Kunyoza, kunyoza ndi miseche: kodi chilango cha lamulo la Dutch ndi chiyani?

Malamulo a ku Dutch amasiyanitsa pakati pa lingaliro, ngakhale litakhala lamphamvu bwanji, ndi kuukira mbiri ya munthu. Kunyoza ndi chilango pamene kumangotanthauza kukhumudwitsa; kunyoza (smaad) ndi kuwononga dzina labwino la munthu mwadala mwa kunena kuti mfundo inayake ndi cholinga choifalitsa; ndipo ngati munthu amene akunena zimenezi akudziwa kuti mfundoyo si yoona, mlandu waukulu woneneza (last) umagwira ntchito, ndipo chilango chake ndi zaka ziwiri zokha.

Pamodzi ndi njira yaupandu pali njira ya milandu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yothandiza kwambiri. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), mawu osaloledwa akhoza kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo, kuchotsedwa kwa mawuwo, kukonzedwanso ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama komanso kuwononga mbiri.

Kodi n’chiyani chimaonedwa ngati kutukwana, kunyoza kapena kunyoza?

Kupereka maganizo kapena kutsutsa, kwenikweni, n'kololedwa; mawu amakhala olangidwa akamatsutsa ulemu wa munthu kapena dzina labwino. Khotilo limayesa ufulu wolankhula (Nkhani 10 ya Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya) motsutsana ndi ufulu wotetezedwa wa ulemu ndi mbiri, mlandu uliwonse.

Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht, Sr) imasiyanitsa zolakwa zitatu: kuipitsa mbiri (Ndime 261 Sr), miseche (Article 262 Sr) ndi chipongwe chosavuta (Article 266 Sr).

Kodi chipongwe chosavuta n’chiyani?

Malinga ndi Article 266 Sr, chipongwe chilichonse chopanda cholinga chomwe sichikutanthauza kunyoza kapena kunyoza ndi chipongwe chosavuta (eenvoudige beligiging). Chingachitike pagulu, pakamwa kapena polemba, kapena pamaso pa munthuyo, ndipo chilango chachikulu ndi kumangidwa kwa miyezi itatu kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachiwiri, €5,500 kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026.

Kodi kunyoza dzina (smaad) n'chiyani?

Kunyoza dzina kumachitika pamene wina mwadala awononga ulemu wa munthu wina kapena dzina labwino mwa kunena kuti mfundo inayake ndi yoona, ndi cholinga chofalitsa mfundoyo (Article 261(1) Sr). Chilango chachikulu ndi kumangidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachitatu, €11,000 kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026.

Pamene kunyoza dzina kumachitika kudzera mu mawu olembedwa kapena zithunzi omwe amafalitsidwa kapena kuonetsedwa pagulu, lamulo limatcha izi kunyoza (smaadschrift), ndipo chilango chachikulu cha kundende chimakwera kufika chaka chimodzi (Article 261(2) Sr). Mauthenga apaintaneti nthawi zambiri amagwera m'gululi. Malinga ndi Article 261(3) Sr, palibe kunyoza dzina ngati munthuyo anachita zinthu zodziteteza, kapena angaganize ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino kuti chowonadi chomwe chanenedwacho chinali chowonadi ndipo kuti chidwi cha anthu onse chimafuna mawuwo.

Kodi miseche (laster) ndi chiyani?

Kuneneza ndi kunyoza pamene wokamba nkhaniyo akudziwa kuti mfundo yomwe yanenedwayo si yoona (Article 262 Sr). Chilango chachikulu ndi kumangidwa zaka ziwiri kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachinayi, €27,500 kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026.

Kupereka dala madandaulo abodza kapena lipoti lotsutsana ndi munthu kwa akuluakulu aboma, podziwa kuti limawononga ulemu wa munthuyo, ndi mlandu wosiyana: mlandu wonyoza (lasterlijke aanklacht, Article 268 Sr).

Kodi wolakwayo amaweruzidwa bwanji?

Kunyoza, kunyoza ndi miseche ndi milandu yodandaula (klachtdelicten): motsatira Article 269 Sr, Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) ikhoza kutsutsa kokha ngati wozunzidwayo apereka madandaulo. Motsatira Article 66 Sr, madandaulo amenewo ayenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera tsiku lomwe mudadziwa za mlanduwo.

Kupatulapo ndi kunyoza mkulu wa boma panthawi yogwira ntchito yake mwalamulo kapena za udindo wake: amene akuimbidwa mlandu popanda kudandaula, ndipo Article 267 Sr imalola kuti chilango cha kundende chiwonjezeke ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu.

Kodi milandu iyenera kutengera zenizeni?

Pa milandu ya milandu ya anthu, khoti limafunsa ngati mlanduwo unathandizidwa mokwanira ndi mfundo zomwe zinalipo pamene mawuwo anaperekedwa. Ngati sizinali choncho, mawuwo ndi osaloledwa malinga ndi Article 6:162 BW ndipo wopanga akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu pa kuwonongekako.

Wozunzidwayo angapemphenso khoti la anthu wamba kuti lilamule kuti akonzenso mlandu motsatira Nkhani 6:167 BW: kusintha komwe kunafalitsidwa komwe kukunena kuti mawu oyambawo anali olakwika kapena osokeretsa. Pa milandu yachangu, lamulo loletsa kapena kuchotsa mlandu likhoza kupemphedwa kuchokera kwa woweruza woyambirira mu ndondomeko yachidule (kort geding).

Kodi mungayambe njira yolangira milandu ya anthu wamba komanso yaupandu?

Inde. Wozunzidwayo akhoza kukasuma mlandu ku polisi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kupempha kuti akonzedwe ndi kulipidwa ndalama ku khoti la anthu wamba; njira ziwirizi ndi zodziyimira pawokha. Pa milandu ya milandu, wozunzidwayo akhozanso kulowa nawo ngati munthu wovulala (benadeelde partij) ndikupempha ndalamazo kumeneko.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati munthu amene mwamuganizira?

• Sungani mawuwo: zithunzi ndi tsiku, nthawi ndi URL, kapena mayina a mboni.
• Kaya mawuwo akunena zoona zenizeni (kunyoza kapena kunyoza) kapena ndi zonyoza chabe (kunyoza).
• Tsiku lomaliza la miyezi itatu lopereka madandaulo a milandu motsatira Article 66 Sr.
• Kaya mukufuna kuchotsa ndi kukonza zinthu mwachangu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti pakhale lamulo loletsa milandu osati mlandu.
• Kutayika kwa ndalama ndi mbiri zomwe mungalembe pa pempho la kuwonongeka kwa ndalama.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati munthu amene akuimbidwa mlandu?

• Kaya zomwe mwanena zinali malingaliro kapena chiweruzo cha mtengo osati umboni wa mfundo inayake.
• Ndi mfundo ziti zomwe zinathandizira zomwe munanena panthawi yomwe munanena, komanso ngati mungathe kuzilemba.
• Kaya munachitapo kanthu podziteteza, kapena mwachikhulupiriro chabwino munakhulupirira kuti mfundoyo ndi yoona ndipo kuti chidwi cha anthu onse chimafuna kuti mawuwo alembedwe (Article 261(3) Sr).
• Kaya kuchotsa kapena kukonza mawuwo mwaufulu kumachepetsa kuwonongeka ndi chiopsezo cha milandu.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mawu onyoza, onyoza kapena onyoza?

Maloya athu a milandu amathandiza anthu omwe adazunzidwa komanso omwe adaimbidwa mlandu wonyoza dzina lawo. Tikhoza:

• kuwunika ngati mawuwo ndi onyoza, onyoza, onyoza kapena maganizo ololedwa;
• kulemba kalata yopempha kuti achotsedwe ndi kukonzedwa;
• pemphani kwa woweruza milandu kuti apereke chigamulo choletsa kapena kuchotsa munthuyo;
• kukuthandizani kuti mupereke madandaulo a milandu mkati mwa miyezi itatu yomaliza ndikulowa nawo m'mayesero ngati munthu wovulala;
• Kukutetezani ku mlandu waupandu kapena mlandu wa nzika malinga ndi Nkhani 261-266 Sr kapena Nkhani 6:162 BW.

Chidule

• Kunyoza, kunyoza ndi miseche ndi milandu yosiyana (Nkhani 266, 261 ndi 262 Sr), ndipo chilango chachikulu ndi €5,500, €11,000 ndi €27,500 mu 2026.
• Kunyoza munthu polemba kapena pa intaneti (smaadschrift) kumabweretsa kundende kwa chaka chimodzi; miseche mpaka zaka ziwiri.
• Zonse zitatu ndi milandu yokhudza madandaulo: wozunzidwayo ayenera kupereka madandaulo mkati mwa miyezi itatu, kupatulapo kutukwana akuluakulu aboma omwe ali muofesi.
• Pamodzi ndi madandaulo a milandu, wozunzidwayo akhoza kupempha kuti achotsedwe, kukonzedwanso ndi kulipidwa ndalama m'milandu ya milandu ya anthu, nthawi zambiri njira yofulumira kwambiri.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI