Kunyamula kapena kusunga ndalama kunyumba sikoletsedwa. Komabe ndalama zambiri zimakopa chidwi cha apolisi, akuluakulu a kasitomu, ndi apolisi. Pakafukufuku wa milandu, si zachilendo kuti ndalama zigwidwe - nthawi zina ngakhale munthu amene akunyamulayo si wokayikiridwa.
Izi zikubweretsa mafunso ambiri: kodi apolisi angangotenga ndalama zanu? Kodi muli ndi ufulu wotani pamene ndalama zanu zosungidwa kapena bizinesi yanu zalandidwa? Ndipo mungachite chiyani kuti mubwezeretse ndalama zanu? Mu blog iyi, tikufotokoza za malamulo, chitetezo chomwe chilipo, ndi zomwe muyenera kusamala nazo ngati mukukumana ndi vutoli.
| Funso lofunika kwambiri pa zamalamulo Kodi malamulo ndi malamulo ofunikira kwambiri okhudza kulanda ndalama ku Netherlands ndi ati, ndipo munthu amene wakhudzidwayo ali ndi ufulu wotani? |
1. Maziko alamulo: kodi apolisi angatenge liti ndalama?
Mphamvu yolanda ndalama imayang'aniridwa makamaka ndi Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering, WvSv). Pali zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu zalamulo:
Nkhani 94 WvSv – Kukhazikitsa chowonadi
Malinga ndi Nkhani 94 WvSv, zinthu zonse zomwe zingatsimikizire zoona kapena kuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zapezeka mosaloledwa zitha kulanda. Ndalama zimaphatikizidwa momveka bwino, makamaka ngati pali kukayikiridwa kuti ndalama zachotsedwa, chinyengo, kapena mlandu wina wazachuma. Mlingo wa kulanda mtundu uwu ndi wochepa: palibe chilolezo cha khothi chomwe chikufunika bola ngati pali kukayikiridwa kuti ndi wolakwa.
Nkhani 94a WvSv – Kubweza katundu
Nkhani 94a WvSv imapereka chifukwa chachiwiri chalamulo: kulanda kuti munthu apeze chindapusa chamtsogolo kapena kulanda ndalama zomwe wapeza mopanda lamulo. Kulanda kumeneku kotchedwa kulanda zinthu zosungidwa ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri, popeza ndalamazo zitha kusungidwanso ngati chikole cha chilango chamtsogolo. Mwachidule, kulanda kwamtunduwu kumafuna chilolezo cholembedwa kuchokera kwa woweruza wofufuza (rechter-commissaris) motsatira Nkhani 103 WvSv.
Kusunga ndalama zomwe zagwidwa
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogwidwa kumayendetsedwa ndi Lamulo la Zinthu Zogwidwa (Besluit inbeslaggenomen voorwerpen). Malinga ndi Nkhani 4 ya Lamuloli, ndalama zogwidwa ziyenera kusungidwa mwachangu mu akaunti yakubanki yomwe ili ndi woyang'anira - makamaka Central Fine Collection Agency (CJIB). Zotsatira zake, simungotaya mwayi wopeza ndalama zanu zokha, komanso kubweza kulikonse komwe kungatheke panthawi yogwidwa.
2. Ufulu wanu: ndi chitetezo chotani chomwe chilipo?
Lamuloli limapatsa anthu omwe akhudzidwa chitetezo chofunikira. Ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe za ufuluwu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwakhama, chifukwa nthawi zonse sugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwanu.
Ufulu wolandira risiti
Apolisi akakulandani ndalama zanu, muli ndi ufulu wolandira risiti yolembedwa. Chikalatachi chimalemba ndalama ndi momwe zinthu zinachitikira. Chisungeni mosamala: ndi umboni wanu waukulu mu njira iliyonse yotsatira kuti muchotse kulanda kwanu.
Njira yolembera madandaulo (Article 552a CCP)
Mukhoza kutsutsa kuvomerezeka kwa kulanda katundu mwa kulemba madandaulo olembedwa (klaagschrift) kukhothi. Mu madandaulo awa, mukupempha khothi kuti lichotse kulanda katunduyo ndikubweza ndalama zanu. Khothi lidzawunika ngati zofuna za milandu yaupandu zikugwirizana ndi kupitiriza kulanda katunduyo. Ngati mupereka madandaulo otsimikizika bwino pakapita nthawi, muli ndi ufulu womvedwa. Musadikire: mukachedwa kwambiri, kulanda katunduyo kumakhala kolimba kwambiri.
Udindo wa khoti kupereka zifukwa
Ngati mupereka zifukwa zenizeni zokhudzana ndi kulanda ndalamazo - mwachitsanzo, posonyeza kuti ndalamazo zinachokera kuti - khotilo liyenera kuyankha momveka bwino zotsutsazo. Khoti lomwe silikunyalanyaza mfundo zanu popanda kupereka zifukwa limachita zinthu zosemphana ndi lamulo la Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad).
Kuchulukana ndi kucheperapo
Kutenga katundu kuyenera kukhala kofanana. Ngati ndalama zomwe zagwidwa zili zokwera kwambiri kuposa chindapusa chomwe chikuyembekezeka kapena lamulo lolanda katundu, zimenezo zitha kukhala chifukwa chochotsera (kagawo). Muyenera kudzifunsa nokha izi: khothi silikakamizidwa kuwunika momwe pempho lake likugwirizanira, koma mukangopereka mfundo imeneyi, liyenera kuiganizira.
3. Kodi milandu imati chiyani? Zigamulo zaposachedwa zawunikidwanso
Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands (Hoge Raad) lasintha malamulo ndi chitetezo chokhudza kulanda ndalama. Pansipa mupeza mizere yofunikira kwambiri kuchokera ku zisankho zaposachedwa.
Kuwunikanso kwa Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu ngati pempho liperekedwa (HR 2025:804 ndi HR 2023:128)
Khoti Lalikulu latsimikiza kuti khoti lomwe likukambirana ndi madandaulo siliyenera kuwunika momwe pempho lake lilili. Komabe, munthu akangopereka madandaulo enieni - monga kusonyeza komwe ndalamazo zinachokera mwalamulo kapena kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zalandidwa - khotilo liyenera kuyesa madandaulowo momveka bwino motsutsana ndi zofunikira za kufanana ndi kudalirana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti madandaulo otsimikizika akhale ofunikira.
Kuyesa kwa umwini pa zopempha za chipani chachitatu (HR 2024:1123)
Ngati munthu wina akunena kuti ndalama zomwe zagwidwa ndi zake osati za woganiziridwayo, khoti liyenera kuwona ngati zomwe zanenedwazo ndi za mwini wake zatsimikizika mopanda kukayika. Ngati umboni wokwanira waperekedwa, kulandako kumakhalabe komweko. Izi zimakhazikitsa muyezo wapamwamba kwa anthu ena omwe akufuna kubweza ndalama zomwe zagwidwa.
Zofuna za milandu yaupandu monga mayeso (HR 2023:166 ndi HR 2024:442)
Kulanda katundu kungapitirire malinga ngati zofuna za milandu yaupandu zikufunikira - kaya ndi cholinga chotsimikizira zoona kapena kusonyeza ndalama zomwe zapezeka mosaloledwa. Kulanda katundu n'kosaloledwa pokhapokha ngati sizingatheke kuti khoti lidzalamula kuti ndalamazo zitayidwe kapena kubwezedwa. Ngati pali chiyembekezo chenicheni choti ndalamazo zibwezedwe, muli ndi zifukwa zomveka zotsutsira kulanda katunduyo.
Zolakwa za ndondomeko ngati zifukwa zoletsera kusatsatira malamulo (RBROT 2025:3360)
Kulanda ndalama nthawi zina kumawonedwa ngati kosaloledwa chifukwa cha zolakwika za njira - mwachitsanzo, ngati kulanda kunachitika kunja kwa ulamuliro wa apolisi kapena sikunali pansi pa ulamuliro wa kafukufuku. Pazochitika zotere, khothi likhoza kuchotsa kulandako mosasamala kanthu kuti ndalamazo zinapezedwa mwalamulo kapena ayi.
4. Kodi mumaonetsa bwanji kuti ndalama zanu zachokeradi mwalamulo?
Chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri pambuyo pa kulanda ndi kusonyeza kuti ndalamazo zinapezeka mwalamulo. Udindo wopereka umboni pankhaniyi uli ndi inu: muyenera kuwonetsa kuti ndalamazo sizichokera ku zochita zaupandu. Zolemba zanu zikalimba, udindo wanu umakhala wolimba.
Mitundu yofunikira ya umboni ndi iyi:
- Malipoti a banki omwe akusonyeza kuti ndalama zachotsedwa kapena kusamutsidwa
- Kubweza misonkho ndi kuwunika komwe kumathandizira kukhalapo kwa katunduyo
- Ma invoice, mapangano, kapena zolemba zolipira za zochitika za bizinesi yandalama
- Zolemba za cholowa kapena mphatso (maumboni a notarial, ma statement a banki osonyeza kusamutsa)
- Mauthenga ochokera kwa anthu ena (notary, accountant, achibale) okhudza komwe ndalamazo zinachokera
Kumbukirani kuti zomwe mwanena zokha sizikwanira. Zikalata zolembedwa bwino komanso zolondola zomwe mungapereke, zimakhala zosavuta kuti khothi lipeze komwe ndalamazo zinachokera movomerezeka.
5. Malangizo othandiza ngati ndalama zanu zatengedwa
- Pemphani nthawi zonse kuti akupatseni risiti yolembedwa nthawi yomwe mwagwidwa. Lembani tsiku, nthawi, ndi dzina la apolisi omwe akukhudzidwa.
- Tumizani madandaulo ku khothi mwachangu. Musadikire ndipo musadzilimbikitse ndi malonjezo osamveka bwino oti mudzabweza.
- Sonkhanitsani umboni wa komwe ndalamazo zinachokera mwalamulo mwachangu momwe mungathere: zikalata zakubanki, zikalata zamisonkho, mapangano, ndi zikalata za chipani chachitatu.
- Funsani loya wanu ngati kulanda mlandu kukuchokera pa Nkhani 94 kapena 94a WvSv. Izi zimatsimikizira chitetezo ndi njira zomwe zingatsatidwe bwino.
- Onani ngati ndalama zomwe zagwidwa zikugwirizana ndi chilango chomwe chikuyembekezeka. Ngati pali kusiyana kwakukulu, fotokozani izi momveka bwino mu dandaulo lanu.
- Pakakhala zinthu zambiri kapena zovuta, nthawi zonse funsani loya wodziwa bwino za milandu kapena kubweza katundu. Njira yolembera madandaulo ili ndi zofunikira kwambiri ndipo imafuna ukatswiri wapadera wazamalamulo.
Kutsiliza
Kulanda ndalama kumadalira malamulo okhwima komanso chitetezo cha njira. Apolisi sangangotenga ndalama zanu: payenera kukhala maziko alamulo, ndipo nthawi zonse muli ndi ufulu wotsutsa kuvomereza kwa kulanda.
Koma ufulu umenewo sugwiritsidwa ntchito wokha. Muyenera kuchitapo kanthu: perekani madandaulo, lembani komwe ndalamazo zinachokera mwalamulo, ndikutsutsa kuchuluka kwa kulanda. Ngati simutero, ndalama zanu zitha kukhalabe mufiriji kwa nthawi yayitali - nthawi zina kwa zaka zambiri.
Musadikire. Pemphani risiti nthawi yomweyo, lembani zikalata zanu, ndipo funsani loya waluso nthawi yoyenera. Izi zidzakuthandizani kuti ndalama zanu zisasungidwe kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe mukufunira komanso kukupatsani mwayi wochira bwino.
| Kodi muli ndi mafunso okhudza kulanda ndalama? The Oweruza at Law & More akatswiri pa milandu yaupandu ndi milandu yobweza katundu. Lumikizanani nafe pa www.lawandmore.nl kapena [imelo ndiotetezedwa] kuti pakhale upangiri wopanda chikakamizo. |
Magwero ofunikira
• Nkhani 94 ndi 94a za Malamulo a Milandu (WvSv)
• Nkhani 103 WvSv (chilolezo cha khothi ndi woweruza wofufuza)
• Nkhani 552a CCP (njira yodandaula)
• Lamulo pa Zinthu Zogwidwa (Besluit inbeslaggenomen voorwerpen), luso. 4
• Lamulo la EU la 2018/1672 (chilolezo chovomerezeka podutsa malire)
• HR 18 April 2025, ECLI:NL:HR:2025:804
• HR 31 Januwale 2023, ECLI:NL:HR:2023:128
• HR 2024, ECLI:NL:HR:2024:1123
• HR 14 February 2023, ECLI:NL:HR:2023:166
• HR 2024, ECLI:NL:HR:2024:442
• Rb. Rotterdam 2025, ECLI:NL:RBROT:2025:3360
Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza ndalama zomwe zalandidwa ndi ufulu wanu
Kodi apolisi angangondilanda ndalama?
Inde, koma osati popanda maziko alamulo. Malinga ndi Nkhani 94 WvSv, apolisi ali ndi mphamvu zolanda ndalama ngati pali kukayikiridwa koyenera kwa mlandu ndipo ndalamazo ndizofunikira pa kafukufuku. Pa kulanda zinthu zakale motsatira Nkhani 94a WvSv, chilolezo cha khoti nthawi zambiri chimafunika. Chifukwa chake kulanda sikopanda tsankho - kumadalira malamulo.
Sindine wokayikira. Kodi ndalama zanga zitha kulandidwabe?
Inde, izi n'zotheka. Kulanda malinga ndi Nkhani 94a WvSv kungaperekedwenso pa ndalama za munthu wina - mwachitsanzo, wachibale kapena mnzake wa bizinesi wa wokayikiridwa. Pankhaniyi, muli ndi ufulu wokhala ngati wodandaula mu ndondomeko yodandaula ndikutsutsa kuvomerezeka kwa kulanda. Khothi lidzawunikanso ngati pempho lanu la umwini latsimikizika mopanda kukayika.
Kodi ndiloledwa kunyamula ndalama zingati?
Palibe malire okhazikika omwe amakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo pa ndalama zomwe mungakhale nazo ku Netherlands. Komabe, mukadutsa malire a EU, pali udindo wolengeza ndalama zokwana €10,000 kapena kuposerapo (EU Regulation 2018/1672). Ngati udindowu sutsatiridwa, ndalamazo zitha kusungidwa. M'dziko la Netherlands, apolisi angachitenso kanthu pankhani yokhudza ndalama zochepa ngati pali kukayikiridwa koona kuti ndi mlandu.
Kodi dandaulo (klaagschrift) ndi chiyani ndipo ndiyenera kulipereka liti?
Madandaulo ndi fomu yolembera kukhothi yopempha kuti kulanda kuchotsedwe. Imaperekedwa kukhothi lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro pa mlandu wanu. Palibe nthawi yomaliza yovomerezeka ndi malamulo, koma ndibwino kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu momwe mungathere: mukadikira nthawi yayitali, kulanda kumakhala kolimba kwambiri. Funsani loya kuti alembe madandaulowo moyenera ndikupeza njira zabwino kwambiri zodzitetezera.
Kodi ndalama zanga zitha kulandidwa kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Mwachidule, malinga ngati zofuna za milandu yaupandu zikufunikira. M'milandu yovuta yaupandu, nthawi zina izi zingatenge zaka zambiri. Ngati mupereka madandaulo ndipo khoti likupeza kuti zofuna za milandu yaupandu sizikugwirizananso ndi kulanda, kapena kuti ndalamazo zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi zochokera mwalamulo, ziyenera kubwezedwa. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu, ndalamazo zitha kusungidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa milandu yaupandu.
Kodi ndilandira chiwongola dzanja ngati ndalama zanga zalandidwa mosaloledwa?
Lamulo silipereka chiwongola dzanja chokha. Nthawi zina, mutha kupempha chiwongola dzanja motsatira Article 591a CCP pa ndalama zomwe mwawononga, koma chiwongola dzanja chonse panthawi yolanda katundu sichili chosavuta mwalamulo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe kuchitapo kanthu pamilandu panthawi yake ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Nanga bwanji ngati ndalama zanga zatayika kale?
Ngati khoti pa mlandu wa milandu lalamula kuti ndalamazo zilandidwe, nthawi zambiri palibe njira yobwezera. Kulanda ndi njira yomaliza. Mutha kuchita apilo motsutsana ndi chigamulo cha mlandu ngati simukugwirizana nacho. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira komwe ndalamazo zinachokera mwalamulo - panthawi yodandaula kapena kumayambiriro kwa mlandu wa milandu.
Kodi ndingalandidwenso ndalama ku kasitomu?
Inde. Pa malo olamulira malire, akuluakulu a misonkho kapena Royal Military Constabulary (Koninklijke Marechaussee) akhoza kulanda ndalama ngati mwalephera kulengeza €10,000 kapena kuposerapo polowa kapena kutuluka mu EU, ngati pali zizindikiro za kusamba ndalama kapena milandu ina yaupandu, kapena ngati ndalamazo zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku waupandu womwe ukupitilira. Ufulu womwewo umagwiranso ntchito: mutha kutsutsa ndikupempha thandizo la zamalamulo.
Kodi kusunga kapena kunyamula ndalama zambiri n'koletsedwa?
Ayi, kunyamula kapena kusunga ndalama kunyumba sikoletsedwa kokha. Komabe, ndalama zambiri zimatha kukopa chidwi cha apolisi, akuluakulu a kasitomu ndi apolisi, ndipo zitha kugwidwa panthawi yofufuza milandu, ngakhale munthu amene wanyamulayo si wokayikiridwa.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi ndalama zanga zikangolandidwa?
Malinga ndi Lamulo la Zinthu Zogwidwa, ndalama zogwidwa ziyenera kuyikidwa mwachangu mu akaunti ya banki yomwe ili ndi woyang'anira, makamaka Central Fine Collection Agency (CJIB). Izi zikutanthauza kuti mumataya mwayi wopeza ndalamazo komanso kubweza kulikonse komwe kungatheke panthawi yogwidwa.
Kodi ndili ndi ufulu wopeza umboni woti ndalama zanga zalandidwa?
Inde. Apolisi akatenga ndalama zanu, muli ndi ufulu wolandira risiti yolembedwa yolemba ndalamazo ndi momwe zinthu zinachitikira. Chikalatachi ndi umboni wofunikira ngati pambuyo pake muyamba njira yochotsera kulanda.
Kodi ndingathe kutsutsa kulanda ndalama zanga?
Inde, lamuloli limapereka njira yodandaula motsatira Nkhani 552a ya Malamulo a Milandu ya Upandu yomwe imakulolani kutsutsa kulanda, kuwonjezera pa chitetezo china chomwe sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ndipo chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu.
