti zolemba za chiyambi tsopano zili ndi ntchito ya kasitomu komanso yamalonda. Popanda umboni wa komwe chinthu chinali chisanalowe mu European Union, mawu olowera m'dziko sangapangidwe moona mtima, ndipo malondawo amaima pamalire osati pakukambirana.

Ufulu waumwini mu ntchito zaluso

Ufulu wa olemba umabwera wokha pamene ntchito ili ndi chizindikiro chake choyambirira ndipo ili ndi chidindo cha wopanga wake; palibe kulembetsa kapena kusungitsa komwe kumafunika. Chitetezo chimakhalapo mpaka zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri pambuyo pa imfa ya wopanga, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuyambira tsiku loyamba la Januwale pambuyo pa chaka cha imfa. Chifukwa chake, kugula chithunzi kapena chifaniziro kumasamutsa chinthu chenicheni, osati ufulu wa olemba: wopangayo amakhala ndi ufulu wokha wobwerezabwereza ndikuuza anthu onse ntchitoyo pokhapokha ngati ufulu wa olembawo wasamutsidwa padera. Kusamutsa kumeneko kumafuna chikalata motsatira lamulo la Copyright Act, kotero chiyenera kukhala cholembedwa; invoice kapena imelo yotsimikizira kugulitsa chinthucho sikukwaniritsa izi.

Kuphatikiza pa ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito zinthu molakwika, wopangayo amakhala ndi ufulu wa makhalidwe abwino, womwe sungasamutsidwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo ufulu wotchulidwa kuti ndiye wopanga komanso ufulu wotsutsa kupotoza kapena kuwononga ntchito zomwe zingawononge mbiri ya wopanga. Izi ndizofunikira kwa eni ntchito m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri komanso mabungwe omwe akukonzekera kusintha, kusamutsa kapena kuwononga: umwini wa chinthucho suthetsa vutoli. Malamulo okhudza mapangano ogwiritsira ntchito zinthu molakwika, omwe akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira 2015, amapatsanso opangawo mwayi wopeza malipiro oyenera, ufulu wokambirananso ntchito ikapambana mopitirira muyeso, komanso kuthekera kothetsa chilolezo chomwe sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Ojambula zithunzi alinso ndi ufulu wogulitsanso. Pamene ntchito yoyambirira ya zaluso igulitsidwanso ndi katswiri wa msika wa zaluso, monga malo owonetsera zithunzi, ogulitsa kapena nyumba yogulitsira, wopangayo ali ndi ufulu wopeza gawo la mtengo wogulitsanso pa sikelo yotsika ndi malire ovomerezeka, malinga ngati ufulu wa olemba ulipo. Ku Netherlands ufulu umasonkhanitsidwa kudzera mu bungwe losonkhanitsa opanga zithunzi, ndipo udindo wolipira umakhala pa wogulitsa waluso. Ogula ndi ogulitsa omwe amavomereza mtengo popanda kulola nthawi zambiri amadabwa pambuyo pake. Mafunso ambiri okhudza kuteteza ndi kupatsa chilolezo ntchito zolenga amayankhidwa ndi maloya athu azinthu zanzeru.

Kugula ndi kugulitsa: zolondola, umwini ndi katundu wotumizidwa

Chinthu chomwe chapezeka kuti ndi cholakwika ndi mkangano wa zaluso zakale, ndipo malamulo aku Dutch amapereka njira ziwiri. Choyamba ndi kusatsatira malamulo omwe ali mu nkhani ya 7:17 BW: chinthucho sichili ndi katundu yemwe wogula anali woyenera kuyembekezera pamaziko a mgwirizano. Chachiwiri ndi cholakwika chomwe chili mu nkhani ya 6:228 BW, chomwe chimalola kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano pomwe mgwirizano unamalizidwa pamaziko a lingaliro lolakwika lomwe linaperekedwa ndi chipani china, kapena kuti onse awiri adagawana. Njira yomwe ili yotseguka imadalira kwambiri zomwe zidanenedwa ndi kulembedwa asanagulitse, paukadaulo wa onse awiri komanso pamawu aliwonse olembedwa mu kabukhu kapena satifiketi. Ogula ogula ayeneranso kudziwitsa wogulitsa mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera, yomwe chinthu chosunthika chomwe chagulidwa kwa wogulitsa waluso chimakhala miyezi iwiri mutapeza, ndipo pempholo limafotokoza zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa chidziwitso chimenecho.

Ufulu ndi vuto lachiwiri lomwe limabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza. Wogula amene amapeza chinthu chosunthika mwachilungamo komanso chifukwa cha mtengo wake kuchokera kwa munthu amene si mwiniwake, kwenikweni amatetezedwa, koma chitetezo chimenecho sichigwira ntchito pazinthu zomwe zinabedwa: mwiniwake woyamba akhoza kuzibweza kwa zaka zitatu kuchokera ku kuba, ndi njira yosiyana komanso yayitali kwambiri yogulira zinthu zachikhalidwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kafukufuku wa chiyambi si mwambo. Kusiyana kwa mbiri ya umwini kuyambira 1933 mpaka 1945, kapena chinthu chomwe chinaonekera popanda zikalata kuchokera kudera lomwe lili ndi ziletso zolowera kunja, ndi chiopsezo chalamulo chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chinthucho, ndipo chimapita nacho kwa mwiniwake wotsatira.

Katundu wogulitsidwayo ayenera kusamalidwa bwino. Ntchito zomwe zaperekedwa ku malo owonetsera zinthu zakale kuti agulitsidwe zimakhalabe za wojambula kapena wobwereketsa, koma zimenezo zimathandiza kokha ngati zingatsimikizidwe. Pangano lolembedwa la katundu wogulitsidwayo losonyeza ntchitozo, nthawi, mtengo wocheperako, inshuwaransi ndi nthawi yomwe umwini umadutsa limateteza wotumizayo ngati malo owonetsera zinthu zakalewo alephera kulipira; popanda imodzi, ntchitozo zimakhala pachiwopsezo chowonedwa ngati gawo la malo owonetsera zinthu zakale. Lamulo lomwelo limagwiranso ntchito pa ngongole zowonetsera zinthu, pomwe lipoti la mkhalidwe woperekedwa limatsimikizira yemwe ali ndi ndalama zowonongera zomwe zapezeka pobweza.

Kufufuza bwino ndi malamulo oletsa kusamba ndalama

Popeza lamulo lachisanu la EU loletsa kusamba ndalama linakhazikitsidwa m'malamulo aku Dutch, ogulitsa ntchito zaluso, oimira pakati ndi ogwira ntchito zaluso zosungiramo madoko aulere ndi mabungwe omwe ali mkati mwa tanthauzo la Wwft la zochitika kuchokera pamalire omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu lamuloli. Ayenera kuzindikira ndikutsimikizira kasitomala ndi mwiniwake wopindulitsa kwambiri, kukhazikitsa cholinga ndi mtundu wa ubale womwe cholinga chake ndi ubalewo, kuyang'anira zochitika, ndikupereka malipoti a zochitika zachilendo ku Financial Intelligence Unit. Dongosolo la Dutch limagwiritsa ntchito mwadala lingaliro la zochitika zachilendo m'malo mokayikira, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri malire a malipoti; kusiyana kumeneku kwafotokozedwa m'nkhani yathu yokhudza zochitika zachilendo pansi pa lamulo la Dutch.

Zinthu ziwiri zofunika kukonzekera. Phukusi loletsa kusamba ndalama ku Europe lomwe linavomerezedwa mu 2024 likusintha njira zambiri zomwe zilipo pano zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito malangizo ndi malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji komanso bungwe latsopano loyang'anira ku Europe, lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira 2027, ndipo limalimbitsa malamulo a zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuphatikiza zaluso. Mosiyana, kulephera kutsatira malamulo si nkhani yoyang'anira yokha: kutenga nawo mbali mu malonda pomwe mukuvomereza mwadala chiopsezo chakuti ndalamazo zimachokera ku milandu kumakhudza malamulo okhudza kusamba ndalama a Criminal Code, omwe ndi malamulo okhudza upandu kwa wogulitsa payekha, osati malamulo okhudza kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Chiyambi ndi kubwezera

Zopempha zobwezera ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito zomwe eni ake anataya panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nazi zimayesedwa ku Netherlands ndi Komiti Yobwezera, yomwe imapereka upangiri pa zopempha pazinthu zomwe zili mu gulu la dziko la Dutch ndipo, popempha pamodzi kwa magulu, nthawi zina. Ndondomeko yake yowunikira idasinthidwa pambuyo powunikiranso bwino momwe idachitira kale, ndipo kulinganiza kwa zokonda zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zopempha zachinsinsi kunasiyidwa kuti njira yolunjika pa kusalungama komwe mwiniwake woyamba adakumana nako. Komitiyo imalangiza; siilamulira, ndipo upangiri wake umamanga magulu pokhapokha ngati avomerezana pasadakhale kuti utero.

Pali njira ina yopezera zinthu zomwe zinapezedwa mu nthawi ya atsamunda. Komiti yopereka uphungu yodzipereka imayesa zomwe mayiko omwe anachokera ku zinthu zomwe zili m'gulu la Boma akunena, potsatira mfundo yakuti chinthu chomwe chinatengedwa mosafuna chiyenera kubwezedwa ngati dziko lomwe chinachokera likupempha, ndipo kubwezedwa ku Indonesia ndi Sri Lanka kwapangidwa pamaziko amenewo. Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi osonkhanitsa zinthu payekha akuyembekezeka kuchita kafukufuku wochokera kwawo, mothandizidwa ndi mapulogalamu othandizira ndalama monga a Mondriaan Fund komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa chikhalidwe womwe umayendetsedwa ndi DutchCulture . Kwa mwiniwake payekha, zotsatira zake ndi zakuti chiyambi chake tsopano ndi gawo la phindu la ntchitoyo: chinthu chomwe mbiri yake singathe kulembedwa chimakhala chovuta kugulitsa, chovuta kutsimikizira komanso chovuta kubwereketsa.

Ntchito za digito, NFTs ndi AI

Chizindikiro si ufulu wa olemba. Kugula NFT nthawi zambiri kumapatsa mwiniwake mwayi wolowa mu blockchain ndi chilolezo chilichonse chomwe wogulitsa wapereka; sichimasamutsa ufulu wa olemba pokhapokha ngati chikalata chotumizirana chikutero, ndipo sichimapereka ufulu wobwereza ntchito yoyambira. Ogulitsa omwe amalonjeza zambiri kuposa zomwe ali nazo, ndi nsanja zomwe zimagwira ntchito popanda chilolezo cha wopanga, amaphwanya ufulu wa wopanga mwanjira yachizolowezi. Zimene wogula amachita ndi zomwe sapeza zafotokozedwa m'nkhani yathu yokhudza ufulu wa umwini wa NFT . Ma tokeni apadera osasinthika amagwera kunja kwa lamulo la ku Europe pamisika ya crypto-assets, koma ma tokeni angapo ndi ogawidwa akhoza kugwa mkati mwake, zomwe zimasintha maudindo a nsanja yomwe imawapatsa.

Ntchito zopangidwa ndi luntha lochita kupanga zimadzutsa funso losiyana. Ufulu wa anthu umafuna kusankha zinthu mwanzeru, kotero zotuluka zopangidwa ndi dongosolo lopanda phindu la anthu sizitetezedwa, pomwe ntchito yomwe anthu amapereka ndi yeniyeni ingakhale yotetezeka. Maphunziro amakweza chithunzi chowonekera: zolemba ndi zotsalira za kufufuza deta zimalola kubwerezabwereza kuti ziwunikidwe, koma eni ufulu akhoza kusunga ufulu wawo, ndipo kusungitsa komwe kwapangidwa mwanjira yoyenera kuyenera kulemekezedwa. Lamulo la luntha lochita kupanga la EU limawonjezera maudindo owonekera pazinthu zopangidwa kapena zosinthidwa, zomwe zikugwira ntchito kale. Mbali ya udindo ikukambidwa munkhani yathu yokhudza zomwe zimapangidwa ndi AI.

Zoyenera kukonza tsopano

Kwa osonkhanitsa ndi ogulitsa, zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zolemba. Sungani fayilo yonse pa chinthu chilichonse yomwe ikuphatikizapo chiyambi, ma invoice, malipoti okhudza momwe zinthu zilili, mbiri yobwezeretsa, zikalata zotumizira ndi kutumiza kunja ndi satifiketi iliyonse yotsimikizika, ndipo lembani yemwe adapereka chikalata chilichonse komanso chifukwa chake. Yang'anani musanagulitse ngati chilolezo chotumiza kunja kapena chikalata chotumiza kunja chikufunika, ndipo yang'anani musanagule ngati chinthucho chingakhale ndi chiwongola dzanja chobwezera. Kwa ojambula ndi olowa m'malo awo, zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi za pangano: lembani kusamutsa kwa ufulu wa olemba mu chikalata chosainidwa, sungani zilolezo zochepa pamlingo ndi nthawi, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ufulu wogulitsanso walandiridwa pomwe ntchito zikugulitsidwanso kudzera mu malonda.

Law & More imalangiza ojambula, osonkhanitsa, malo owonetsera zithunzi, ogulitsa ndi mabungwe pa zochitika zaluso ndi mikangano yomwe imatsatira: zonena zowona ndi zosatsatira malamulo, mafunso okhudza udindo ndi chiyambi, mapangano otumizira ndi ziwonetsero, ufulu wa olemba ndi zilolezo, kutumiza ndi kutumiza katundu wachikhalidwe, komanso kutsatira malamulo a Wwft. Ngati mukugula, kugulitsa, kubwereketsa kapena kulandira ntchito yaluso yolumikizidwa ndi Dutch, kukhudzana Law & More kuti ayesedwe udindo wake asanayambe ntchitoyo.