Kuchotsedwa ntchito ku Netherlands: malo ndi njira

Bwana ku Netherlands sangangothetsa mgwirizano wantchito wokhazikika. Amafunika njira imodzi mwa zitatu izi: chilolezo kuchokera ku Employee Insurance Agency (UWV), kuthetsedwa ndi khoti lachigawo ( kantonrechter ), kapena mgwirizano ndi wantchito. Njirayo imadalira chifukwa chomuchotsera ntchito, osati zomwe bwanayo akufuna; kupatulapo kuchotsedwa ntchito mwachangu pazifukwa zadzidzidzi, zomwe bwanayo angapereke yekha.

Ngati chifukwa chake ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha zachuma cha bizinesi, kapena kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, olemba ntchito ayenera kupempha chilolezo ku UWV. Pazifukwa zina zilizonse, monga kusakhalapo pafupipafupi, kusagwira ntchito bwino, khalidwe loipa, kusokonezeka kwa ubale wantchito, kukana chifukwa cha chikumbumtima, kapena kuphatikiza zifukwa, olemba ntchito ayenera kupempha khothi lachigawo kuti lithetse mgwirizano. Njira yachitatu ndi mgwirizano womaliza ( vaststellingsovereenkomst ) womwe walembedwa, womwe wantchitoyo akhoza kuuthetsa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi popanda kupereka zifukwa.

Kaya njira iliyonse yatengedwa, pali zofunikira zitatu zomwe zikugwira ntchito. Mfundo iyenera kukhala imodzi mwa zomwe zalembedwa mu Article 7:669(3) ya Dutch Civil Code ( Burgerlijk Wetboek , BW) ndipo iyenera kutsimikiziridwa mokwanira. Sipayenera kukhala mwayi woti wantchitoyo atumizenso ntchito ina yoyenera mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera. Ndipo palibe chiletso chochotsa ntchito chomwe chingalepheretse, makamaka chiletsocho pazaka ziwiri zoyambirira za matenda. Wantchitoyo ali ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro osinthira ( transitievergoeding ) kuyambira tsiku loyamba la ntchito, owerengedwa malinga ndi nthawi ya ntchito ndi malipiro. Ngati bwana wachitapo kanthu mwanjira yoopsa, khothi likhoza kupereka chipukuta misozi choyenera ( billijke vergoeding ) pamwamba.

Pa mgwirizano wothetsa mavuto, mawu olembedwawo ndi ofunika monga kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa. Pangano lomwe silinalembe kuti cholingacho chinachokera kwa olemba ntchito, kuti palibe chifukwa chofunikira, komanso kuti nthawi yodziwitsira yatsatiridwa ingapangitse kuti phindu la ulova la wantchito (WW) likhale pachiwopsezo.

Kodi ndi pazifukwa ziti zalamulo zomwe mungathetsere ntchito ku Netherlands?

Mungathe kuchotsa wantchito popanda kufuna kwake pa chifukwa chimodzi mwa zomwe zili mu Article 7:669(3) BW, ndipo pokhapokha ngati mungathe kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyo mokwanira. Lamulo la ku Dutch silichotsa ntchito “mwakufuna”; kuchotsa ntchito kulikonse kosagwirizana ndi wina aliyense kumafuna chifukwa chomveka.

Kodi zifukwa zovomerezeka zochotsera ntchito ndi ziti?

Lamuloli limalemba zifukwa zonse. Mfundo iliyonse ili ndi zofunikira zake, ndipo fayilo yomwe siili yolondola pa mfundo imodzi singaphatikizidwe ndi ina, kupatula kudzera mu mfundo yosonkhanitsa.

• a. Zifukwa zachuma za bizinesi: ntchito zimatayika chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma, kukonzanso, kapena kutsekedwa kwa bizinesi (njira ya UWV).
• b. Kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali: wantchito wakhala akudwala kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri ndipo kuchira mkati mwa masabata 26 sikuyembekezeredwa (njira ya UWV).
• c. Kusakhalapo pafupipafupi chifukwa cha matenda, zomwe zingabweretse zotsatira zosavomerezeka pa bizinesi.
• d. Kusayenerera ntchito (kusagwira bwino ntchito), pomwe abwana adadziwitsa wantchito nthawi yake ndikumupatsa mwayi wokwanira woti asinthe.
• e. Zochita kapena zolephera za wantchito.
• f. Kukana kugwira ntchito chifukwa chokana kuchita zinthu zina chifukwa cha chikumbumtima.
• g. Ubale wosokonekera kuntchito, wovuta kwambiri kotero kuti kupitiriza sikungatheke kuyembekezeredwa.
• h. Zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupitiriza kukhale kosafunikira.
• i. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu kuyambira ziwiri kapena zingapo mwa maziko c mpaka h (gawo losonkhanitsa).

Zifukwa c zopitira ku khoti la chigawo chaching'ono. Pachifukwa chowerengera, khoti likhoza kupatsa wantchitoyo chipukuta misozi chowonjezera cha theka la malipiro osinthira.

Ndi zofunikira ziti za ndondomeko zomwe zikugwira ntchito?

Pachifukwa chilichonse pamafunika njira inayake. Pazifukwa zachuma zamabizinesi komanso kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, muyenera chilolezo choyambirira kuchokera ku UWV. Pazifukwa zina, muyenera kupempha khothi lachigawo kuti lithetse mgwirizanowu. Zambiri zokhudza njira zamalamulo zingapezeke patsamba lathu lokhudzana ndi njira zamalamulo zochotsera ntchito.

Nthawi zonse, olemba ntchito ayenera kusonyeza kuti kusamutsa ntchito paudindo wina woyenera mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera sikungatheke kapena sikoyenera (Nkhani 7:669(1) BW). Olemba ntchito ayeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti palibe choletsa chochotsa ntchito chomwe chikugwira ntchito. Chofunika kwambiri ndi zoletsa panthawi ya matenda (Nkhani 7:670(1) BW), panthawi ya mimba ndi tchuthi cha amayi oyembekezera, komanso panthawi ya umembala wa bungwe la ntchito. Izi zapangidwa kuti zisachotsedwe ntchito pazifukwa zokhudzana ndi izi.

Kodi kuchotsa ntchito mwachangu kumaloledwa liti?

Kuchotsa mlandu mwachangu ( ontslag op staande voet ) kumaloledwa kokha pa chifukwa chadzidzidzi, ndipo kuyenera kuperekedwa nthawi yomweyo komanso ndi chifukwa chomwe chatchulidwa (Nkhani 7:677 BW). Zitsanzo za zifukwa zadzidzidzi mu Nkhani 7:678 BW ndi kuba, chinyengo, chiwawa, kunyoza kwakukulu komanso kukana kosalekeza kutsatira malangizo oyenera.

Zofunikira zake ndi zokhwima. Bwana ayenera kukhala ndi umboni wokhutiritsa, kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga atapeza zoona zake, ndikudziwitsa wantchito chifukwa chake nthawi yomweyo. Khothi limaganiziranso za momwe wantchitoyo alili, monga zaka zake, nthawi yomwe wagwira ntchito komanso zotsatira zake zochotsedwa ntchito. Ngati kuchotsedwa ntchito sikuli bwino, wantchitoyo akhoza kupempha khothi kuti lichotse ntchitoyo mkati mwa miyezi iwiri, ndipo bwanayo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ngongole yobwezera.

Dongosolo la ku Netherlands limagogomezera kwambiri kuteteza antchito. Musanachotse ntchito, muyenera kuti mwachita zomwe mungayembekezere: ngati ntchito yanu siili bwino, dongosolo lowongolera ( verbetertraject ); ngati mukudwala, ngati mukufuna kubwereranso kuntchito; ndipo nthawi zonse, kufunafuna ntchito ina yoyenera.

Most dismissals also involve the transition payment, which is calculated on length of service and gross monthly salary, not on age. The calculation is set out under step 3 below.

Kodi njira yochotsera ntchito imagwira ntchito bwanji, pang'onopang'ono?

Choyamba pangani fayiloyo, kenako sankhani njira yoyenera, ndipo pomaliza kambiranani ndi nthawi yodziwitsa, malipiro osinthira ndi mgwirizano womaliza. Olemba ntchito ambiri amayesa choyamba kukwaniritsa mgwirizano, ndi UWV kapena njira ya khothi ngati njira yobwezera. Muthanso kuwerenga nkhani yathu yokhudza momwe ntchito yochotsera antchito imagwirira ntchito mwalamulo.

Gawo 1: pangani fayilo ndikuwunika momwe zinthu zilili

Musanayambe njira iliyonse, yang'anani ngati fayilo yanu ikuchirikiza nthaka yomwe mukufuna kudalira. Khothi ndi UWV amayesa nthaka mosamala, ndipo mpata mu fayiloyo ndi wovuta kukonza pambuyo pake.

• Umboni wa magwiridwe antchito: kuwunika, machenjezo olembedwa ndi zitsanzo zenizeni za kusagwira bwino ntchito.
• Mbiri ya kulankhulana: maimelo, zolemba za msonkhano ndi makalata osonyeza kuti mavuto adabuka ndi wantchito.
• Ndondomeko yowongolera: dongosolo lenilenilo, chithandizo choperekedwa, kuwunika ndi zotsatira zake.
• Pazifukwa zachuma za bizinesi: ziwerengero zachuma, dongosolo lokonzanso, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo osankha.
• Ponena za matenda: fayilo yobwereranso kwa ogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo dongosolo la zochita ndi malipoti a dokotala wa ntchito.

Fayilo iyenera kupereka chithunzi chomveka bwino komanso cholondola. Mawu osamveka bwino kapena osachirikizidwa nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti pempho likanidwe ndikupempha chipukuta misozi.

Gawo 2: sankhani njira yovomerezeka

Malamulo aku Dutch amapereka njira ziwiri zovomerezeka zochotsera ntchito popanda chilolezo cha wantchito, komanso mwayi wosankha mgwirizano.

Njira 1: chilolezo chochokera ku UWV. Pazifukwa zachuma za bizinesi kapena kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, olemba ntchito amatumiza fomu yofunsira ku UWV. Njirayi imaphatikizapo:

• kutumiza fomuyi pamodzi ndi zikalata zothandizira, kudzera mu dongosolo la UWV la pa intaneti kapena ndi fomu;
• wantchito akupatsidwa mwayi woyankha, pambuyo pake bwanayo akhoza kuyankhanso;
• kuwunika kwa UWV, komwe pazifukwa zachuma zamabizinesi kumaphatikizaponso upangiri wochokera ku komiti yochotsa ntchito;
• chisankho, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa milungu ingapo kapena miyezi ingapo, kutengera ndi mlanduwo.

Ngati chilolezo chaperekedwa, olemba ntchito akhoza kupereka chidziwitso mkati mwa milungu inayi. Nthawi ya chidziwitso ikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi nthawi ya ndondomeko ya UWV, koma mwezi umodzi uyenera kukhalapo (Nkhani 7:672(4) BW). Ngati chilolezo chakanidwa, olemba ntchito akhoza kupempha khoti lachigawo kuti lithetse mgwirizano.

Njira yachiwiri: kuthetsedwa kwa mlandu ndi khoti lachigawo chaching'ono. Pazifukwa zina, abwana amatumiza pempho ku khoti lachigawo chaching'ono. Njirayi ikuphatikizapo:

• pempho lofotokoza bwino mfundo zake ndi mfundo zake mwatsatanetsatane;
• umboni wochirikiza mfundo, monga zikalata zochokera mu gawo 1;
• wodziteteza wolembedwa ndi wantchito komanso mlandu womveka bwino pomwe onse awiri akufotokoza maganizo awo;
• chigamulo chomwe khothi lathetsa panganolo kapena kukana pempholo.

Ngati khoti lithetsa mgwirizanowu, limakhazikitsa tsiku lotha ntchito. Limaganizira nthawi yodziwitsa yomwe ikanagwiritsidwa ntchito, kupatula nthawi ya ndondomekoyi, ndi mwezi umodzi wotsala (Article 7:671b BW).

Njira 3: mgwirizano. Bwana ndi wantchito akhoza kuthetsa mgwirizano mwa mgwirizano wolembedwa. Wantchitoyo akhoza kuthetsa mgwirizanowo mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi popanda kupereka zifukwa (Nkhani 7:670b BW). Ngati mgwirizanowo sunatchule ufuluwo, nthawiyo ndi milungu itatu.

Gawo 3: Konzani malipiro osinthira ndi tsatanetsatane womaliza

Kaya njira iliyonse ndi iti, olemba ntchito ayenera kuthana ndi nkhani zingapo zachuma komanso zothandiza:

• kuwerengera ndi kulipira ndalama zosinthira, pokhapokha ngati pali chosiyana;
• kupereka kapena kutsimikizira chidziwitsocho mwa kulemba, ndi chifukwa chochotsera ntchito;
• tchulani tsiku lenileni lomaliza;
• kulipira ndalama zolipirira tchuthi, tchuthi chosatengedwa ndi bonasi iliyonse;
• kuthana ndi maudindo aliwonse omwe munthu wagwira ntchito atangomaliza ntchito, monga gawo losapikisana kapena chinsinsi.

Malipiro osinthira ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malipiro onse pamwezi pachaka chilichonse chautumiki, owerengedwa potengera zaka zomwe sizinamalizidwe (Nkhani 7:673 BW). Imagwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku loyamba la ntchito komanso mpaka mapangano okhazikika komanso a nthawi yokhazikika, ngati bwana ayamba kuchitapo kanthu. Mu 2026, malipiro apamwamba ndi €102,000, kapena malipiro a chaka chimodzi ngati ndi okwera. Sichiyenera kulipidwa ngati wantchitoyo wachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa kwambiri, ndipo pali malamulo apadera kwa olemba ntchito ang'onoang'ono omwe amatseka chifukwa cha kupuma pantchito kapena kudwala kwa bwanayo.

Ndi nthawi iti yodziwitsira yomwe ikugwira ntchito?

Nthawi yodziwitsira yalamulo kwa olemba ntchito imadalira kutalika kwa ntchito: mwezi umodzi kwa zaka zosakwana zisanu, miyezi iwiri kwa zaka zisanu mpaka khumi, miyezi itatu kwa zaka khumi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu, ndi miyezi inayi kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu kapena kuposerapo (Nkhani 7:672(2) BW). Mgwirizano kapena mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito (CAO) ukhoza kusiyana ndi izi mkati mwa malire.

Chidziwitso chiyenera kuperekedwa kumapeto kwa mwezi, pokhapokha ngati avomerezana mwanjira ina. Bwana amene wapereka chidziwitso msanga kwambiri, kapena popanda chilolezo chofunikira, akhoza kulipira malipiro ofanana ndi malipiro a nthawi yomwe chidziwitsocho sichinatsatidwe.

Nanga bwanji za mapangano a nthawi yokhazikika ndi kuchotsedwa kwa antchito pamodzi?

Pangano la nthawi yokhazikika limatha lokha patsiku lomaliza lomwe lavomerezedwa, popanda chifukwa chochotsera ntchito. Pa mapangano a miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kuposerapo, olemba ntchito ayenera kudziwitsa wantchitoyo mwa kulemba mwezi umodzi usanafike nthawi yomaliza ngati panganolo lidzapitirira (Nkhani 7:668 BW). Ngati alephera kutero, ali ndi ngongole yokwana malipiro a mwezi umodzi.

Ngati mukufuna kuchotsa antchito makumi awiri kapena kuposerapo mkati mwa gawo limodzi la ntchito mkati mwa miyezi itatu pazifukwa zachuma za bizinesi, lamulo la Collective Redundancy (Notification) Act ( Wet melding collectief ontslag ) likugwira ntchito. Kenako muyenera kudziwitsa UWV ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito pasadakhale ndikuwafunsa, ndipo bungwe la ntchito liyenera kupemphedwa upangiri motsatira Nkhani 25 ya Works Councils Act ( Wet op de ondernemingsraden ).

Kodi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi ndi anthu ochokera kunja ayenera kukumbukira chiyani?

Lamulo la ku Netherlands lochotsa ntchito limateteza kwambiri kuposa lamulo m'maiko ena ambiri. Olemba ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a dziko lawo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chochotsedwa ntchito molakwika komanso kulipidwa. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri patsamba lathu zokhudzana ndi malamulo a bizinesi yapadziko lonse.

Ndi kusiyana kotani komwe kumadabwitsa olemba ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena?

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuyang'aniridwa koteteza ndi UWV kapena khoti, malipiro osinthira kuyambira tsiku loyamba, ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa ngongole. Kusankha malamulo akunja mu mgwirizano sikusintha kwambiri pakuchita.

• Kuwunika koteteza: nthawi zambiri, kuchotsedwa ntchito kumayesedwa pasadakhale ndi UWV kapena khoti, osati pambuyo pake.
• Malipiro osinthira: malipiro ovomerezedwa ndi lamulo kuyambira tsiku loyamba la ntchito, ngakhale kuchotsedwa ntchito kuli koyenera.
• Nthawi zodziwitsira: nthawi zovomerezeka ndi lamulo za mwezi umodzi mpaka zinayi kwa olemba ntchito, kuphatikiza nthawi ya ndondomekoyi.
• Lamulo logwira ntchito: ngati wantchito nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito ku Netherlands, malamulo ofunikira a lamulo la ntchito ku Netherlands amapitiriza kuwateteza, ngakhale pangano litasankha lamulo lina (Nkhani 8 ya lamulo la Rome I).

Tax questions, such as the consequences for a special tax scheme for incoming employees, should be checked with a tax adviser; we do not advise on international tax structuring.

Samalani kwambiri antchito omwe amadalira ntchito yawo kuti apeze chilolezo chokhala. Munthu wosamukira kudziko lina waluso kwambiri (kennismigrant) whose employment ends in principle has three months to find a new employer that is a recognised sponsor; according to the IND, that search period is six months if the employment ends on or after 22 May 2026 and the employee has held the permit for at least two years. That period affects both the employee and the question of what is a reasonable settlement.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wolemba ntchito?

A notice given without UWV permission or the employee’s consent can be annulled at the employee’s request under Article 7:681 BW. Check these points before you take the step:

• Which ground of Article 7:669(3) BW applies, and does your file prove it in full?
• Have you searched for a suitable vacancy for redeployment and recorded that search?
• Does a prohibition on termination apply, such as illness, pregnancy or works council membership?
• Have you calculated the transition payment and the notice period under Article 7:672 BW?
• Does the settlement agreement state that the initiative came from you and that there is no urgent cause?

Kodi muyenera kuwunika chiyani ngati wantchito?

You have fourteen days to revoke a signed settlement agreement and two months to ask the court to annul a summary dismissal. Check these points before you sign or respond:

• Is the transition payment in the offer at least the statutory amount under Article 7:673 BW?
• Does the agreement protect your right to unemployment benefit (WW) from the UWV?
• Is the end date after the notice period that applies to you?
• Was a summary dismissal given immediately and with the reason stated?
• Does your residence permit depend on this employment, and when does your search period start?

What can we do for you with a termination of employment?

athu maloya ochotsa ntchito act for employers and for employees.

• We review the dismissal file and tell you which ground and which route fit.
• We prepare the UWV application or the petition to the subdistrict court.
• We calculate the transition payment and the notice period.
• We draft or review the settlement agreement, including the wording that protects the WW benefit.
• We file the request to annul a summary dismissal within the two-month deadline.

Chidule

• Kuchotsedwa ntchito mopanda chifuniro cha wantchito kumafuna chifukwa chovomerezeka ndi lamulo (Nkhani 7:669(3) BW) ndi njira yoyenera: chilolezo cha UWV pazifukwa zachuma za bizinesi kapena matenda a nthawi yayitali, khoti lachigawo chaching'ono pazifukwa zina.
• Kusamutsa anthu ena pa ntchito kuyenera kukhala kosatheka kapena kosamveka, ndipo palibe lamulo loletsa kuchotsedwa ntchito lomwe lingagwire ntchito.
• Pangano lothetsa mavuto liyenera kulembedwa; wantchitoyo akhoza kulithetsa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi.
• Malipiro osinthira ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malipiro a pamwezi pachaka chautumiki, kuyambira tsiku loyamba; mu 2026 malipiro apamwamba ndi €102,000 kapena malipiro a chaka chimodzi ngati ndi apamwamba.
• Kuchotsa ntchito mwachangu kumatheka pokhapokha ngati pakufunika chifukwa chadzidzidzi, ndipo kuperekedwa nthawi yomweyo; zofunikira zake ndi zokhwima.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI