Mapangano amalonda apadziko lonse lapansi: zolakwika zisanu zomwe zimafala kwambiri komanso momwe mungapewere

Zolakwa zisanu zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto ambiri m'mapangano amalonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi lamulo losowa kapena losasamala, gawo la ulamuliro lomwe silingagwiritsidwe ntchito komwe katunduyo ali, mawu olipira omwe amanyalanyaza malamulo okhwima okhudza chiwongola dzanja chamalonda ndi chitetezo, mawu omalizira ndi mawu okakamiza omwe adakopedwa kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha malamulo wamba omwe sagwirizana ndi lamulo la Dutch, ndi mawu ndi zikhalidwe zomwe sizinakhalepo gawo la mgwirizano. Chilichonse mwa izi chimatha kupewedwa panthawi yolemba ndipo chimadula kukonza pambuyo pake. Kwa bizinesi yaku Dutch, kapena bizinesi yakunja yomwe yachita mgwirizano ndi mnzake waku Dutch, dongosolo lolamulira ndi Dutch Civil Code pamodzi ndi malamulo aku Europe okhudza malamulo ndi ulamuliro woyenera.

Chotsatira chikuwonetsa komwe zolakwika zisanuzo zimachokera, zomwe lamulolo limanenadi, ndi momwe mungalembe mozungulira. Chofunika kwambiri ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands, chifukwa ndilo lamulo lomwe limagwira ntchito pa mapangano ambiri omwe mabizinesi omwe akhazikitsidwa ku Netherlands amakumana nawo, komanso chifukwa malamulo ake angapo amasiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro omwe amamangidwa mu ma tempuleti a mapangano a Chingerezi. Buku lathu lotsogolera mapangano ndi magulu aku Dutch likufotokoza mbali yokambirana ya vuto lomweli.

Chifukwa chiyani mapangano opitilira malire amalephera nthawi zambiri kuposa a m'dziko

Pangano lapakhomo limawerengedwa motsutsana ndi lamulo limodzi lomwe mbali zonse ziwiri zimamvetsetsa. Pangano lodutsa malire silili choncho. Chiganizo chomwecho chingapange zotsatira zosiyana kutengera lamulo lomwe likulamulira, khoti kapena khoti lomwe likuwerenga, komanso ngati chigamulo chotsatiracho chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomwe chipani china chikusunga katundu wake. Mafunso atatuwa ndi osiyana, ndipo cholakwika chofala kwambiri pakukonza ndi kuyankha loyamba lokha.

Zotsatira zake zimakhalapo. Wogulitsa amene wapambana chigamulo kukhoti lomwe zigamulo zake sizingatsatidwe motsutsana ndi wobwereketsa sanapambane chilichonse. Wogula amene ankaganiza kuti chiganizo cha chilango chingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga momwe zalembedwera amazindikira kuti khoti la ku Dutch likhoza kuchepetsa. Wogulitsa amene sanachotsepo Vienna Sales Convention amaona kuti pangano, m'malo mwa Civil Code yomwe anali nayo m'maganizo, ndi lomwe limalamulira kutsatira malamulo ndi njira zothetsera mavuto. Palibe chimodzi mwa zotsatira izi chomwe chimaphatikizapo chikhulupiriro choipa mbali zonse ziwiri; chimachokera ku ziganizo zomwe sizinayesedwepo motsutsana ndi lamulo lomwe limagwira ntchito kwenikweni.

Chilankhulo, kumasulira ndi kutanthauzira

Mapangano amalonda apadziko lonse nthawi zambiri amalembedwa mu Chingerezi ngakhale kuti palibe mbali iliyonse yomwe imalankhula Chingerezi ndipo lamulo lolamulira si lamulo la Chingerezi. Zimenezo n'zotheka, koma zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo china: Mawu a mgwirizano wa Chingerezi ali ndi matanthauzo ochokera ku lamulo la common lomwe lamulo la Dutch silibwerezanso. Mawu monga kuganizira, zabwino zonse, chikole, chitsimikizo ndi chikhalidwe choyambirira alibe zofanana mu Dutch Civil Code, ndipo khoti la Dutch lidzawamasulira mwa kufunsa zomwe maguluwo angagwirizane nazo pazochitikazo, osati polowetsa chiphunzitso cha Chingerezi.

Muyezo wotanthauzira umenewo ndi lamulo la Haviltex, ndipo ndicho chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa za mgwirizano wolamulidwa ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands. Makhothi aku Netherlands sawerenga mgwirizano wamalonda monga momwe ulili. Amawona mawu, komanso zokambirana, magulu, luso lawo komanso cholinga cha malonda cha mgwirizanowu. Mgwirizano wokambirana kwambiri pakati pa mabizinesi awiri ophunzitsidwa bwino, wokhala ndi gawo lonse la mgwirizano ndi kulemba akatswiri mbali zonse ziwiri, udzawerengedwa moyandikira lembalo; mgwirizano waufupi pakati pa magulu osalingana sudzawerengedwa. Ngati mgwirizano wanu ukulamulidwa ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands, ikani mfundo zamalonda m'mabwalo obwerezabwereza, chifukwa zidzawerengedwa.

Ngati panganoli lili m'zilankhulo ziwiri, tchulani mtundu womwe ukupambana, ndipo tanthauzani. Chiganizo chakuti mitundu yonse iwiri ndi yeniyeni ndi pempho la milandu, chifukwa palibe matembenuzidwe awiri a pangano lamalonda omwe amagwira ntchito mofanana.

Mtengo wolakwika

Kuwonongeka kwa ndalama sikungokhala pa ndalama zamilandu zokha. Kugawika kosamveka bwino kwa ndalama zoyendera, inshuwaransi ndi zamisonkho kumasuntha ndalama zenizeni pa katundu aliyense wotumizidwa. Gawo losavomerezeka la ulamuliro limatanthauza zochitika zofanana m'maiko awiri. Gawo losavomerezeka la malamulo ndi zikhalidwe limachotsa malire anu a udindo, nthawi yanu yochepetsera komanso kusunga kwanu umwini kamodzi kokha, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa mkangano womwe unawulula.

Mtengo wa mbiri ndi ubale umatsatira. Maubwenzi ambiri amalonda omwe amathera m'milandu anali otheka kupulumutsidwa pamene maguluwo anayamba kusagwirizana pa tanthauzo la gawo. Kupanga njira yothandiza yowonjezerera mgwirizano, m'malo mosiya kwa aliyense wokwiya kwambiri, ndiyo njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yowongolera zoopsa zomwe zilipo.

Cholakwika choyamba: kusiya lamulo loyenera mwangozi

Pangano lopanda lamulo losankha si pangano lopanda lamulo lolamulira. Ndi pangano lomwe lamulo lolamulira limasankhidwa ndi lamulo la mikangano, pambuyo poti mkangano wabuka, ndi khoti lililonse lomwe lagwidwa. Mu European Union lamulo limenelo ndi Lamulo la Rome I pa lamulo logwira ntchito pa maudindo a mgwirizano, ndipo limagwira ntchito m'makhothi aku Netherlands mosasamala kanthu kuti lamulo lomwe likulozera ndi lamulo la dziko lomwe lili membala.

Zimene Roma ndimachita ukanena chilichonse

Roma I imapatsa maguluwo ufulu wosankha lamulo, lomwe makhothi amalilemekeza, ndipo lingapangidwe momveka bwino kapena kutsatira momveka bwino kuchokera ku zomwe zili mu mgwirizano kapena momwe zinthu zilili. Popanda kusankha, Lamuloli limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhazikika amitundu yodziwika bwino ya mgwirizano. Pangano logulitsa katundu limayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la dziko lomwe wogulitsa amakhala ndi malo ake okhazikika; pangano la ntchito ndi lamulo la dziko lomwe wopereka chithandizo amakhala ndi malo ake okhazikika; pangano logawa ndi lamulo la malo okhala achizolowezi a wogawa; pangano la chilolezo ndi lamulo la malo okhala achizolowezi a wogawa. Pokhapokha ngati mgwirizanowo ukugwirizana ndi palibe m'gulu lililonse la magawo amenewo, mayeso otsala, magwiridwe antchito, amayamba kugwira ntchito, ndi kukonza komwe mgwirizanowo ukugwirizana kwambiri ndi dziko lina.

Zotsatira ziwiri zimadabwitsa anthu. Choyamba, chete chimakomera wogulitsa katundu ndi woperekayo mu mgwirizano wautumiki, kotero wogula waku Dutch amene amasiya funsoli pogula kuchokera kwa wogulitsa waku Germany nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti lamulo la ku Germany likugwira ntchito. Chachiwiri, malamulo osasinthika sali ofanana ndi malamulo okhudza ulamuliro, kotero n'zotheka kwathunthu kutha kukhothi la ku Dutch lomwe likugwiritsa ntchito malamulo akunja, omwe ndi ochedwa komanso okwera mtengo kuposa momwe aliyense amayembekezera. Buku lathu lotsogolera ku lamulo logwira ntchito m'mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi limagwira ntchito mwatsatanetsatane.

Msonkhano wa Vienna Sales Convention umagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati simukuuchotsa

Mfundo yomwe imasowa kwambiri pa mgwirizano wamalonda wapadziko lonse ndi Msonkhano wa United Nations pa Mapangano Ogulitsa Katundu Padziko Lonse, womwe umadziwika kuti CISG kapena, m'machitidwe achi Dutch, Weens Koopverdrag. Dziko la Netherlands ndi dziko lochita mgwirizano. Pamene mbali zonse ziwiri zili ndi malo awo ochitira bizinesi m'maiko omwe achita mgwirizano, kapena pomwe malamulo a mikangano amatsogolera ku lamulo la dziko lomwe likuchita mgwirizano, Msonkhanowu umagwira ntchito pa mgwirizano wogulitsa wokha. Kusankha lamulo lachi Dutch sikuchotsa, chifukwa Msonkhanowu ndi gawo la lamulo lachi Dutch.

Mgwirizanowu ukhoza kuchotsedwa, ndipo Nkhani 6 ikunena momveka bwino, koma kuchotsedwako kuyenera kupangidwa. Gawo loti mgwirizanowu ukulamulidwa ndi lamulo la Netherlands limasiya CISG; gawo loti mgwirizanowu ukulamulidwa ndi lamulo la Netherlands ndipo kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Mgwirizano wa Malonda wa Vienna sikuchotsedwa sichoncho. Chilichonse mwa ziwiri zomwe mukufuna ndi chisankho chamalonda osati chongochitika zokha. Mgwirizanowu uli ndi bungwe lamilandu yapadziko lonse lapansi, lingaliro logwira ntchito la kuphwanya kwakukulu, komanso udindo kwa wogula kuti ayang'ane katunduyo ndikupereka chidziwitso cha kusagwirizana mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera. Lamulo la malonda a m'dziko la Netherlands lili ndi udindo wochepa komanso wokhwima wodandaula. Ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amakonda dongosolo la m'dziko; ogula nthawi zambiri amakonda Mgwirizanowu.

Malamulo omwe simungathe kusaina nawo

Kusankha lamulo sikopanda malire. Rome I imasunga malamulo ofunikira kwambiri a forum, ndipo imalola kuti anthu a m'dziko lomwe likugwira ntchito agwire ntchito. Imatetezanso magulu ena a anthu, makamaka ogula ndi antchito, kotero kuti kusankha lamulo sikungawalepheretse kuteteza malamulo ofunikira a dziko lawo. Pa mgwirizano wa bizinesi ndi bizinesi womwe chitetezo sichimaluma kawirikawiri, koma maboma oyandikana nawo amachita zimenezo. Lamulo la mpikisano, zilango ndi zowongolera kutumiza kunja, chitetezo cha zinthu, kuletsa kusamba ndalama ndi chitetezo cha deta zonse zimagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za lamulo lomwe lasankhidwa mu mgwirizano.

Bungwe la zamalonda ndi msampha wodziwika bwino. Lamulo la ku Ulaya lokhudza ogwira ntchito zamalonda odzipangira okha, lomwe lakhazikitsidwa mu Dutch Civil Code, limapatsa wothandizira wogwira ntchito ku European Union ufulu wolandira chipukuta misozi pakutha ntchito ndi nthawi yochepa yodziwitsa, ndipo chitetezo chimenecho sichingapeweke posankha lamulo la dziko lomwe silili membala pomwe wothandizirayo amagwira ntchito ku Union. Pangano logawa lomwe lalembedwa ngati bungwe, kapena bungwe lomwe lavala ngati mgwirizano wogawa, silisintha zimenezo: makhothi amawona kufunika kwa ubalewo. Mukasankha pakati pa mapangidwe, chidule chathu cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mgwirizano wamalonda chimafotokoza zotsatira za chilichonse.

Kulemba chiganizocho

Gawo logwiritsidwa ntchito posankha lamulo limatchula lamulo limodzi, limanena ngati CISG ikugwira ntchito, ndipo silinenanso china chilichonse. Kugawa mgwirizano kuti magawo osiyanasiyana azilamulidwa ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana ndikololedwa pansi pa Rome I koma sikuli koyenera konse. Kutchula mfundo zazikulu za malamulo apadziko lonse amalonda, kapena mfundo za UNIDROIT zokha, popanda lamulo la dziko, kumagwira ntchito yoweruza milandu koma sikuthandiza pamaso pa khothi la boma. Ndipo kusankha lamulo la dziko lopanda kulumikizana ndi chipani chilichonse kapena malonda ake ndikovomerezeka, koma zikutanthauza kuti maloya a chipani chilichonse sadziwa yankho la funso lililonse popanda kulangiza loya wakomweko.

Cholakwika chachiwiri: gawo lothetsera mikangano lomwe silingapereke zotsatira zomwe zingatheke

Kuyesa kwa gawo lothetsera mikangano sikuti likumveka ngati ndi lovomerezeka koma ngati chisankho chomwe chingapereke chingagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi katundu wa chipani china. Funso limenelo lili ndi yankho losiyana mkati mwa European Union ndi kunja kwake, ndipo kusiyana kumeneku kuyenera kuyambitsa kulemba.

Kusankha khoti mkati mwa European Union

Mu Union, ulamuliro umayendetsedwa ndi lamulo losinthidwa la Brussels I. Magulu angavomereze kuti makhothi a dziko lomwe lili membala ali ndi ulamuliro, ndipo mgwirizano woterewu ndi wokha pokhapokha ngati atanena zosiyana. Zofunikira pa fomuyi ndizofunikira: mgwirizanowu uyenera kukhala wolembedwa kapena wolembedwa, kapena mu mawonekedwe ogwirizana ndi machitidwe omwe maguluwo adakhazikitsa pakati pawo, kapena pogwiritsa ntchito malonda apadziko lonse omwe maguluwo ankadziwa kapena ayenera kudziwa. Gawo la ulamuliro lomwe silinaperekedwe kwa gulu lina limakhala lofooka pankhaniyi.

Ngati palibe khoti losankha, Lamuloli limapatsa wodandaula malo okhala a wotsutsidwa monga lamulo, ndipo, pa mapangano, malo ogwirira ntchito zomwe zikukambidwa: malo operekera katundu wogulitsa ndi malo omwe ntchitozo zinali kapena ziyenera kuperekedwa pa mgwirizano wautumiki. Ichi ndichifukwa chake wogulitsa waku Dutch wopereka katundu ku France akhoza kudzipeza yekha pamaso pa khothi la ku France ngakhale kuti ma invoice ake amatanthauza lamulo la ku Dutch.

Ubwino waukulu wa Lamuloli ndi kukakamiza. Chigamulo choperekedwa m'dziko limodzi lomwe lili membala chimazindikirika m'dziko lina popanda njira yapadera ndipo chimagwira ntchito popanda kulengeza kuti chikugwira ntchito. Mwachizolowezi, chigamulo cha ku Netherlands chikhoza kukakamizidwa ku Spain kapena Poland pogwiritsa ntchito chigamulocho komanso satifiketi. Palibe chofanana ndi ichi chomwe chilipo kunja kwa Union.

Kukakamiza anthu kunja kwa European Union

Apa ndi pomwe mapangano ambiri ndi ofooka kwambiri. Pansi pa lamulo la Dutch procedure, chigamulo chakunja sichingangogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Netherlands pokhapokha ngati pangano kapena lamulo la ku Europe likuvomereza. Nkhani 431 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure imanena lamuloli ndipo imapereka njira ina: mlanduwu ukhoza kubweretsedwanso kukhothi la ku Dutch, lomwe lingagwiritse ntchito chigamulo chakunja ngati khothi lakunja linali ndi chifukwa chovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi, milanduyo itakwaniritsa miyezo yoyambira ya njira yoyendetsera mlandu, chisankhocho sichikutsutsana ndi mfundo za boma la ku Dutch, ndipo sichingagwirizane ndi chigamulo choyambirira pakati pa magulu omwewo. Zimenezo n'zotheka, koma ndi gulu lachiwiri la milandu, ndi mtengo ndi kuchedwa komwe kumatanthauza, ndipo chithunzi chowonekera chimagwira ntchito ku chigamulo cha ku Dutch chomwe chatengedwa kunja.

Misonkhano iwiri ya ku Hague yachepetsa kusiyana. Mgwirizano wa 2005 wa Mapangano Osankha Makhothi umamanga European Union ndipo umafuna mayiko omwe agwirizana kuti apereke mphamvu ku mgwirizano wosankha wa khothi komanso kuzindikira zigamulo zomwe zapezeka. Mgwirizano wa Zigamulo wa 2019, womwe unayamba kugwira ntchito ku European Union pa 1 Seputembala 2023, umakulitsa kuzindikira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo pakati pa mayiko omwe adalowa nawo. Onsewa ndi othandiza, koma mndandanda wa mayiko omwe agwirizana nawo umakhala wochepa kwambiri kuposa umembala wa Msonkhano wa New York, kotero yankho lothandiza kwa mnzawo kunja kwa Union nthawi zambiri ndi kuweruza milandu. Buku lathu lotsogolera momwe mungapewere mavuto okhudza ulamuliro ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo limafotokoza macheke omwe ayenera kuchitika musanasainire.

Kuweruza Milandu ndi Msonkhano wa ku New York

Kuweruza milandu kumasankhidwa m'mapangano apadziko lonse makamaka pofuna kukakamiza anthu kuti atsatire malamulo. Msonkhano wa ku New York Convention wa 1958 wokhudza Kuzindikira ndi Kukakamiza Mphoto za Milandu ya Milandu Yachilendo umamanga mayiko opitilira 160, kuphatikiza pafupifupi dziko lililonse lofunika kwambiri lamalonda, ndipo umakakamiza makhothi awo kuti azindikire mapangano amilandu ndikugwiritsa ntchito milandu malinga ndi mndandanda waufupi komanso wochepa wa zifukwa zokana. Pa mgwirizano ndi mnzake m'boma lomwe Netherlands ilibe pangano la milandu, gawo la milandu nthawi zambiri ndilo njira yokhayo yopezera chisankho chomwe chingasonkhanitsidwe.

Lamulo la milandu ya ku Netherlands lalembedwa mu Buku Lachinayi la Code of Civil Procedure ndipo linasinthidwa mu 2015. Netherlands Arbitration Institute imayang'anira milandu ya milandu pansi pa malamulo ake ndipo ndi chisankho chapakhomo; ICC, LCIA, ndi, m'magawo enaake, mabungwe apadera ndi ofala m'mabizinesi akuluakulu odutsa malire. Chilichonse chomwe mungasankhe, gawoli likufunika zinthu zinayi kuti ligwire ntchito: bungweli ndi malamulo ake, malo oikira milandu, chiwerengero cha oikira milandu, ndi chilankhulo. Kusiya malo oikira milandu ndi chinthu chovulaza kwambiri, chifukwa malo oikira milandu ndi omwe amasankha khothi loyang'anira milandu komanso lamulo lolamulira malo oikira milandu okha.

Kuweruza milandu sikuli kotsika mtengo kapena mwachangu zokha. Magulu amalipira khoti ndi bungwe, palibe apilo pazifukwa zomveka, ndipo chigamulo chingachotsedwe pazifukwa zochepa. Izi ndi zinthu osati zolakwika, koma zikutanthauza kuti kuweruza milandu kumakhudza mapangano pomwe chinsinsi, ukatswiri waukadaulo ndi kukakamiza milandu kudutsa malire ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa ufulu wokhala ndi lingaliro lachiwiri. Ngati ubalewo uyenera kusungidwa, gawo lofunikira kukambirana kenako kuyimira milandu isanayambe kuweruza milandu ndi loyenera, bola ngati njirazo zili ndi nthawi yomaliza. Gawo lofuna kuti maguluwo athetse mikangano mwamtendere, popanda malire a nthawi komanso popanda zotsatirapo za kukana, silikwaniritsa chilichonse kupatula kuchedwa.

Khoti Lamalonda la ku Netherlands

Kwa maphwando omwe akufuna khoti la boma koma osati njira yolankhulira Chidatchi, Khoti Lamalonda la Netherlands mu Amsterdam Yakhala ikumvetsera mikangano yamalonda yapadziko lonse m'Chingerezi kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2019, ndi chipinda chapadera komanso khoti lopempha apilo m'Chingerezi. Imafuna kuti magulu onse avomereze momveka bwino komanso molemba, ikulipiritsa ndalama zambiri za khothi kuposa makhothi wamba, ndipo zigamulo zake zimafalikira mkati mwa European Union mwanjira yachizolowezi motsatira Lamulo losinthidwa la Brussels I. Pa mkangano pakati pa chipani cha Dutch ndi chipani china cha ku Europe, nthawi zambiri imakhala yankho labwino kuposa kuweruza milandu, komanso mwachidule chathu cha milandu motsatira lamulo la Dutch akufotokoza momwe njira yachizolowezi imafananira.

Cholakwika chachitatu: nthawi yolipira yomwe imanyalanyaza malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo

Zigawo zolipira nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa ngati kuti maguluwo akulemba patsamba lopanda kanthu. Sizili choncho. Pa mapangano a bizinesi ndi bizinesi, malamulo aku Europe ndi Dutch amalamulira kale kulipira mochedwa, ndipo gawo lomwe limasiyana ndi malamulo amenewo popanda kunena zimenezo limangobweretsa chisokonezo pa momwe malamulowo amagwirira ntchito.

Nthawi yolipira, chiwongola dzanja chamalonda chovomerezeka ndi ndalama zobweza

Lamulo la ku Ulaya loletsa kulipira mochedwa pazochitika zamalonda likugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Dutch Civil Code. Malamulo atatu ndi ofunika kwambiri. Ngati magulu agwirizana kuti palibe nthawi yolipira, malipiro ayenera kulipidwa mkati mwa masiku makumi atatu kuchokera pamene invoice yalandiridwa kapena katundu kapena ntchito, kaya pambuyo pake. Pakati pa mabizinesi nthawi yayitali ingavomerezedwe, koma Civil Code imaiika pa masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi pokhapokha ngati nthawi yayitali yavomerezedwa momveka bwino ndipo si yolungama kwa wobwereketsa; motsutsana ndi akuluakulu aboma, malirewo ndi masiku makumi atatu. Ndipo wobwereketsa akachedwa, chiwongola dzanja chamalonda chovomerezeka chimayendetsedwa ndi lamulo, popanda chikumbutso chofunikira.

Chiwongola dzanja cha malonda chovomerezeka sichifanana ndi chiwongola dzanja chalamulo chomwe chimagwira ntchito pazinthu zomwe sizili zamalonda. Ndi chokwera kwambiri, ndipo chiwongola dzanja cha theka lililonse la chaka chimakhazikitsidwa ndi boma ndikusindikizidwa; musalembe chiwongola dzanja mu mgwirizano pokhapokha ngati mukufuna kusintha chomwe chili chalamulo, ndipo onetsetsani kuti chiwongola dzanja cha panganocho ndi chokweradi, chifukwa chotsika chidzangonyalanyazidwa m'malo mwa lamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, wobwereketsa ali ndi ufulu wopeza ndalama zokhazikika zokhudzana ndi ndalama zosonkhanitsira ndalama zina popanda kufunikira kuzitsimikizira, zomwe zakhazikitsidwanso ndi lamulo.

Phunziro lolemba ndi losavuta. Fotokozani nthawi yomwe invoice ingatumizidwe, zomwe ziyenera kukhala nazo, nthawi yomwe malipiro ayenera kulipidwa, ndalama ziti komanso akaunti iti, komanso ngati chiwongola dzanja ndi chiwongola dzanja chamalonda chovomerezeka kapena chapamwamba. Kusamveka bwino monga kulipira mukamaliza ndiye gwero lodziwika bwino la mikangano yosonkhanitsa ndalama, chifukwa kumaliza ndi komwe magulu osiyanasiyana amatsutsana. Buku lathu lotsogolera momwe mungasainire pangano popanda nkhani zobisika zamalamulo limaphimba misampha yomwe ili m'zigawo zozungulira.

Chitetezo: kusunga umwini, zitsimikizo ndi malipiro pasadakhale

Lamulo la ku Netherlands limapatsa wogulitsa chiwongola dzanja champhamvu komanso chotsika mtengo chomwe mapangano ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi sagwiritsa ntchito. Kusunga umwini (eigendomsvoorbehoud) kumalola wogulitsa kusunga umwini wa katundu woperekedwa mpaka atalipira, ndipo zimapulumuka ku bankirapuse kwa wogula, kotero katunduyo akhoza kubwezedwanso kwa trustee m'malo moyikidwa ngati chopempha wamba. Iyenera kuvomerezedwa pasadakhale, makamaka m'mawu onse, ndipo iyenera kulembedwa mosamala: kusunga umwini kwa nthawi yayitali komwe kumaphimba zopempha zonse zomwe zimachokera ku ubalewu ndikovomerezeka pansi pa lamulo la ku Netherlands mkati mwa malire, pomwe gawo loti liwonjezere umwini wa katundu yemwe wakonzedwa kapena kusakanikirana nthawi zambiri siloyenera. Kugwira ntchito kwake motsutsana ndi katundu yemwe achoka ku Netherlands kumadalira lamulo la dziko lomwe katunduyo ali, lomwe ndi chifukwa chodziwira komwe katunduyo akupita.

Kupatula kusunga umwini, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi chitsimikizo cha banki, chitsimikizo cha kampani yayikulu, kalata yolembedwa ya ngongole, ndi malipiro otsatizana ndi zomwe zachitika kale. Malipiro apasadakhale ndi madipoziti ayenera kufotokoza momveka bwino ngati angabwezedwe komanso momwe zinthu zilili, chifukwa lamulo la ku Dutch lilibe lamulo losasinthika lomwe limapangitsa kuti ndalama zosungidwa zichotsedwe. Ngati cholinga chake ndi chakuti wogulitsa azisunga ndalamazo pochotsa, mgwirizano uyenera kunena zimenezo, ndipo uyenera kulembedwa ngati ndalama yokhazikika yochotsera osati ngati chilango, pazifukwa zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa. Ngati kulephera kwa mgwirizano wa mnzake kuli kokayikitsa, chiopsezo sichili chongopeka: kalozera wathu pa kulephera kwa mgwirizano wanu amafotokoza zomwe zimapulumuka kulephera kwa mgwirizano ndi zomwe sizingapulumuke.

Ndalama, kuwerengera ndalama ndi chiopsezo cha mitengo kwa nthawi yayitali

Mu mgwirizano womwe ukugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi, mtengo wake ndi wogawa chiopsezo monga momwe zilili ndi nambala. Tchulani ndalama imodzi ya akaunti ndi ndalama imodzi yolipira, ndipo tchulani amene ali ndi ndalama zosinthira ndi zolipiritsa za banki. Ngati chiopsezo cha ndalama zosinthira ndalama chiyenera kugawidwa, fotokozani mtengo wofotokozera, komwe kumachokera komanso nthawi ya tsiku yomwe imawerengedwa, chifukwa kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wofotokozera wa banki yayikulu ndi mtengo wamalonda ndi ndalama zenizeni pa invoice yayikulu.

Zigawo zofotokozera ziyenera kutchula chizindikiro chofalitsidwa, kutchula nthawi yoyambira, tsiku lowunikiranso ndi njira yake, ndi kunena zomwe zimachitika ngati chizindikirocho chisiya kufalitsidwa. Zigawo zotseguka zomwe zimalola gulu limodzi kusintha mitengo momwe lingaganizire ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa mabizinesi koma sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zanzeru komanso chilungamo zomwe lamulo la ku Netherlands limagwiritsa ntchito pa mgwirizano uliwonse, ndipo khothi lidzaziwerenga mofatsa. Chigawo chololeza kukambirananso ngati malire ofotokozedwa adutsa, ndi ufulu wothetsa pokhapokha ngati kukambirananso kwalephera, ndi cholimba kuposa chiganizo chopatsa gulu limodzi cholembera. Dziwaninso kuti malamulo oteteza ogula mu lamulo la mgwirizano la ku Netherlands ndi okhwima kwambiri pomwe gulu lina silikuchitapo kanthu pa bizinesi.

Cholakwika chachinayi: kutha ndi mphamvu yokakamiza yolembedwa pa chitsanzo cholakwika

Lamulo la ku Netherlands silili ndi lingaliro limodzi lokha lothetsa mlandu. Lili ndi zingapo, ndipo zili ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana komanso zotsatira zosiyana. Ma tempuleti olembedwa a dongosolo la malamulo wamba amawaika mu gawo limodzi, ndipo zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri sizikwaniritsa zomwe chipani chomwe chikuchifuna chikuyembekezera.

Kuchotsa kuphwanya lamulo kumafuna kuti munthu ayambe walephera

Kukana kuphwanya malamulo, kumangidwa, kumapezeka pansi pa Malamulo Achikhalidwe nthawi iliyonse pamene chipani chimodzi chalephera kuchita, pokhapokha ngati kulephera kuli kochepa kwambiri kuti kuvomereze. Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti, pamene kuchita bwino n'kotheka, chipani chinacho chiyenera kukhala chosakhulupirika, chovomerezeka, ndipo chosayenerera nthawi zambiri chimachitika pambuyo polemba chidziwitso cholephera (ingebrekestelling) chomwe chimapereka nthawi yoyenera yochitira. Kudumpha chidziwitso chimenecho ndi cholakwika chofala kwambiri pamikangano yamalonda ku Dutch, ndipo chimasintha mlandu wabwino kukhala woipa.

Pali zosiyana. Palibe chidziwitso chomwe chikufunika pamene nthawi yomaliza yomwe yavomerezedwa yadutsa, pamene ntchito yakhala yosatheka kwamuyaya, kapena pamene wobwereketsa wanena momveka bwino kuti siidzagwira ntchito. Pangano lingathenso kunena kuti kuphwanya malamulo ena kumapangitsa kuti mbali ina ikhale yosagwira ntchito yokha, ndipo kuchita zimenezi nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyenera mizere iwiri yomwe imafunika. Chomwe pangano silingachite mwanzeru ndikuwona kubweza ngati chinthu chomwe chimachitika potumiza imelo yoti panganolo lathetsedwa: zotsatira za kuletsa mgwirizano ndikuti mbali zonse ziwiri ziyenera kubweza zomwe zalandira, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimene mbali yomaliza ikufuna.

Kuthetsa ubale wopitilira

Pangano lopitilira kwa nthawi yosatha, duurovereenkomst, kwenikweni lingathe kuthetsedwa ndi chidziwitso ngakhale pamene panganolo silinena chilichonse chokhudza izi. Koma malamulo a milandu aku Dutch amapangitsa kuti ufuluwo ukhale wogwirizana ndi zofunikira za kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo: kutengera nthawi ya ubale, ndalama zomwe chipani china chapanga komanso kudalira kwake pa mgwirizano, khothi lingafune nthawi yayitali yodziwitsira, chifukwa chomveka, kapena chipukuta misozi. Wogulitsa amene wamanga msika kwa zaka zoposa khumi sangachotsedwe pa chidziwitso cha masiku makumi atatu chifukwa chakuti panganolo silinatchulidwe.

Yankho lake ndikuwongolera nthawi yodziwitsa. Konzani nthawi yodziwitsa momveka bwino, yolembedwa komanso njira yofotokozera yoperekera, tchulani zochitika zomwe zimalola kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo, ndikuchita zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake: malipiro a ntchito yomwe yachitika, kubweza zinthu ndi chinsinsi, kutha kwa maoda omwe alipo, ndi zigawo ziti zomwe zidakalipo. Buku lathu lotsogolera nthawi yothetsa ntchito ndi nthawi yodziwitsa limakhudza njira zomwe zikuchitika, ndipo panganoli liyenera kusiyanitsa bwino pakati pa kuchotsedwa ntchito kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso kuchotsedwa chifukwa cha kuphwanya lamulo kuti palibe chomwe chingachitike mwangozi m'malo mwa china.

Mphamvu yaikulu ndi zinthu zosayembekezereka

Malinga ndi Dutch Civil Code, kulephera kuchita bwino sikuli chifukwa cha wobwereketsa ngati sikuli chifukwa cha kulakwa kwake ndipo sikugwera pachiwopsezo chake motsatira lamulo, lamulo kapena machitidwe ovomerezeka. Izi ndi mphamvu yaikulu, overmacht. Zotsatira zake ndi zochepa koma zofunika: zimapatsa wobwereketsa ufulu wolipira ndalama zowonongeka, koma sizimangothetsa mgwirizano, ndipo winayo akhoza kubwezabe, chifukwa kubweza sikumafuna cholakwika.

Popeza lamulo lalamulo limakhudza kugawa chiopsezo, gawo la contract force majeure si zokongoletsera. Limafotokoza zomwe zili mkati mwa chiopsezo cha ndani, ndipo motero limasintha zotsatira zake. Pambuyo pa mliriwu, zilango ndi kugwedezeka kwa mitengo yamagetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa, mawu wamba okhudza zochitika zomwe sizingalamuliridwe ndi chipani sikokwanira. Tchulani zochitika: mliri ndi njira zomwe boma latenga poyankha, nkhondo ndi zilango, zoletsa kutumiza ndi kutumiza kunja, kuukira pa intaneti, kulephera kwa wogulitsa wodziwika bwino, kugundana, ndi nyengo yoipa. Tchulani nthawi ya zidziwitso, m'masiku osati masabata. Ikani udindo wochepetsa ndikuyambiranso magwiridwe antchito. Nenani zomwe ziyenera kupitilira panthawi yoyimitsidwa, makamaka ngati zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa zikugwira ntchito. Ndipo ikani nthawi yayitali: ngati magwiridwe antchito apitiliza kuyimitsidwa pambuyo pa masiku omwe agwirizana, gulu lililonse likhoza kutha.

Kuphatikiza pa mphamvu yaikulu, malamulo aku Dutch ali ndi njira yosiyana komanso yachilendo yothetsera mavuto osayembekezereka. Pa pempho la chipani, khothi lingasinthe zotsatira za mgwirizano kapena kuusiya, wonse kapena mbali yake, pamene pali zochitika zomwe maguluwo sanapereke ndipo zomwe zili zamtundu wakuti chipani china sichingayembekezere kuti mgwirizanowo usasinthidwe. Malire ake ndi okwera ndipo makhoti amaugwiritsa ntchito mochepa, koma ulipo, ndipo sungachotsedwe kwathunthu ndi mgwirizano. Chigawo chovuta chomwe chimapereka kukambirananso pa zifukwa zomveka ndi njira yabwino yowongolera chiopsezocho kuposa kunamizira kuti palibe.

Zilango zitha kuchepetsedwa ndi khothi

Chilango cha mgwirizano (boetebeding) chimagwira ntchito motsatira malamulo aku Dutch ndipo ndi chida chothandiza, makamaka pazachinsinsi komanso zosagwirizana ndi mpikisano pomwe kutayika kwenikweni kumakhala kovuta kuwerengera. Koma Malamulo Achikhalidwe amapatsa khothi mphamvu yochepetsera chilango ngati kugwiritsa ntchito gawoli kungabweretse zotsatira zosamveka bwino. Mphamvu imeneyo singachotsedwe mwa mgwirizano. Khothi Lalikulu lanena momveka bwino kuti iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda malire, ndipo khothi lidzayang'ana ubale pakati pa chilangocho ndi kuwonongeka kwenikweni, mtundu wa mgwirizano, mawu a gawoli ndi momwe limagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Zotsatira ziwiri zolembedwa zikutsatira. Choyamba, chilango chomwe chili ndi ubale wooneka ndi kuvulala komwe cholinga chake ndi kuletsa chidzapulumuka; nambala yozungulira yomwe yakhazikitsidwa pamlingo womwe palibe amene angatsutse sangavomereze. Chachiwiri, fotokozani ngati chilangocho chilowa m'malo mwa kuwonongeka kapena chikubweranso, chifukwa cholephera mwalamulo ndichakuti chilangocho chilowa m'malo mwa kuwonongeka ndipo magulu ambiri akufuna zosiyana. Gawo lomwelo liyenera kunena ngati kuchita bwino kungafunikebe pamodzi ndi chilangocho.

Mipingo ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa

Kuletsa ndi kuchotsa udindo pakati pa mabizinesi kumaloledwa ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands ndipo nthawi zonse kumatsatiridwa. Malirewo ndi lamulo loyenera kukhala loyenera komanso lolungama: gawo silingadaliridwe pamene kudalira sikungakhale kovomerezeka, ndipo makhothi nthawi zonse amakana kulola kuti kuchotsedwako kuteteze chipani ku cholinga chake kapena kusasamala kwake, komanso nthawi zambiri motsutsana ndi oyang'anira ake akuluakulu. Kuopsa kwa kuphwanya lamuloli, mtundu wa kuvulala, momwe chiopsezocho chinakhalira ndi inshuwaransi komanso momwe maguluwo adalumikizirana zonse zimathandizira pakuwunikaku. Chiletso cholumikizidwa ndi mtengo wa mgwirizano kapena ndalama zomwe zasungidwa, ndi magawo omwe maguluwo akufunadi kuchotsa pa chiletsocho, ndizotheka kwambiri kuposa kuchotsa udindo wonse.

Cholakwika chachisanu: malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe sizinakhalepo gawo la mgwirizano

Malamulo wamba ali ndi malire a udindo, kusunga umwini, nthawi zoletsa, gawo la ulamuliro ndi kusankha lamulo. Komanso ndi gawo la mgwirizano nthawi zambiri limasamaliridwa mosasamala. Pansi pa lamulo la Dutch, mafunso awiri amasankha ngati akugwira ntchito: omwe malamulo adapambana, ndipo adaperekedwa pa nthawi yake.

Nkhondo ya mawonekedwe: Malamulo aku Dutch akutsatira chithunzi choyamba

Pamene chipani chilichonse chikunena za mawu akeake, Dutch Civil Code imathetsa mkanganowo mwanjira yosazolowereka. Kutchulidwa kwachiwiri sikuli ndi mphamvu pokhapokha ngati kukana momveka bwino kuti mawu a chipani choyamba agwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwanjira ina, lamulo la Dutch limatsatira mfundo yoyamba: mawu omwe atchulidwa poyamba amagwira ntchito, pokhapokha ngati chipani chomwe chikuyankha chikuwakana momveka bwino, ndipo kungosindikiza malamulo ake kumbuyo kwa chitsimikiziro cha lamulo si kukana mwachindunji.

Izi ndi zosiyana ndi lamulo lomaliza lomwe limapezeka m'machitidwe ena ambiri, ndipo ndi losiyananso ndi zomwe zili mu Vienna Sales Convention, komwe yankho lokhala ndi mawu osiyana kwambiri ndi chopereka chotsutsa. Chifukwa chake kusinthana komweko kwa zikalata kumatha kupanga zotsatira zosiyana kutengera ngati CISG yachotsedwa. Yankho lothandiza ndi losavuta komanso loyenera kuwonjezeredwa mu njira yogulitsira: onani mawu anu mu chikalata choyamba chomwe mumatumiza, m'mawu omveka bwino, ndikukana momveka bwino mawu aliwonse a chipani china. Buku lathu lotsogolera kulemba mawu ndi zikhalidwe zonse limagwira ntchito kudzera mu mawu.

Kupereka malamulo oti agwiritsidwe ntchito musanayambe mgwirizano

Lamulo la ku Netherlands limafuna kuti wogwiritsa ntchito mawu wamba apatse mbali ina mwayi wokwanira wowaganizira, makamaka powapereka mgwirizano usanachitike kapena panthawi yomwe watha. Ngati zimenezo sizichitika, zigawozo zitha kutha, ndipo mbali ina ikhoza kusokoneza gawo lomwe wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amadalira. Kuyika malamulowo ku Chamber of Commerce kapena ku registry ya khothi, ndikutchula komwe angapezeke, ndi njira yobwezera milandu yomwe kupereka sikungatheke kwenikweni.

Pa mapangano omwe achitika pakompyuta, Malamulo Achikhalidwe amalola kuti mawuwo aperekedwe pakompyuta mgwirizano usanathe, mwanjira yomwe imalola munthu winayo kuwasunga ndikuwapeza pambuyo pake. Ulalo womwe uli pansi pa tsamba lawebusayiti siwokwanira wokha; ulalo womwe waperekedwa musanayike oda, mu mawonekedwe omwe angathe kutsitsidwa, nthawi zambiri ndi wokwanira. Mwachizolowezi, kuphatikiza mawuwo ngati PDF ku mawuwo ndikutchula mu imelo yophimba kumathetsa mfundo zambiri izi.

Kupatula komwe kumakhudza mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi

Palinso mfundo ina imene mapangano apadziko lonse nthawi zambiri amainyalanyaza. Dongosolo loteteza malinga ndi malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zili mu Dutch Civil Code siligwira ntchito pa mgwirizano pakati pa magulu omwe akuchita bizinesi kapena ntchito pomwe onse awiri sanakhazikitsidwe ku Netherlands. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti bizinesi yakunja yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi wogulitsa waku Dutch singagwiritse ntchito malamulo aku Dutch pazigawo zovuta kwambiri, ndipo udindo wake umadalira malamulo wamba a mgwirizano komanso pa kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo m'malo mwake. Kaya zimenezo zimathandiza kapena kuvulaza zimadalira mbali iti ya malonda anu, koma ziyenera kukhala chisankho chodziwikiratu osati chodabwitsa. Makampani akuluakulu aku Dutch omwe amapitirira malire a kukula kwa malamulo nawonso amachotsedwa m'zigawo za dongosolo loteteza.

Malamulo operekera katundu, Incoterms ndi kusamutsa umwini

Ma Incoterms ndi mawu odziwika bwino amalonda omwe amafalitsidwa ndi International Chamber of Commerce. Amagawa ndalama ndi chiopsezo cha mayendedwe, ndipo amanena kuti ndani amakonza galimoto, inshuwaransi, chilolezo chotumiza kunja ndi chilolezo chotumiza kunja. Sasamutsa umwini, sasankha lamulo loyenera, ndipo salowa m'malo mwa pangano logulitsa. Kope laposachedwa ndi Incoterms 2020, ndipo panganoli liyenera kunena choncho, chifukwa makope akale akadali kufalikira ndipo mawu ena asintha pakati pawo.

Kusankha lamulo loyenera

Cholakwika chofala kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti katundu wonyamula katundu m'sitima. Pansi pa FOB, chiopsezo chimadutsa katundu akamakwera sitimayo, koma chidebe nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa kwa wonyamula katunduyo pa siteshoni masiku angapo m'mbuyomu, zomwe zimasiya mpata wopanda inshuwaransi womwe palibe aliyense amene ali pachiwopsezo. Pa makontena, malamulo oyenera ndi FCA, kapena CPT ndi CIP pomwe wogulitsa amalipira kunyamula katundu ndipo, pansi pa CIP, inshuwalansi. Sungani FOB, CFR ndi CIF pa katundu wambiri komanso wolemera womwe umayikidwa m'sitimayo.

Tchulani malowo molondola. FCA yotsatiridwa ndi mzinda sikokwanira: tchulani malo ofikira katundu, malo osungira katundu kapena adilesi, chifukwa malo otchulidwawo amatsimikiza komwe ngozi imadutsa komanso amene amalipira ndalama zoyendetsera malo ofikira katundu kumapeto onse. EXW ikuyenera kusamala kwambiri, chifukwa imalimbikitsa wogula kuti amalize zochitika zotumizira katundu kunja kwa dziko la wogulitsa, zomwe wogula wakunja nthawi zambiri sangachite mwalamulo; FCA pamalo a wogulitsayo imapeza zotsatira zofanana zamalonda popanda vuto limenelo. DDP ndi chithunzi chowonekera: imapangitsa wogulitsayo kukhala ndi udindo wochotsa katundu kunja, misonkho ndi VAT yolowera kunja m'dziko la wogula, zomwe zimafuna kukhalapo kapena woimira ndalama kumeneko ndipo nthawi zonse zimavomerezedwa ndi ogulitsa omwe sanayang'ane ngati angathe kuchita zimenezo. Pamene katundu amayenda pamsewu mkati mwa Europe, CMR Convention imagwira ntchito pa mgwirizano wa galimoto ndipo imakhazikitsa malire ake ndi nthawi yake, ndipo kalozera wathu wa CMR Convention for International Road Transportation umafotokoza momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi mgwirizano wogulitsa.

Ufulu wa mwini nyumba umadutsa motsatira malamulo a dziko, osati motsatira malamulo a Incoterms

Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, umwini wa katundu wosunthika umaperekedwa motsatira umwini wovomerezeka, ndi wosintha katundu yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zogulitsa. Chifukwa chake, chiopsezo ndi umwini ndi nkhani zosiyana, ndipo pangano lomwe limalamulira chimodzi ndikunyalanyaza chinacho silikwanira. Apa ndi pomwe kusunga umwini kuli koyenera: kumachedwetsa kusamutsa umwini mpaka kulipira pomwe Incoterm ikusiya chiopsezo poyenda. Zolembedwa mu mgwirizano wogulitsa pamene umwini umadutsa, pamene chiopsezo chimadutsa, ndani amateteza katunduyo ndi ndalama zingati, komanso njira yowunikira ndi madandaulo ili yotani akafika, kuphatikiza nthawi yomwe wogula ayenera kupereka chidziwitso cha zolakwika.

Chinsinsi, katundu wanzeru ndi zambiri zaumwini

Lamulo la ku Netherlands silipereka udindo waukulu wosunga chinsinsi kwa anthu amalonda omwe ali kunja kwa ubale winawake, kotero chinsinsi chiyenera kupangidwa ndi mgwirizano. Gawo logwira ntchito limafotokoza zomwe zili zachinsinsi m'gulu osati kulemba zikalata, limafotokoza cholinga chololedwa, limatchula anthu omwe aloledwa kuulula ndipo limakakamiza wolandirayo kuti awamangirire, limafotokoza nthawi yomwe udindowo umatenga mgwirizano utatha, komanso limafotokoza za kubweza kapena kuwononga zinthuzo. Kuyika chilango pa udindowo ndikwachibadwa, chifukwa chomwe chaperekedwa pamwambapa: kutsimikizira kutayika chifukwa cha kutayikira kuli pafupi kotheka. Zinsinsi zamalonda zimatetezedwanso ndi malamulo motsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la zinsinsi zamalonda ku Europe ku Netherlands, koma pokhapokha ngati mwiniwakeyo watenga njira zoyenera kuti asunge chidziwitsocho mwachinsinsi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mgwirizanowo uyenera kufananizidwa ndi zowongolera zenizeni zopezera. Buku lathu la mgwirizano wosawulula limafotokoza kapangidwe kake.

Katundu wanzeru satumizidwa chifukwa chakuti walipidwa. Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, ufulu wa olemba ndi ufulu wina wopangidwa ndi kontrakitala umakhalabe ndi kontrakitala pokhapokha atapatsidwa ntchito, ndipo kupatsidwa ufulu wa olemba kumafuna chikalata. Ufulu wopangidwa ndi wantchito pogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa kwa olemba ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo, koma lamuloli siligwira ntchito kwa odziyimira pawokha kapena kwa makontrakitala ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa chake, pangano lapadziko lonse lapansi liyenera kunena kuti ndani ali ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo kale, ndani ali ndi zomwe zapangidwa kumene, chilolezo chomwe chipani chilichonse chimalandira kuposa zinthu zakale za mnzake, komanso m'madera ati. Ufulu wa wolemba sungaperekedwe motsatira lamulo la ku Dutch, ngakhale kuti ukhoza kuchotsedwa pamlingo wochepa. Ngati ufulu wa chipani chachitatu ungaphwanyidwe, perekani chitetezo ndi chiwongola dzanja mwachindunji, ndikuchiletsa. Katswiri wathu wazinthu zanzeru amatha kuwonanso kugawa asanasainidwe, ndipo pangano la ntchito za IT makamaka limafunikira chilolezo ndi ma source code olembedwa.

Pamene deta yaumwini yadutsa malire, General Data Protection Regulation imagwira ntchito pokonza detayo mosasamala kanthu za lamulo losankhidwa pa mgwirizano. Ngati gulu limodzi likukonza deta yaumwini m'malo mwa lina, mgwirizano wokonza deta ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Lamuloli ndi wofunikira, ndipo kusamutsa kumayiko akunja kwa European Economic Area kumafuna maziko alamulo, nthawi zambiri zigawo zokhazikika za mgwirizano pamodzi ndi kuwunika kwa zotsatira za kusamutsa deta. Gawo lachinsinsi sililowa m'malo mwa zonsezi.

Kusaina: ulamuliro, machitidwe ndi masaini apakompyuta

Pangano losainidwa ndi munthu wopanda chilolezo silimangirira kampaniyo pokhapokha ngati kampaniyo yapanga mawonekedwe a ulamuliro kapena pambuyo pake kuvomereza. Kwa mnzake waku Netherlands, ulamuliro ndi nkhani ya mbiri ya anthu onse: kaundula wamalonda wosungidwa ndi Chamber of Commerce umasonyeza owongolera ndi zoletsa zilizonse zolembetsedwa pa mphamvu zawo zosainira, ndipo munthu wachitatu amene akuchita zinthu mwachikhulupiriro nthawi zambiri amatetezedwa ku mfundo zomwe ziyenera kuti zinalembetsedwa koma sizinalembedwe. Kuyang'ana kaundula musanasainire sikuwononga ndalama ndipo kumathetsa funsoli. Kwa mnzake wakunja, funsani chigamulo cha bungwe kapena mphamvu ya loya, komanso chotsitsa chofanana cha kaundula.

Mapangano ambiri amalonda safuna mtundu winawake malinga ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands, koma ena amafuna. Kusamutsa katundu wolembetsedwa kumafuna chikalata cha notarial ndi kulembetsa; kupereka ufulu wa olemba ndi kusamutsa magawo mu kampani yachinsinsi ya ku Netherlands kumafunanso chikalata chaukwati. Chigawo chosapikisana mu mgwirizano wantchito chiyenera kukhala cholembedwa. Ngati mwambo waperekedwa ndipo sutsatiridwa, lamuloli siligwira ntchito, ndipo palibe mgwirizano uliwonse womwe ungakonzedwe.

Ma siginecha apakompyuta amalamulidwa ndi lamulo la eIDAS, lomwe limagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku Netherlands, pamodzi ndi lamulo la Civil Code lomwe limafanana ndi siginecha yamagetsi ndi yolembedwa pamanja pomwe njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yodalirika mokwanira poganizira cholinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Siginecha yamagetsi yoyenerera ili ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi siginecha yolembedwa pamanja pogwiritsa ntchito lamuloli. Pa mgwirizano wamtengo wapatali wodutsa malire, kudalirika kwa njirayo ndikofunikira kwambiri: gwiritsani ntchito siginecha yoyenerera kapena yapamwamba yokhala ndi njira yowunikira, tchulani mu mgwirizano kuti kusaina kwamagetsi kwavomerezedwa, ndikusunga fayilo yosainidwayo ndi zambiri zake zotsimikizira.

Ma tempuleti, kusintha ndi nthawi yowunikira

Chitsanzo ndi mndandanda wa zinthu, osati pangano. Chimasunga nthawi pa kapangidwe kake ndipo chimakukumbutsani za zigawo zomwe mukanaziiwala, ndipo ndi zoopsa pachifukwa chomwecho: chimapanga chikalata chomwe chikuwoneka ngati chatha. Zigawo zomwe zimagamula milandu, kufotokozera zomwe zikuperekedwa, njira yogulira, njira yovomerezeka, malire a udindo ndi gawo la mkangano, ndi zomwe chitsanzo sichingathe kuzidzaza.

Yambani ndi malonda. Fotokozani katundu kapena ntchito ndi njira zoyezera, kuchuluka, zidziwitso zaukadaulo, kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zovomerezeka ndi njira zowunikira; pa ntchito, fotokozani muyezo, momwe magwiridwe antchito amayezeredwera ndi zomwe zimachitika zikalephera. Lumikizani zomwe zaperekedwa ku masiku ndi kumanga mu njira yosinthira yomwe ikunena omwe angapemphe kusintha, omwe ayenera kuvomereza, ndi momwe zimakhalira mtengo, chifukwa kusintha kwa malo popanda njira ndi komwe mapangano amitengo yokhazikika amasanduka mikangano. Buku lathu lotsogolera njira yokambirana za mgwirizano limakambirana momwe tingagwirire ntchito mzerewo mu zokambirana, ndipo mapangidwe enieni amasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano: mgwirizano wopereka , mgwirizano wotumizira katundu , mgwirizano wa franchise ndi mgwirizano wotenga nawo mbali chilichonse chimakhala ndi malamulo ake ofunikira komanso misampha yawo yokhazikika.

Mapangano nawonso amakalamba. Kusintha kwa malamulo, mndandanda wa zilango umasinthasintha, mndandanda wa zizindikiro umathetsedwa, anthu otchulidwa mu gawo la chidziwitso amachoka. Unikani mapangano a nthawi yayitali chaka chilichonse motsutsana ndi mndandanda waufupi: kodi lamulo loyenera kapena malo olamulira asintha, kodi malipiro ndi mitengo akadali malonda, kodi mawu otumizira akadali a Incoterms omwe alipo, kodi ma adilesi a chidziwitso ndi olondola, ndipo kodi malire a ngongole akadali ndi ubale ndi mtengo womwe uli pachiwopsezo? Sungani zoyambirira zosainidwa pamalo amodzi, ndi mawu onse omwe adalumikizidwa panthawiyo, chifukwa pamkangano mtundu womwe udagwiritsidwa ntchito patsiku la mgwirizano ndi wokhawo womwe uli wofunika.

Zoyenera kuchita musanasainire

Musanasayine pangano lazamalonda lapadziko lonse, yankhani mafunso asanu molemba. Ndi lamulo liti lomwe limayang'anira, ndipo ndi Vienna Sales Convention mkati kapena kunja? Ndi forum iti yomwe imasankha, ndipo kodi chisankho chake chingagwiritsidwe ntchito komwe katundu wa chipani china ali. Kodi malipiro amaperekedwa liti, chiwongola dzanja chotani ndi chikole chotani chomwe chikugwira ntchito? Kodi panganoli limatha bwanji, ndi chiyani chomwe chimapulumuka kutha kwake? Ndipo ndi mawu ati omwe amagwira ntchito, ndipo adaperekedwa panthawi yake kuti akhale gawo la panganoli. Ngati mungathe kuyankha mafunso asanu amenewo kuchokera pa chikalatacho, panganoli lidzapulumuka zambiri zomwe moyo wamalonda umachita kwa ilo.

Yesetsani kuti muwunikenso musanasainire m'malo mopereka invoice yoyamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito loya wa mgwirizano pa nthawi yomaliza kumawononga ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimafunika kukangana za gawo lomwe silinasinthidwe kuti ligwirizane ndi mgwirizanowu, ndipo ndi pamene kugawa chiopsezo kungasinthidwe.

Law & More imalangiza mabizinesi aku Dutch ndi mayiko ena pa kulemba, kuwunikanso ndikukambirana mapangano amalonda odutsa malire, malinga ndi malamulo ndi zikhalidwe, komanso pa mikangano yomwe imabwera ikalephera, kuyambira kusankha malamulo ndi malo ochitira misonkhano mpaka kukhazikitsa malamulo. Ngati mukukonzekera mgwirizano wapadziko lonse kapena kuchita ndi mnzake yemwe sakugwira ntchito, maloya athu adzawunikanso zikalatazo ndikulongosola zomwe mungachite. Chonde titumizireni uthenga kuti tikambirane za vuto lanu, kapena werengani zambiri zathu. malangizo azamalamulo kwa mabizinesi ndi malangizo a malamulo a makampani.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI

Mafunso omwe ali pansipa akukhudzana ndi nkhani zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri bizinesi ya ku Netherlands ikachita mgwirizano kudutsa malire: chilankhulo ndi kutanthauzira, chiopsezo cha ndalama, kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe pakukambirana, zigawo zothetsera mikangano, ndi katundu wanzeru.

Zolakwika izi makamaka ndi funso loti ndani amalemba ndikuwunikanso; onani njira zathu zosankhira kampani ya zamalamulo yaku Netherlands kuti igwire ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi.