Ulamuliro ndi kukakamiza malamulo kunja: kodi mumateteza bwanji mgwirizano wanu?

Kaya mungathe kukakamiza chigamulo chotsutsana ndi mnzanu wamalonda wakunja zimasankhidwa kwambiri mukasaina pangano, m'zigawo za malamulo ogwira ntchito komanso pa khothi kapena khoti loweruza milandu lomwe lidzamve mikangano. Mu EU, chigamulo chochokera ku dziko lina lomwe lili membala chimagwira ntchito m'dziko lina popanda njira yapakati; kunja kwa EU, ndipo popanda pangano, chigamulo cha ku Netherlands kapena chakunja nthawi zambiri chiyenera kubweretsedwa kukhothi kachiwiri.

Kusiyana kumeneku kukufotokoza chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri milandu imasankhidwa pa mapangano ndi magulu omwe ali kunja kwa EU: motsatira Msonkhano wa ku New York wa 1958, chigamulo cha milandu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'maiko oposa 170, pazifukwa zochepa zokana.

N’chifukwa chiyani ulamuliro ndi kukakamiza malamulo zimayambitsa mavuto m’mapangano odutsa malire?

Chifukwa mafunso awiri osiyana amabuka: ndi khoti liti lomwe lingagamule mkanganowo, komanso ngati chigamulo chake chidzazindikirika pamene mbali ina ili ndi katundu wake. Pangano loyankha funso loyamba lokha lingakusiyeni ndi chigamulo chomwe simungagwiritse ntchito.

Popanda zigawo zomveka bwino, mkangano umakhala mkangano woyambirira wokhudza komwe mlanduwo uyenera kumvedwa. Mnzake angayambenso milandu m'dziko lake kaye, ndi chiyembekezo choti khoti lidzakhala labwino kapena kungochedwetsa nkhaniyo.

Vuto lachiwiri likuwonekera kumapeto. Chigamulo cha ku Netherlands chotsutsana ndi kampani yomwe maakaunti ake akubanki, katundu ndi zolipira zonse zili kudziko lina chimakhala ndi phindu pokhapokha ngati dzikolo likuvomereza ndikukhazikitsa. Kaya zimadalira lamulo la EU, mapangano, ndipo ngati palibe chomwe chikugwira ntchito, pa lamulo la dzikolo.

Chitsanzo chofotokozera: wogulitsa waku Netherlands akupereka makina kwa wogula kunja kwa EU ndipo apambana chigamulo cha mtengo wosalipidwa kukhoti la ku Netherlands lomwe latchulidwa mu mgwirizano. Wogula alibe katundu ku Netherlands. Ngati dziko la wogula lilibe pangano ndi Netherlands pankhani yovomereza ziweruzo, wogulitsayo ayenera kuyambitsa milandu yatsopano kumeneko, ndi maloya am'deralo, omasulira komanso chiopsezo choti khoti lakumaloko liwunikenso mlanduwo. Gawo loweruza milandu nthawi zambiri likanapereka njira yolunjika yogwirira ntchito.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani musanasainire?

Yang'anani amene mukuchita naye mgwirizano, komwe chipanicho chili ndi chuma chake, komanso ngati chigamulo kapena chigamulo choweruza milandu kuchokera ku forum yomwe mwasankha chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamenepo. Mayankhowo ndi omwe amatsimikiza kuti ndi ziganizo ziti zomwe mukufuna.

Yambani ndi dzina la kampani yomwe ikugwirizana nayo. Yang'anani kampaniyo mu kaundula wamalonda wa dziko lake, tsimikizirani yemwe ali ndi chilolezo chosaina m'malo mwake, ndikupeza ngati bungwe lomwe lachita mgwirizano lili ndi katundu kapena ngati ali ndi kampani ya kholo kapena mlongo. Chigamulo chotsutsana ndi chipolopolo chopanda kanthu sichithandiza kwenikweni. Ngati katunduyo ali kwina m'gululo, ganizirani chitsimikizo cha kampani ya kholo kapena chitetezo china.

Kenako onani ngati dziko lokhazikitsa malamulo ndi dziko la EU, lomwe lili m'gulu la Msonkhano wa Lugano, lomwe lili m'gulu la Msonkhano wa Hague womwe wafotokozedwa pansipa kapena la Msonkhano wa New York. Yankho lake limakuuzani ngati gawo la khothi ndi lokwanira kapena ngati kuweruza milandu ndiyo njira yotetezeka.

Kodi mumasankha bwanji lamulo loyenera?

Mwa kutchula lamulo la dziko limodzi lenileni mu mgwirizano. Mu EU, lamulo la Rome I (Regulation (EC) 593/2008) limapereka mphamvu pa chisankho chimenecho pafupifupi m'mapangano onse amalonda.

Malinga ndi Gawo 3 la Rome I, maguluwa ali ndi ufulu wosankha lamulo lomwe limayang'anira mgwirizano wawo. Ngati sasankha chilichonse, Gawo 4 limasankha lamulo loyenera: pogulitsa katundu, mwachitsanzo, lamulo la dziko lomwe wogulitsa amakhala, komanso pa mgwirizano wautumiki, lamulo la dziko la wopereka chithandizo. Kulephera kumeneko sikungakhale lamulo lomwe mukanasankha.

Pewani mawu osamveka bwino monga akuti “olamulidwa ndi mfundo zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi”. Tchulani dziko limodzi: “Mgwirizanowu ukulamulidwa ndi malamulo a Netherlands.”

Phatikizaninso zopempha zomwe sizili za mgwirizano. Mikangano yokhudza mgwirizano nthawi zambiri imaonedwanso ngati zopempha zomwe zili mu mlandu, mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha kulakwitsa. Malinga ndi Nkhani 14 ya Rome II Regulation (Regulation (EC) 864/2007), magulu omwe onse akuchita bizinesi angasankhe pasadakhale, mu mgwirizano wokambirana mwaufulu, lamulo lomwe limayang'anira zopempha zotere.

Kusankha lamulo kuli ndi malire. Kuposa malamulo okakamiza (Article 9 Rome I), monga malamulo ena okhudza othandizira amalonda, zilango kapena malamulo ampikisano, angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosasamala kanthu za lamulo lomwe lasankhidwa. Ogula ndi antchito amasunga chitetezo cha malamulo okakamiza a dziko lawo (Article 6 ndi 8 Rome I). Wolemba ntchito waku Dutch sangachotse, mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha lamulo lochotsa ntchito ku Netherlands kwa wantchito yemwe nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ku Netherlands pongosankha lamulo lina.

Kodi mumasankha bwanji khoti loyenerera?

Ndi gawo la forum lomwe limatchula khoti linalake ndipo limanena kuti ulamuliro wake ndi wokhawokha. Mkati mwa EU, Nkhani 25 ya Brussels I bis Regulation (Regulation (EU) 1215/2012) imagwira ntchito pa gawo lotere, mosasamala kanthu komwe maguluwo ali.

Popanda gawo la forum, malamulo onse amagwira ntchito. Motsatira lamulo la Brussels I bis Regulation, wotsutsidwa akhoza kumangidwa m'makhothi a dziko lomwe lili membala komwe amakhala (Nkhani 4). Pankhani za mgwirizano, wopemphayo akhozanso kumangidwa m'makhothi a komwe udindo womwe ukukambidwa unali kapena uyenera kuchitidwa, komwe kugulitsa katundu ndi komwe katunduyo adaperekedwa kapena ayenera kuperekedwa (Nkhani 7(1)). Izi zitha kubweretsa makhothi angapo oyenerera, ndipo chipani chomwe chimakayamba kupereka mlandu nthawi zambiri chimapeza mwayi.

Gawo la forum limachotsa kusatsimikizika kumeneko. Lamuloli limatetezanso: ngati milandu yayamba m'dziko lina lomwe lili membala wa khothi motsutsana ndi chisankho cha khothi lokha, khothi la dziko lina lomwe lili membala liyenera kuyimitsa milandu yake mpaka khothi losankhidwa litasankha ulamuliro wake (Nkhani 31(2)). Mawu onse a Lamuloli ali pa EUR-Lex.

Kusankha khoti kulinso ndi malire. Pa mapangano a inshuwaransi, ogula ndi ntchito, Lamuloli limaletsa mapangano osankha khoti kuti ateteze munthu wofooka (Nkhani 15, 19 ndi 23). Mikangano ina imagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wapadera womwe sungasinthidwe ndi mgwirizano, monga mikangano yokhudza ufulu wa katundu wosasuntha, womwe ndi wa makhothi a dziko lomwe katunduyo ali (Nkhani 24). Ndipo ngati wotsutsidwa aonekera kukhothi popanda ulamuliro wotsutsa, khothi limenelo limakhala ndi mphamvu ngakhale panganolo litatchula khoti lina (Nkhani 26).

Ulamuliro wapadera kapena wosakhala wapadera?

Chigamulo chapadera chimatanthauza kuti mikangano ikhoza kubweretsedwa kukhoti losankhidwa lokha. Chigamulo chosakhala chapadera chimalola milandu kumeneko, koma sichiletsa milandu kwina kulikonse.

Pa mapangano ambiri amalonda apadziko lonse lapansi, gawo lokhalokha ndilo chisankho choyenera, chifukwa limapereka chitsimikizo ndikuletsa mpikisano wopita kukhothi. Malinga ndi Nkhani 25 ya Brussels I bis Regulation, kusankha khothi ndi kwapadera pokhapokha ngati maguluwo avomerezana mosiyana, koma ndibwino kunena momveka bwino.

Chigamulo chosakhala chapadera kapena chopanda mbali imodzi chingakhale chothandiza ngati mukufuna kupitiriza ndi mwayi wokasuma mlandu wa mnzawo m'dziko lake, komwe katundu wake ali. Mtundu wofanana umapatsa munthu mmodzi ufulu wokasuma mlandu m'makhothi angapo, pomwe winayo akhoza kukasuma mlandu m'modzi yekha. Zigamulo zopanda malire zotere sizilandiridwa kulikonse, choncho ziwunikidwe motsutsana ndi malamulo a mayiko omwe akukhudzidwa.

Kulemba ziganizo

Chiganizo chakuti “mikangano idzathetsedwa ku Netherlands” chimatsegula khoti lomwe likutanthauza komanso ngati chisankhocho chili chokha. Tchulani khotilo ndipo fotokozaninso zopempha zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mgwirizano. Zitsanzo ziwiri za ziganizo zomwe zikuchirikiza:

Lamulo lolamulira: "Mgwirizanowu ndi mkangano uliwonse kapena chopempha chilichonse chomwe chimachokera kapena chokhudzana nacho kapena nkhani yake kapena kapangidwe kake (kuphatikiza mikangano yosakhala ya mgwirizano kapena zopempha) zidzayang'aniridwa ndi malamulo a Netherlands."

Ulamuliro: “Makhoti a Amsterdam, Netherlands, idzakhala ndi ulamuliro wokhawokha wothetsa mkangano uliwonse kapena zomwe zanenedwa (kuphatikizapo mikangano kapena zonena zomwe sizili za mgwirizano) zomwe zimachokera kapena zokhudzana ndi mgwirizanowu kapena nkhani yake kapena kapangidwe kake.

Pangano lolamulidwa ndi malamulo aku Dutch lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wa khothi lina ndi lotheka, koma khothi limenelo liyenera kukhazikitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo aku Dutch, omwe nthawi zambiri amafuna umboni wa akatswiri.

Zochitika za Chingerezi ku Netherlands

Ngati mukufuna khoti la Chidatchi koma milandu yake ikuchitika mu Chingerezi, mutha kusankha Khoti la Zamalonda la Netherlands (NCC). NCC ndi chipinda cha Amsterdam Khoti Lachigawo ndi Khoti Loona za Apilo lomwe limamva milandu yamalonda yapadziko lonse m'Chingerezi, ndipo zigamulo zake zimaperekedwa m'Chingerezi.

NCC imamva mlandu pokhapokha ngati maguluwo avomerezana mwachindunji kuti achitepo kanthu pankhaniyi. Mgwirizano umenewo ukhoza kuphatikizidwa mu mgwirizano kapena kupangidwa pambuyo poti mkangano wabuka. Chigamulo cha NCC ndi chigamulo cha ku Netherlands ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi chigamulo china chilichonse cha khoti la ku Netherlands.

Kusankha khoti kunja kwa EU

Ngati khoti losankhidwa lili kunja kwa EU, kapena mkanganowo uli kunja kwa lamulo la Brussels I bis Regulation, zotsatira za gawoli zimadalira lamulo la dziko la khoti lomwe linagwidwa komanso mapangano. Pangano la Hague la 2005 pa Mapangano Osankha Khoti limachita gawo lofunika kwambiri.

Pangano limenelo limagwira ntchito pakati pa mayiko omwe ali ndi mgwirizano, kuphatikizapo mayiko omwe ali mamembala a EU, United Kingdom, Singapore ndi Mexico. Limafuna kuti khoti losankhidwa limve mlanduwu, limafuna kuti makhoti ena akane ulamuliro wawo ndipo limafuna kuti chigamulo cha khoti losankhidwa chizindikirike ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ena omwe ali ndi mgwirizanowu. Limangokhudza mapangano osankha okha a khoti m'mapangano a bizinesi ndi bizinesi. Pa mapangano ndi magulu aku UK, lakhala lofunika kwambiri kuyambira pomwe lamulo la Brussels I bis linasiya kugwira ntchito ku United Kingdom kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2020.

Kodi muyenera kusankha chigamulo kapena khoti?

Sankhani chigamulo ngati mkangano ndi katundu wake zili kunja kwa EU, kapena ngati chinsinsi ndi opanga zisankho akatswiri ndizofunikira kwa inu. Sankhani khothi ngati mukufuna ufulu wonse wochita apilo, ngati mkanganowo ndi wochepa, kapena ngati mkanganowo uli mkati mwa EU.

Ubwino wa chigamulo cha milandu

Ubwino waukulu wa chigamulo cha milandu m'mapangano apadziko lonse ndi kukakamiza. Malinga ndi Mgwirizano wa Kuzindikira ndi Kukakamiza Mphoto za Milandu Yachilendo ya 1958, Msonkhano wa New York, makhothi a mayiko opitilira 170 omwe adagwirizana ayenera kuzindikira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chigamulo cha milandu chomwe chaperekedwa m'maiko ena omwe adagwirizana. Akhoza kukana pokhapokha pazifukwa zochepa zomwe zalembedwa mu Article V ya Mgwirizanowu, monga kusagwira ntchito kwa mgwirizano wa milandu, kuphwanya kwakukulu ufulu womvedwa, kapena kutsutsana ndi mfundo za boma.

Kuweruza milandu kumaperekanso kusalowerera ndale, chifukwa palibe mbali iliyonse yomwe iyenera kukaonekera m'makhoti a dziko la chipani china. Maguluwo amatha kusankha oweruza milandu omwe amadziwa bwino gawoli, mwachitsanzo zomangamanga, mphamvu kapena ukadaulo, ndipo angagwirizane pa chilankhulo ndi malo ochitira nkhaniyi. Kuweruza milandu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwachinsinsi, zomwe ndizofunikira ngati mkanganowo ukukhudza zinsinsi zamalonda kapena zambiri zamalonda zachinsinsi.

Khoti likasankha bwino

Kuweruza milandu kulinso ndi zovuta zake. Chigamulo cha milandu chikhoza kuchotsedwa pazifukwa zochepa, osati chifukwa chakuti oweruza milandu apeza mfundo kapena lamulo lolakwika, pokhapokha ngati maguluwo agwirizana pa apilo mu chigamulo. Maguluwo amalipira ndalama za oweruza milandu ndi bungwe la oweruza milandu, zomwe pakakhala mkangano wochepa zimatha kupitirira ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa kukhothi.

Chigamulo cha khothi chingathe kupidwa malinga ndi umboni. Ku Netherlands, nthawi yopikira milandu yachibadwidwe ndi miyezi itatu kuyambira tsiku la chigamulo (Nkhani 339 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv)). Ndalama za khothi zimakhala zokhazikika ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kuposa ndalama zopikira milandu. Ndipo mkati mwa EU, chigamulo cha khothi chimagwira ntchito m'dziko lililonse lomwe lili membala mosavuta monga momwe chigamulo cha arbitral chimachitira, kotero mwayi wokakamiza milandu umatha kwambiri.

Nkhani yathu yokhudza milandu m'makhothi aku Netherlands ikufotokoza momwe milandu ya anthu imagwirira ntchito ku Netherlands, ndipo chidule chathu cha mitundu ya mapangano amalonda chikukambirana za zigawo zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa m'mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi.

Njira zofulumira zilipo m'njira zonse ziwiri

Chigawo cholamula milandu sichikuletsani kupempha khothi la ku Netherlands kuti likuthandizeni pa nkhani zachangu. Malinga ndi Article 1022a Rv, mgwirizano wolamula milandu suletsa pempho la njira zokhazikika, monga lamulo lachidule ( kort geding ) kapena kusiya chigamulo chisanaperekedwe.

Ku Netherlands mutha kupempha woweruza milandu woyambirira ( voorzieningenrechter ) kuti akupatseni chilolezo cholanda katundu musanaweruzidwe ( conservatoir beslag , Article 700 Rv). Woweruza milandu amasankha malinga ndi pempho lanu, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa masiku osamva wobwereketsa. Kenako muyenera kuyamba milandu yayikulu, kukhothi kapena pamilandu, mkati mwa nthawi yomwe woweruzayo wakhazikitsa, yomwe ndi masiku osachepera 14.

Pa maakaunti akubanki m'maiko ena a EU (kupatula Denmark), mutha kulembetsa kuti mupeze European Account Preservation Order motsatira Regulation (EU) 655/2014. Izi zimalola khothi m'dziko limodzi lomwe lili membala kuletsa ndalama mu akaunti ya banki m'dziko lina lomwe lili membala, popanda wobwereketsa kuchenjezedwa pasadakhale.

Kulemba gawo la chigamulo cha milandu

Gwiritsani ntchito gawo la chitsanzo cha bungwe la arbitral lomwe mwasankha ndipo malizitsani ndi malo oweruza milandu, chiwerengero cha oweruza milandu ndi chilankhulo. Gawo loti "mikangano idzathetsedwa ndi arbitral" limasiya zambiri.

Mabungwe odziwika bwino monga International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) ndi Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI) amafalitsa zigawo za chitsanzo. Mpando wa arbitration ndi wofunika kwambiri, chifukwa umasankha lamulo la dziko lonse logamula milandu lomwe likugwira ntchito komanso khoti lomwe lingachotse chigamulocho. Ngati mpando uli ku Netherlands, lamulo la Dutch Arbitration Act lomwe lili mu Buku 4 la Code of Civil Procedure limagwira ntchito. Chikalata chochotsa chigamulocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu pambuyo poti chigamulocho chatumizidwa kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali (Article 1064a Rv).

Kodi chigamulochi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji mu EU?

Mwachindunji. Motsatira lamulo la Brussels I bis Regulation, chigamulo choperekedwa m'dziko limodzi lomwe lili membala chimavomerezedwa m'maiko ena omwe ali mamembala popanda njira yapadera (Nkhani 36) ndipo chimagwira ntchito kumeneko popanda kulengeza kuti chikugwira ntchito (Nkhani 39).

Mwachizolowezi mumafunsa khoti lomwe linapereka chigamulo cha satifiketi motsatira Nkhani 53 ya Lamulo. Kenako mumapereka chigamulocho ndi satifiketi kwa akuluakulu okakamiza milandu m'dziko lina lomwe lili membala, ku Netherlands, bailiff ( gerechtsdeurwaarder ). Satifiketiyo iyenera kuperekedwa kwa wobwereketsayo asanayambe kukakamiza mlandu (Nkhani 43). Kumasulira kungafunike.

Wobwereketsa akhoza kupempha khoti m'boma lomwe lili membala wa lamulo kuti likane kukakamiza lamulo, koma pazifukwa zochepa zomwe zili mu Article 45. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusagwirizana ndi mfundo za boma, chigamulo chosavomerezeka pomwe wotsutsidwayo sanaperekedwe pa nthawi yake kuti akonze chitetezo, kusagwirizana ndi chigamulo china pakati pa magulu omwewo, komanso kuphwanya malamulo oteteza ogula, antchito ndi anthu omwe ali ndi inshuwaransi. Khotilo silingayang'anenso mfundo za chigamulocho.

Kwa Switzerland, Norway ndi Iceland, Msonkhano wa Lugano wa 2007 umapereka njira yofanana, ngakhale kuti kukakamiza kumeneko kumafunabe kulengeza kuti kukugwira ntchito. Denmark imagwiritsa ntchito Brussels I bis Regulation potengera mgwirizano wosiyana ndi EU.

Kodi chigamulo chimatsatiridwa bwanji kunja kwa EU?

Zimenezo zimadalira mapangano pakati pa mayikowo, ndipo, ngati palibe, pa malamulo a dziko la dziko lokhazikitsa malamulo. Kunja kwa EU, kukhazikitsa malamulo sikotsimikizika, kuli pang'onopang'ono komanso kokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Msonkhano wa Zigamulo za ku Hague

Msonkhano wa Hague wa 2019 wokhudza Kuzindikira ndi Kukakamiza Zigamulo Zakunja mu Nkhani Zachitukuko kapena Zamalonda unayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Seputembala 2023 ku EU, kuphatikiza Netherlands, ndi Ukraine. Uruguay inatsatira pa 1 Okutobala 2024 ndi United Kingdom pa 1 Julayi 2025, ndipo mayiko ena akulowa nawo. Msonkhanowu umapereka kuvomereza zigamulo zachitukuko ndi zamalonda pakati pa mayiko omwe agwira ntchito ngati chigamulocho chili ndi mgwirizano wokwanira ndi dziko lomwe adachokera, mwachitsanzo chifukwa wotsutsidwayo ankakhala kapena anali ndi malo ake ogwirira ntchito kumeneko, kapena adavomereza momveka bwino ulamuliro wa khotilo.

Panganoli limagwira ntchito pa zigamulo zomwe zayamba pambuyo poti layamba kugwira ntchito pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Pa milandu yakale, komanso m'maiko omwe si a chipani, muyenera kudalira mapangano ena kapena malamulo a dziko. United States yasayina Panganoli koma silinavomereze.

Zigamulo zakunja popanda mgwirizano ku Netherlands

Dziko la Netherlands lilibe malamulo okhwima okhudza kuvomereza zigamulo zochokera kumayiko omwe palibe mgwirizano womwe ukugwira ntchito. Malinga ndi Article 431 Rv, chigamulo chotere sichingagwire ntchito ku Netherlands monga choncho; wobwereketsa ayenera kubweretsa mlanduwo kukhoti la ku Netherlands kachiwiri.

Komabe, khothi la ku Netherlands nthawi zambiri litsatira chigamulo chakunja popanda kuwunikanso mfundo ngati zinthu zinayi zakwaniritsidwa, monga momwe Khothi Lalikulu ( Hoge Raad ) linanenera mu chigamulo chake cha Gazprombank cha pa 26 Seputembala 2014 (ECLI:NL:HR:2014:2838). Khothi lakunja liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wake pazifukwa zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi; milandu yakunja iyenera kukhala yokwaniritsa zofunikira za njira yoyenera; kuvomereza sikuyenera kukhala kotsutsana ndi mfundo za boma la ku Netherlands; ndipo chigamulocho sichiyenera kugwirizana ndi chigamulo cha ku Netherlands kapena chigamulo choyambirira chakunja pakati pa magulu omwewo omwe ali oyenerera kuvomerezedwa. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njirayi, onani buku lathu lotsogolera pakukakamiza chigamulo chakunja ku Netherlands.

Zigamulo za ku Dutch m'maiko ena

Vuto lomweli limabweranso mosiyana. Chigamulo cha ku Netherlands sichingagwire ntchito chokha m'dziko lomwe lili kunja kwa EU ndi dera la Lugano lomwe silili m'gulu la mgwirizano wofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, kuzindikira chigamulo cha ndalama zakunja kumayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la boma lililonse; nthawi zambiri mumafunika njira zosiyana zodziwira komweko, ngakhale kuti khothi nthawi zambiri silibwerezanso kuwunikiranso zomwe zili mkati mwake.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake malo omwe katundu wa mnzake ali ayenera kusankha pakati pa khothi ndi chigamulo. Ngati katunduyo ali m'dziko lomwe limatsatira zigamulo za arbitral motsatira New York Convention koma lilibe pangano pa zigamulo ndi Netherlands, chigamulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala njira yolimba.

Kodi mungapereke chigamulo kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Ku Netherlands, ufulu wokakamiza chigamulo cha khothi umakhala woletsedwa patatha zaka 20 kuchokera tsiku lotsatira chigamulocho (Nkhani 3:324 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW)). Nthawi yochepetsera ikhoza kusokonezedwa, mwachitsanzo popereka pempho loti munthu alipire kudzera mwa bailiff.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati wopempha?

Monga munthu amene ali ndi mlandu, choyamba chitanipo kanthu pa gawo la forum ndi katundu. Motsatira Article 700 Rv mutha kupempha chilolezo kuti mulandire chigamulo chisanaperekedwe, ndipo muyenera kuyamba mlandu waukulu mkati mwa nthawi yomwe woweruzayo wakhazikitsa, masiku osachepera 14.

• Ndi lamulo liti komanso khoti liti kapena bwalo lamilandu loweruza milandu lomwe mgwirizanowu umatchula, komanso ngati chisankhocho ndi chapadera.
• Komwe maakaunti akubanki a mnzake, katundu ndi zolipira zake zili, komanso mu gulu liti.
• Kaya panganolo likufuna chidziwitso cha kusachita bwino, nthawi yokambirana kapena kuyanjana musanayambe kukambirana.
• Kaya mukufuna chikalata chotsimikizira kuti mwasankha kapena European Account Preservation Order musanakambirane.
• Kaya chigamulo kapena chigamulo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene katunduyo ali: Brussels I bis, Lugano, Hague Conventions kapena New York Convention.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wotsutsa?

Pamene chipani chomwe chikuimbidwa mlandu, yang'anani ulamuliro wa khothi musanachite china chilichonse. Malinga ndi Nkhani 26 ya Brussels I bis Regulation, khothi limakhala ndi mphamvu ngati mupita kukaonekera popanda kutsutsa ulamuliro wake.

• Kaya khoti latenga mlandu ndi khoti lotchulidwa mu mgwirizano; ngati sichoncho, onetsani kuti palibe ulamuliro pa mlandu wanu woyamba.
• Kaya chisankho cha khoti chokhacho chimakulolani kupempha kuti muyimitse mlandu wanu motsatira Nkhani 31(2) Brussels I bis.
• Kaya gawo la chigamulo choweruza milandu likugwira ntchito, kotero khothi liyenera kukana ulamuliro ngati mukuligwiritsa ntchito musanaliteteze kwina kulikonse.
• Ndi nthawi yomaliza iti yomwe ikuchitika, monga nthawi ya apilo ya miyezi itatu ya Article 339 Rv.
• Kaya pali zifukwa zokanira kukakamiza lamuloli motsatira Article 45 Brussels I bis kapena Article V ya New York Convention.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi ulamuliro ndi kukakamiza malamulo?

Maloya athu a boma amalangiza makampani aku Dutch ndi mayiko ena pa nkhani ya mapangano ndi mikangano yokhudza mayiko ena.

• Timalemba kapena kuwunikanso malamulo osankha, ulamuliro ndi malamulo oweruza milandu mu mgwirizano wanu.
• Timafufuza komwe katundu wa mnzanu ali komanso ngati chigamulo kapena chigamulo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumeneko.
• Timapempha chilolezo chokumana ndi woweruza milandu asanaweruzidwe, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa masiku angapo.
• Timalandira satifiketi ya Article 53 ndipo timalangiza bailiff kuti agwiritse ntchito malamulo m'dziko lina lomwe lili membala.
• Timachita milandu motsatira Article 431 Rv kuti tigwiritse ntchito chigamulo chakunja ku Netherlands.

Chidule

• Tchulani lamulo la dziko limodzi ndi khoti limodzi lenileni, ndipo pangani kuti ulamuliro wa khotiwo ukhale wokhawokha.
• Mu EU, zigamulo zimagwira ntchito m'maiko ena omwe ali mamembala popanda njira yapadera motsatira lamulo la Brussels I bis Regulation.
• Kunja kwa EU, kukakamiza malamulo kumadalira mapangano monga Misonkhano ya Hague ya 2005 ndi 2019 kapena malamulo a dziko; ku Netherlands, Article 431 Rv ndi zofunikira za Gazprombank zimagwira ntchito.
• Mphotho zoweruza milandu zitha kukhazikitsidwa m'maiko opitilira 170 motsatira Msonkhano wa New York, womwe umapangitsa kuti milandu ikhale yokopa kwambiri pamene katundu ali kunja kwa EU.
• Chigamulo cholamula milandu sichiletsa njira zachangu monga kukakamiza anthu kuti achitepo kanthu pasadakhale ku Netherlands.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI