Mabanja apadziko lonse lapansi ndi ana aku Dutch: ndi khoti liti la ku Dutch lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wake

Kaya khoti la ku Netherlands lingasankhe mwana wanu kumadalira funso limodzi lokha: komwe mwanayo anali kukhala tsiku lomwe khotilo linagwidwa. Mayeso amenewo akuchokera ku Art. 7 ya Regulation (EU) 2019/1111, yomwe imadziwika kuti Brussels II ter, yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa milandu yomwe inayamba pa 1 Ogasiti 2022 kapena pambuyo pake ndipo inalowa m'malo mwa Brussels II bis Regulation yakale. Ufulu, wokha, supatsa khoti la ku Netherlands ulamuliro pa mwana, ndipo adilesi yomwe ili m'gulu la anthu aku Netherlands siilembedwa.

Lamulo limodzi limenelo limasankha milandu yambiri, koma si nkhani yonse. Ulamuliro pa chisudzulo umatsatira mfundo zosiyana ndi ulamuliro pa ana, ndipo kusamalira ana kumatsatiranso gawo lachitatu, kotero n'zachibadwa kuti makhoti awiri m'maiko awiri azigwira ntchito ndi banja limodzi nthawi imodzi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza malamulo omwe amagwira ntchito pa funso liti, khoti liti la ku Netherlands lomwe mumapitako, ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati chigamulo chiyenera kuwoloka malire.

Kukhala m'nyumba mwachizolowezi: lamulo lomwe limasankha milandu yambiri

Kukhala m'nyumba mwachizolowezi ndi lingaliro lenileni, osati lovomerezeka. Khoti Loona za Ufulu la European Union limafotokoza kuti ndi malo omwe amasonyeza kuti mwana wagwirizana ndi anthu ena m'malo ochezera komanso m'banja, ndipo makhoti aku Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso amenewo poyang'ana nthawi yomwe mwanayo wakhala pano, zifukwa zomwe wakhala, kupita kusukulu, chilankhulo, kulembetsa zachipatala, komwe banja ndi gulu la anthu zili, komanso zolinga za makolo pamene anasamuka. Kulembetsa mu Basisregistratie Personen ndi umboni, osati umboni.

Nthawi yofunika ndi nthawi yomwe khoti lagwidwa, ndipo pa milandu ya mabanja aku Dutch ndi tsiku lomwe pempholi laperekedwa. Chisankho pambuyo pa tsiku limenelo sichichotsa ulamuliro: khoti limasunga nthawi ya milandu isanakwane. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi yopereka chikalata nthawi zambiri imasankha komwe mkangano wa m'banja udzamenyedwere, komanso chifukwa chake upangiri wokhudza kusunga ana m'malire ndi wofunikira kuperekedwa kholo limodzi lisanatuluke mdzikolo, osati kholo limodzi litachoka mdzikolo.

Ngati palibe malo okhala mwachizolowezi, mwachitsanzo ndi banja lomwe langofika kumene kapena mwana wothawa kwawo, gawo 11 la Lamuloli limalola khoti la Dziko Lalikulu komwe mwanayo alipo kutenga ulamuliro. Kunja kwa European Union, chida chofanana ndi ichi ndi Msonkhano wa Chitetezo cha Ana wa ku Hague wa 1996, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chomwecho cholumikizirana chokhala mwachizolowezi mu gawo 5 ndipo chomwe Netherlands imagwiritsa ntchito pokhudzana ndi mayiko omwe si a EU omwe agwirizana.

Khoti la ku Dutch likhoza kuchitapo kanthu ngakhale mwanayo akukhala kwina

Pali njira zitatu, ndipo zonse zitatu ndi zopapatiza kuposa momwe makolo amayembekezera.

Choyamba ndi kusankha khoti. Mosiyana ndi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa, magulu awiriwa angagwirizane pa ulamuliro pankhani ya udindo wa makolo . Gawo 10 la Brussels II limalola pamene mwana ali ndi mgwirizano waukulu ndi Dziko lomwe Membala wasankhidwa, nthawi zambiri chifukwa chakuti kholo nthawi zambiri limakhala kumeneko kapena mwanayo ndi nzika yake, pomwe mgwirizano umalembedwa mosachedwa kwambiri panthawi yomwe khotilo lagwidwa, komanso pomwe chisankhocho chili chokomera mwana. Khotilo likhoza ndipo limakana chisankho chomwe sichili cholondola. Ndi njira yeniyeni kwa banja lomwe lachoka ku Netherlands koma lasunga malo ake ofunikira pano, ndipo ndiyo njira yokhayo yodalirika yosungira milandu pamalo amodzi.

Chachiwiri ndi changu. Malinga ndi gawo 15 la Lamulo, khothi la ku Netherlands lingatenge njira zokhazikika, kuphatikizapo zoteteza, pankhani ya mwana yemwe ali ku Netherlands ngakhale kuti dziko lina lomwe lili ndi udindo pazifukwa zake. Mwachidule, izi zimachitika kudzera mu ndondomeko yachidule isanachitike voorzieningenrechter kapena kudzera mu lamulo lokhazikika pazochitika zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa. Njirazi zimatha khothi lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu litachitapo kanthu; amagula chitetezo, osati malo ochitira misonkhano.

Chachitatu ndi kusamutsa. Gawo 12 ndi 13 limalola khoti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro kusamutsa mlanduwo kukhoti la Dziko lina lomwe lili ndi ufulu womvera, ndikupempha kusamutsa mlanduwo, komwe mwanayo ali ndi mgwirizano wapadera ndi boma limenelo ndipo kusamutsako kuli kopindulitsa kwa mwana. Kusamutsa kumafuna mgwirizano wa khoti lina ndipo si njira yothetsera vuto yomwe kholo lingafune. Gawo 9 likuwonjezera kupitiriza kochepa kwa ulamuliro m'boma lomwe kale linkakhala kwa miyezi itatu pambuyo pa kusamutsidwa mwalamulo, komanso kokha kusintha ufulu wolowera.

Ulamuliro pa chisudzulo ndi nkhani yosiyana

Zifukwa za ulamuliro wa chisudzulo zili mu gawo lachitatu la Brussels II ndipo ndi njira zina, osati ulamuliro. Khothi la ku Netherlands lingamve nkhani ya chisudzulo pomwe okwatirana onse amakhala kuno nthawi zonse, komwe anali okhala kuno nthawi zonse ndipo wina akadalipo, komwe wofunsidwayo amakhala kuno nthawi zonse, komwe okwatiranawo amapempha limodzi ndipo mmodzi wa iwo amakhala kuno nthawi zonse, komwe wopemphayo wakhala kuno nthawi zonse kwa chaka chimodzi asanapemphe, komwe wopemphayo wakhala kuno nthawi zonse kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo ndi nzika ya ku Netherlands, kapena komwe okwatirana onse awiri ndi nzika ya ku Netherlands.

Zotsatira ziwiri zimatsatira. Makhothi angapo m'maiko angapo akhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu nthawi imodzi, ndipo lamulo lomwe limathetsa vutoli ndi lakuti: khothi lomwe lagwidwa lachiwiri liyenera kuyimitsa milandu yake, ndipo khothi loyamba likakhazikitsa ulamuliro, lisiye. Ndicho chimene chili kumbuyo kwa mpikisano wopita kukhothi pakusudzulana kwapadziko lonse , ndipo ndichifukwa chake tsiku lopereka mlandu ndi lofunika kwambiri kuposa zomwe zili pagawoli. Ndipo dziko limodzi la ku Netherlands silikwanira lokha: nzika ya ku Netherlands yokhala kunja ndi mkazi wakunja imafunika kukhala kuno kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi isanapereke mlandu.

Ulamuliro pa chisudzulo sukunena chilichonse chokhudza lamulo lomwe khothi lidzagwiritse ntchito. Dziko la Netherlands silitenga nawo mbali mu lamulo la Rome III pa lamulo lokhudzana ndi chisudzulo; lamulo loyenera limatsimikiziridwa ndi art. 10:56 ya Dutch Civil Code, yomwe lamulo la Dutch limagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati okwatiranawo asankha limodzi lamulo la dziko limodzi. Chifukwa chake, khothi la Dutch lingathe kuthetsa ukwati motsatira lamulo la Dutch ngakhale kuti palibe mbali yomwe yakhalapo kuno kwa nthawi yayitali. Pa udindo wa makolo, lamulo loyenera limatsatira art. 15 ya 1996 Hague Convention, yomwe ulamuliro womwe uli ndi ulamuliro umagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lake, kotero khothi la Dutch lomwe likuganiza za mwana wanu limagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la banja la Dutch.

Kusamalira kumatsatira malamulo akeake

Ndalama zothandizira ana ndi zothandizira mwamuna kapena mkazi sizikulamulidwa ndi Brussels II konse. Zili pansi pa Maintenance Regulation, Regulation (EC) No 4/2009, yomwe imapereka ulamuliro ku khoti la komwe wobwereketsa kapena wotsutsidwa amakhala nthawi zonse, komanso ku khoti lomwe limayang'anira chisudzulo kapena udindo wa kholo pamene pempho la chisamaliro likugwirizana nalo. Lamulo logwira ntchito limachokera ku 2007 Hague Protocol, yomwe kwenikweni imasonyeza lamulo la boma komwe wobwereketsa amakhala nthawi zonse.

Zotsatira zake ndizofunikira kuzifotokoza momveka bwino, chifukwa zimadabwitsa anthu: n'zotheka kuti khoti la ku Netherlands lilole chisudzulo ndikusankha njira zosamalira pamene khoti lakunja limakhazikitsa chisamaliro . Pamene khoti la ku Netherlands limasankha chisamaliro, limagwira ntchito kuchokera ku ndalama za makolo onse awiri komanso zosowa za mwana, pogwiritsa ntchito malangizo omwe banja limadziweruza lokha limafalitsa ndikusintha. Zisankho zosamalira zimafalikira mkati mwa EU popanda kulengeza kulikonse kokakamiza komwe dziko lomwe linachokera limamangidwa ndi Protocol ya 2007.

Ndi khoti liti la ku Dutch, pamene Netherlands idzakhala ndi mphamvu

Ulamuliro wapadziko lonse ndi mphamvu zamkati ndi magawo awiri osiyana. Dziko la Netherlands likadzakhala ndi mphamvu, gawo 265 la Malamulo a Milandu ya Milandu limapereka madandaulo okhudza ana aang'ono ku khoti la chigawo cha komwe mwana wakhanda amakhala, ndipo ngati satero ndiye komwe amakhala. Dziko la Netherlands lili ndi makhoti khumi ndi limodzi a chigawo ndi makhoti anayi a apilo.

Nkhani ziwiri zikukambidwa kwambiri ndipo ndi kulakwitsa kuzipereka kwina kulikonse. Milandu yapadziko lonse yokhudza kuba ana motsatira Msonkhano wa Hague wa 1980 imapita ku Khoti Lalikulu la The Hague lokha, ndipo apilo ku Khoti Loona za Apilo ku The Hague, ndipo chigamulo chokhudza apilo sichiloledwa kuti apilonso ichitike. Mapempho okhudza ana omwe palibe khoti la ku Netherlands lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zolamulira madera motsatira malamulo wamba amatheranso ku The Hague.

Khotilo limafufuza ulamuliro wake lisanayang'ane mfundo zake, ndipo limachita zimenezo lokha. Ngati lipeza kuti silili ndi ulamuliro, lidzadzilengeza lokha popanda ulamuliro, ndipo mphamvu ya mlandu wanu pa umboni wake sizisintha chilichonse. Chigamulo cha ulamuliro chikhoza kupitsidwira kukhoti la apilo mkati mwa nthawi yanthawi zonse kuti pakhale mapempho a banja, ndipo mfundo yotanthauzira ikhoza kufika ku Hoge Raad , yomwe imalamulira pa lamulo osati pa zoona zake. Chifukwa mafunsowa amakhudza zida za ku Ulaya, Hoge Raad ikhoza kutumiza funso lotanthauzira ku Khoti Lachilungamo.

Zimene khoti la ku Netherlands lidzagamula pankhani ya ana

Ngati khoti la ku Netherlands lili ndi ulamuliro, makolo omwe asudzulana ayenera kupereka dongosolo la kulera ana limodzi ndi pempholi. Liyenera kufotokoza momwe chisamaliro ndi kulera zimagawidwira, momwe makolo azidziwitsana ndikukambirana, komanso momwe ndalama za ana zimagawidwira. Ndi lamulo, osati mwambo: pempho lopanda limodzi lingaganizidwe kuti silingavomerezedwe, ngakhale kuti khoti nthawi zambiri limapatsa makolo mwayi wokonza zomwe zasiyidwazo.

Ulamuliro wa makolo ogwirizana umapitirira pambuyo pa chisudzulo monga mwa lamulo. Kuthetsa vutoli ndikwapadera ndipo kumafuna kuti khothi lipeze chiopsezo chosavomerezeka chakuti mwanayo angatsekeredwe pakati pa makolo popanda chiyembekezo choti zinthu zisinthe, kapena kuti ndi kofunikira pa zofuna za mwana. Chiwopsezo chimenecho ndi chachikulu ndipo sichimakwaniritsidwa ndi kulankhulana kosayenera kokha. Pamene ulamuliro wa makolo umagawidwa, kusamukira kunja ndi mwana kumafunika chilolezo cha kholo lina kapena, ngati sichoncho, kuchoka kukhoti.

Ana a zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kapena kuposerapo amapatsidwa mwayi womvedwa milandu yokhudza iwo, ndipo ana aang'ono angamvedwe pamene khoti likuona kuti n'koyenera. Khotilo limasankha zofuna za mwanayo, zomwe ndi muyezo osati njira, ndipo lidzayesa kupitiriza kwa chisamaliro, ubale ndi kholo lililonse, ndi zenizeni zenizeni za mtunda ndi mtengo mu dongosolo lolera ana limodzi.

Kuzindikira ndi kukakamiza kudutsa malire

Lamulo la Brussels II linasintha kwambiri izi, ndipo malangizo omwe adalembedwa isanafike Ogasiti 2022 sakusonyeza kuti mpaka liti. Zisankho pankhani zaukwati ndi za udindo wa makolo zomwe zimaperekedwa m'dziko limodzi la mamembala zimavomerezedwa m'dziko lina popanda njira yapadera, ndipo kufunika kwa chilengezo chokakamiza kwathetsedwa paziganizo zonsezi, osati kungofuna ufulu wopeza ndi malamulo obwezera monga momwe zinalili ndi lamulo lapitalo. Chomwe mukufuna ndi chisankho, kumasulira komwe kukufunika, ndi satifiketi yoperekedwa ndi khoti lochokera. Kukakamiza kokha kumatsatira lamulo la boma komwe kumachitika.

Kuvomereza kungakanidwebe, ndipo zifukwa zake ndi zochepa: kusagwirizana ndi mfundo za boma, poganizira zofuna za mwana; chisankho choperekedwa mosavomerezeka pomwe chikalata choyambitsa mlandu sichinaperekedwe pa nthawi yake kuti akonze chitetezo; kulephera kupatsa mwana mwayi womvedwa; komanso kusagwirizana ndi chigamulo chomwe chingachitike pambuyo pake. Kholo lomwe likufuna kukana kuvomereza liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zifukwa izi; khothi siliziyesa lokha.

Kunja kwa European Union, nkhaniyi ndi yosiyana ndipo si yodziwikiratu. Chigamulo chochokera ku dziko lomwe si la EU chimavomerezedwa ku Netherlands pokhapokha ngati pali pangano kapena, popanda pangano, pazifukwa zomwe Hoge Raad adakhazikitsa: khothi lakunja linatenga ulamuliro pamaziko ovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi, milandu inali yolungama, chigamulocho ndi chomaliza, ndipo kuvomereza sikutsutsana ndi mfundo za boma la Dutch. Pamene zikhalidwezi zakwaniritsidwa, khothi la Dutch silidzawunikanso ubwino wake. Nkhani zathu zokhudza kuzindikira ndi kukakamiza zigamulo zakunja , zokhudza kukakamiza chigamulo chakunja pano komanso kuzindikira kusudzulana kwakunja zimafotokoza momwe mayesowo amagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Kubedwa kwa ana: kusiyana komwe kumachitika mwachangu kwambiri

Ngati mwana wachotsedwa kapena kusungidwa kunja kwa dziko lomwe amakhala mozolowereka pophwanya ufulu wosunga mwana, Pangano la Hague la 1980 likugwira ntchito, lomwe lalimbikitsidwa mu EU ndi Brussels II ter. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti ufulu ndi wa makhoti a dziko lomwe amakhalamo mozolowereka ndipo mwanayo ayenera kubwezedwa kumeneko mwachangu, kuti mkangano wosunga mwana uthetsedwe pamalo oyenera osati ndi kholo lomwe linasamuka poyamba.

Nthawi yomaliza ndi yochepa. Lamuloli limafuna kuti mlandu uliwonse uchitepo kanthu mwachangu, makamaka mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Kubweza mlandu kungakanidwe pazifukwa zochepa, zomwe zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chakuti kubweza mlandu kungawononge mwanayo mwakuthupi kapena m'maganizo kapena kumuika mwanayo mumkhalidwe wosapiririka. Ngakhale zili choncho, khothi la boma lopemphedwa silingakane kubweza mlandu komwe kwakonzedwa mokwanira kuti mwana atetezedwe akabwezedwa, ndipo khothi la boma lomwe amakhala nthawi zonse limasunga mawu omaliza kudzera mu njira yomwe Lamuloli limapereka. Milandu imadutsa mu Centrale Autoriteit Internationale Kinderaangelegenheden ndipo imayang'aniridwa ku The Hague.

Mfundo zothandiza mabanja apadziko lonse lapansi

Popeza kukhala komwe mumakhala nthawi zonse kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo zenizeni, pangani fayiloyo musanayifune. Kulembetsa kusukulu, kulembetsa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo, chikalata cholembera lendi kapena kugula, kalata yolembera abwana, kulembetsa kwa boma, ndi umboni wa nthawi yomwe zonsezi zinayambira zidzakhazikika patsamba lomwe mkangano sungathe. Zikalata zobadwa zakunja, ziphaso zaukwati ndi zigamulo zakale za khothi nthawi zambiri ziyenera kukhala zovomerezeka kapena kukhala ndi apostille, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumasulira kolumbira kumafunika; zonsezi zimatenga nthawi yomwe tsiku lomaliza la milungu isanu ndi umodzi silingalole.

Kuthetsa mkangano kumafunika chisamaliro chachikulu kuposa momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri pankhaniyi, osati pazifukwa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa. Makolo angavomereze pa msonkhano komanso pa mfundo zake, ndipo kusankha kolembedwa kwa khothi kopangidwa milandu isanayambe ndi njira imodzi yopewera milandu iwiri m'maiko awiri. Ngati mgwirizano wafikiridwa, ulembedwe mu lamulo la khothi kuti ugwire ntchito; mgwirizano wachinsinsi ndi mgwirizano, osati dzina la mwiniwake.

Mawu onena za dziko la Dutch, popeza ndi kusamvetsetsana komwe timakumana nako kwambiri. Dziko la Dutch limapatsa mwana ndi kholo zambiri, koma silipatsa khoti la Dutch mphamvu pa mwana wokhala kunja. Makolo awiri a ku Dutch omwe amakhala ku Spain ndi mwana wokhala kumeneko nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti khoti la Spain ndi loyenera, ndipo yankho lake si kusuma ku Netherlands ndikuyembekeza. Ndi kuvomereza kusankha khoti pamene zimenezo zikadali zotheka, kapena kulandira uphungu kudziko lomwe mwanayo amakhala. Pamene kholo lina siligwirizana, ndipo dongosolo lomwe lilipo silikutsatiridwa , njira yokakamiza nthawi zambiri imadutsanso m'dzikolo.

Bwanji Law and More zingathandize

Gulu lathu la zamalamulo a mabanja limalangiza khothi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu lisanaperekedwe chilichonse, limabweretsa ndikuteteza milandu yokhudza udindo wa makolo, makonzedwe osamalira ndi kusamalira, limasamalira milandu yobedwa ndi kubweza ana ku The Hague, ndipo limagwira ntchito ndi maloya akunja komwe kuli ulamuliro wachiwiri. Ngati mukukumana ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi munthu wakunja, kukambirana koyamba kuyenera kukhala kokhudza bwaloli, chifukwa chisankho chimenecho chimaumba chilichonse chotsatira. Mutha kufikira maloya athu a mabanja mwachindunji, ndikuwerenga zambiri mu chidule chathu cha chisudzulo ndi munthu wakunja komanso kusunga ana motsatira malamulo aku Dutch.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI

Makhothi aku Netherlands amatsatira malamulo enieni kuti asankhe ngati angathe kumvetsera mlandu wadziko lonse wokhudza mabanja. Kumene ana amakhala nthawi zonse, komanso nthawi yomwe pempholi linaperekedwa, ndi mfundo ziwiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawakhudza.