Woyimira milandu ku Netherlands: zomwe loya waku Dutch angachite komanso momwe angasankhire

Woyimira milandu ku Netherlands ndi loya amene walumbira pamaso pa khothi la ku Netherlands ndipo walembedwa m'kaundula wa dziko womwe umasungidwa ndi Nederlandse Orde van Advocaden (NOvA, Dutch Bar Association). Woyimira milandu yekha ndi amene angayendetse milandu ya kasitomala pamaso pa rechtbank (khothi la chigawo), gerechtshof (khothi la apilo) kapena Hoge Raad (Khothi Lalikulu), ndipo udindowo ndi wotetezedwa: palibe amene ali kunja kwa kaundula amene angagwiritse ntchito. Akatswiri ena azamalamulo, monga loya kapena mlangizi wazamalamulo wamkati, angakupatseni uphungu, kulemba ndi kukambirana, koma sangawonekere m'malo mwanu pamene lamulo likufuna kuti woyimira milandu aimitsidwe ndi loya.

Bukuli likufotokoza tanthauzo la kusiyana kumeneku: milandu yomwe mungayendetse nokha ndi yomwe simungayendetse, momwe woimira milandu amaphunzitsidwira ndi kuyang'aniridwa, zomwe zachinsinsi zaukadaulo zimaphimba, momwe ndalama zimagwirizanirana, ndi momwe mungayang'anire mumphindi zochepa ngati munthu amene ali pafupi nanu adalembetsedwadi. Lalembedwa kwa mabizinesi ndi anthu omwe akutsatira malamulo aku Dutch koyamba, kuphatikiza makampani akunja ndi anthu ochokera kunja.

Kodi woimira milandu ndi chiyani, ndipo amasiyana bwanji ndi woweruza milandu?

Woyimira milandu aliyense ndi loya, koma si loya aliyense amene ndi woyimira milandu. Mawu achi Dutch oti woweruza milandu amatanthauza aliyense amene ali ndi digiri ya zamalamulo ndipo sanena chilichonse chokhudza kulowa mu Bar. Woyimira milanduyo wamaliza digiri ya zamalamulo ya ku Dutch yomwe ili ndi zotsatira za anthu wamba (chofunikira pamaphunziro kuti munthu alowe), walumbira kukhothi, ndipo wawonekera pa tableau, kaundula wa bungwe la maloya am'deralo m'boma limodzi mwa madera khumi ndi limodzi amilandu. Kulembetsa kumeneko, osati digiri, kuli ndi ufulu woweruza milandu.

Lamulo la Advocatenwet (Counsel Act) limakhazikitsa dongosolo. Nkhani 10a imaika mfundo zisanu zofunika zomwe woimira aliyense ayenera kutsatira: kudziyimira pawokha, kudzipereka kwa kasitomala, ukatswiri, umphumphu ndi chinsinsi. Kudzipereka kumafunika kutsindika chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumawerengedwa molakwika. Woimira si woweruza wopanda tsankho koma ayenera kuchita zinthu mokomera kasitomala m'modzi yekha, ndipo ayenera kukana malangizo pamene chidwi chimenecho chikusemphana ndi zofuna za kasitomala yemwe alipo kale.

Kuyang'anira kumadutsa m'mabwalo a bungwe lililonse la maloya, lomwe limafufuza madandaulo ndipo limatha kubweretsa mlandu ku makhothi olanga. NOvA imakhazikitsa malamulo aukatswiri, imasunga kaundula wa dziko lonse komanso imayang'anira maphunziro opitilira. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi chifukwa chake woimira milandu wa ku Netherlands amatha kuyang'aniridwa, kuimbidwa mlandu, ndipo, poyipa kwambiri, kuchotsedwa, mwanjira yomwe mlangizi wa zamalamulo wosayang'aniridwa sangatero.

Pamene kuyimilira kwa woimira milandu kuli kofunikira

Lamuloli lili mu nkhani 79 ya Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvorordering (Rv, Code of Civil Procedure): m'milandu yomwe isanachitike, magulu a kantonrechter akhoza kuchitapo kanthu pawokha, ndipo m'milandu ina yonse ya boma akhoza kuchitapo kanthu kudzera mwa woyimira milandu. Chifukwa chake, mzere wogawa umatsatira ulamuliro wa kantonrechter, gawo laling'ono la khothi la chigawo, lomwe motsatira nkhani 93 Rv limamva zopempha ndalama mpaka malire ovomerezeka a EUR 25,000 komanso mikangano ya ntchito, lendi, mabungwe ndi ngongole za ogula mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zili pachiwopsezo.

Zotsatira zake n'zosavuta kunena. Mlandu wochotsa munthu kapena mkangano wa lendi ukhoza kuyendetsedwa popanda loya; pempho lamalonda la EUR 100,000, mkangano wa eni masheya kapena choletsa pamaso pa voorzieningenrechter sichingatheke. Pa apilo ku gerechshof woimira ndi woimira ndi wokakamiza, ndipo pokambirana pamaso pa Hoge Raad, woimira yekha wokhala ndi ziyeneretso zina za advocaat bij de Hoge Raad ndi amene angachitepo kanthu. Nkhani yathu yokhudza tanthauzo la kuyimira malamulo motsatira malamulo aku Dutch ikufotokoza izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Magawo awiri amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Mu malamulo oyang'anira pansi pa Algemene wet bestuursrecht mutha kupereka chitsutso ndikuchita apilo nokha kapena kuthandizidwa ndi woimira aliyense wovomerezeka, ndipo palibe loya wofunikira. Pankhani zaupandu, wokayikiridwa sakakamizidwa kuphunzitsa loya woteteza, koma ali ndi ufulu wofunsana ndi loya wina asanayambe komanso panthawi ya mafunso a apolisi, ndipo loya amapatsidwa loya akangomangidwa wokayikiridwa.

Momwe munthu amakhalira woimira boma ku Netherlands

Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo ndipo imatenga zaka m'malo mwa miyezi. Imayamba ndi katswiri wa malamulo wa ku Netherlands yemwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira za nzika, kutsatiridwa ndi satifiketi ya khalidwe (verklaring omtrent het gedrag, VOG) ndi lumbiro kukhothi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo watsopanoyo amakhala woyimira milandu: nkhani 9b ya Advocatenwet imafuna kuti zaka zitatu zoyambirira za ntchito zichitike motsogozedwa ndi woyang'anira, woyimira milandu wodziwa bwino ntchito amene ali ndi udindo kwa wophunzirayo, ndipo nthawiyo imakulitsidwa molingana ndi aliyense wogwira ntchito nthawi yochepa.

Pulogalamu yophunzitsira ya zaka ziwiri ya Beroepsopleiding Advocaten, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi NOvA, ikuphatikiza luso la milandu, makhalidwe abwino aukadaulo ndi malamulo olanga ndi mitu yeniyeni yazamalamulo ndipo imatseka ndi mayeso; kulephera mayesowo kumathetsa maphunzirowo.

Kuyenerera si mapeto a udindo. Woyimira aliyense ayenera kupeza mfundo zosachepera makumi awiri za maphunziro pachaka, osachepera theka la mfundozo mwalamulo, kuphatikiza mfundo khumi zalamulo pa gawo lililonse lomwe lalembedwa mu rechtsgebiedenregister. Woyimira amalembetsa osachepera limodzi kapena kupitirira anayi mwa magawo amenewo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulembetsako kukhale chitsogozo chabwino kwambiri cha ukatswiri weniweni kuposa mndandanda wa madera ogwirira ntchito patsamba lawebusayiti. Inshuwalansi yaukadaulo ndi ofesi yokwaniritsa zofunikira za NOvA ndizokakamizanso.

Chinsinsi ndi mwayi waukadaulo wazamalamulo

Nkhani 11a ya Advocatenwet ikunena kuti udindo wachinsinsi umakhudza chilichonse chomwe chimadziwika kwa woimira milandu pantchitoyi. Umagwira ntchito kwa aliyense wogwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi loya, ulibe tsiku lotha ntchito ndipo umakhalabe ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto kwa wosunga.

Njira yake yoyendetsera ntchito ndi verschoningsrecht, ufulu wokana kupereka umboni, womwe wavomerezedwa ndi maloya mu nkhani 218 ya Wetboek van Strafvordering ndipo umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamilandu ya milandu ya anthu. Chifukwa chake, makalata ndi loya wanu ndi osatheka kwa akuluakulu ofufuza komanso chipani chotsutsa. Ndicho chifukwa chomveka chofunsira funso lofunika kwa loya m'malo mopempha mlangizi yemwe alibe chitetezo chotere.

Pali malire, ndipo ndi ofunika kuwadziwa. Lamulo loletsa kusamba ndalama (Wwft) limagwira ntchito kwa anthu olimbikitsa ntchito zinazake, monga kuthandiza kugula kapena kugulitsa malo kapena kukonza makampani, koma si nthawi zonse pamene loya amasankha udindo wa kasitomala kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa milandu. Chinsinsi sichimaperekanso chitetezo pothandiza kasitomala kuchita cholakwa.

Momwe mungatsimikizire kuti loya walembetsedwa

NOvA imasunga kaundula wa anthu onse kuti aliyense afufuze ndi dzina lake kapena ndi ofesi. Imasonyeza ngati kulembetsako kuli koyenera, kuyambira pamene munthuyo waloledwa, ofesi yomwe amagwira ntchito komanso madera a zamalamulo omwe adalembetsa. Kwa maloya oyenerera kwina kulikonse mu European Union, European e-Justice Portal imalumikiza ku maakaundula ofanana adziko. Chekecho chimatenga mphindi imodzi ndipo ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera musanasainire kalata yolonjezedwa.

Yang'anani kupitirira malire olembedwa. Kodi minda yolembetsedwa ikugwirizana ndi vuto lanu, kodi pali mgwirizano wolembedwa wa ndalama, ndipo ofesi ili ndi inshuwaransi monga momwe malamulo amafunira? Maudindo monga mlangizi wa zamalamulo, mlangizi kapena wothandizira zamalamulo satetezedwa: munthu amene akugwiritsa ntchito imodzi akhoza kukhala wabwino kwambiri, koma sali pansi pa Advocatenwet, sali pansi pa kuyang'aniridwa kolanga komanso sali pansi pa udindo wa akatswiri.

Kodi ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito woimira boma ndi momwe ndalama zimagwirizanirana

Makampani a zamalamulo aku Netherlands ali ndi ufulu wokhazikitsa mitengo yawo ya ola limodzi; palibe msonkho walamulo wa ntchito zamalamulo. Chofunika kwambiri kuposa chiwerengerocho ndi mgwirizano womwe uli kumbuyo kwake. Pemphani kalata yolembedwa yosonyeza mtengo wake, ngati ndalama za ofesi zimalipidwa pamwamba pake, momwe ndalama zolipirira monga ndalama za khothi ndi zolipiritsa za bailiff zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso kuti VAT iwonjezedwe. Ndalama zokhazikika ndi bajeti zokhazikika ndizofala pantchito yodziwika bwino monga kuphatikiza kampani kapena kulemba mapangano. Chidule chathu cha ndalama za loya ku Netherlands chikuwonetsa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse.

Ndalama zitatu zimanyalanyazidwa nthawi zonse. Ndalama za khothi (griffierecht) zimalipidwa pasadakhale, zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo ndipo zimasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo zimadalira khothi ndi kukula kwa zomwe zanenedwazo. Anthu ambiri ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ali kale ndi inshuwaransi ya ndalama zalamulo kapena oyenerera thandizo lalamulo lothandizidwa kudzera mu Raad voor Rechtsbijstand, yomwe imapereka chilolezo chotsutsana ndi zopereka zanu zomwe zimadalira ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndipo zimakonzedwanso chaka chilichonse. Ndipo lamulo la ndalama zotsutsana ndi wotayika limawerengedwa pa khothi la liquidatietarief, lomwe nthawi zambiri limaphimba gawo limodzi la bilu yeniyeni: kupambana mlandu sikofanana ndi kupangidwa kwathunthu.

Zimene kampani ya zamalamulo ku Dutch imachita pa bizinesi

Kwa kampani yokhazikitsidwa ku Netherlands, ntchito ya woyimira milandu nthawi zambiri siimangokhala pa milandu yokha. Imayamba pagawo lokonzekera, ndi kusankha njira yovomerezeka ndi zoopsa zochitirapo kanthu musanamalize kulembetsa, gawo lomwe tikukambirana mu bukhu lathu la BV mu kapangidwe kake . Ikupitilira mu mapangano omwe amayendetsa bizinesiyo: mawu wamba, mapangano ogawa ndi kupereka, ndi mgwirizano wamba wantchito womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa olemba anthu aku Netherlands.

Antchito akangoyamba kugwira ntchito, lamulo la ntchito ku Netherlands limakhala gwero lofunsidwa kwambiri, chifukwa kuchotsedwa ntchito, kudwala ndi malamulo a nthawi yokhazikika zimasiyana kwambiri ndi malamulo a mayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo wamba. Nkhani za katundu zimadutsa kwa loya wa malo ndi notary wa malamulo aboma, omwe kutenga nawo mbali ndikofunikira pakusamutsa katundu wolembetsedwa. Pamodzi ndi zonsezi pali zofunikira pakutsata malamulo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku gawoli, kuyambira kuteteza deta mpaka kufufuza zilango. Buku lathu lotsogolera ku malamulo a bizinesi ku Netherlands limalongosola momwe madera awa amagwirizanirana.

Maloya akunja akugwira ntchito ku Netherlands

Maloya oyenerera m'boma lina la EEA kapena ku Switzerland angapereke ntchito ku Netherlands nthawi zina pansi pa udindo wawo waukadaulo wapakhomo, ndipo akhoza kukhazikitsa ntchito yokhazikika pano atalembetsa ku bungwe la maloya am'deralo, kachiwiri pansi pa udindo wapakhomo. Pambuyo pa nthawi yogwira ntchito moyenera komanso yokhazikika mu malamulo aku Dutch, amatha kuloledwa ku Dutch Bar yonse. Khothi, loya wochita ntchito pansi pa udindo wapakhomo ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi loya waku Dutch kulikonse komwe kuimiridwa ndi loya ndikofunikira.

Maloya oyenerera kunja kwa EEA sangadalire mapangano amenewo: amafunikira digiri ya zamalamulo yaku Dutch yokhala ndi zotsatira za boma ndipo ayenera kumaliza maphunzirowa. Pa bizinesi yapadziko lonse lapansi izi sizili zofunika kwenikweni monga momwe zimaonekera, chifukwa chomwe nthawi zambiri chimafunika ndi kampani yaku Dutch yomwe ingakambe mlandu pano ndikugwirizana ndi loya wakunja, m'malo moonekera kwa loya wakunja kukhothi la ku Dutch.

Zolakwa zofala, madandaulo ndi malamulo odzudzula

Cholakwika chokwera mtengo kwambiri ndi kuchedwa. Malamulo aku Dutch ali ndi nthawi yochepa yomwe ndi yosavuta kuphonya: milungu isanu ndi umodzi yopereka chitsutso motsutsana ndi chisankho cha boma (nkhani 6:7 Awb), miyezi itatu yopempha khothi kuti lichotse ntchito kapena kupempha ndalama zosinthira (nkhani 7:686a ndime 4 BW), ndipo, pa zopempha zambiri za kuwonongeka, zaka zisanu kuyambira tsiku lomwe mukudziwa kuwonongeka ndi munthu amene ali ndi mlandu, ndi kuyima kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zaka makumi awiri (nkhani 3:310 BW). Loya wolangizidwa sabata isanathe nthawi amakhala ndi zosankha zochepa kwambiri kuposa zomwe adalangizidwa mwezi watha.

Zolakwa zina zomwe zimabwerezedwanso ndi izi: kusankha pa mtengo wa ola limodzi lokha osati pa ntchito yolembetsedwa komanso zomwe zachitika, kusiya ndalama zomwe zakonzedwa kuti ziperekedwe, kuganiza kuti mlangizi aliyense wa zamalamulo akhoza kukaonekera kukhothi, ndikubisa mfundo zomwe sizingathandize. Woyimira milandu amene wazindikira zofooka zake mochedwa sangapange njira yozizungulira, ndipo wotsutsayo adzazipezabe.

Ngati ubalewo wasokonekera, kampani iliyonse yaku Dutch imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulirana mkati (kantoorklachtenregeling), ndipo pamenepo ndi pomwe mungayambire. Ngati sichipereka chilichonse, madandaulo amapita kwa mkulu wa bungwe la maloya, yemwe amafufuza ndipo amatha kutumiza nkhaniyi ku bungwe la raad van, ndikupempha apilo ku bungwe la hof van. Njira zake zimayambira pa chenjezo ndi chidzudzulo mpaka kuyimitsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa mu kaundula. Lamulo lolanga limakhudza khalidwe, osati chipukuta misozi: pempho la kutayika kwa ndalama komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha upangiri wosasamala ndi mlandu wosiyana wa boma, ndichifukwa chake inshuwaransi yaukadaulo ndi yofunikira. Mkangano wokhudza lamuloli ukhozanso kuperekedwa kwa Geschillencommissie Advocatuur komwe kampaniyo imagwirizana nayo.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Maloya ku Netherlands

Kodi ndingatsimikizire bwanji kuti munthu ndi woimira boma wolembetsedwa? Fufuzani kaundula wa anthu onse wosungidwa ndi NOvA ndi dzina lake kapena ofesi. Imatsimikizira ngati kulembetsa ndi kwatsopano ndipo ikuwonetsa magawo alamulo omwe loya adalembetsa. Kwa loya woyenerera kwina ku EU, European e-Justice Portal imalumikiza ku kaundula wadziko lonse wokhudzidwa.

Kodi loya wakunja angandichitire zinthu ku Netherlands? Loya wochokera ku boma lina la EEA kapena Switzerland angagwire ntchito kuno pansi pa udindo wa katswiri wa kunyumba, nthawi zina kapena nthawi zonse atalembetsa ku bungwe la maloya am'deralo, ndipo akhoza kuloledwa ku Dutch Bar pambuyo pa nthawi yogwira ntchito bwino komanso yokhazikika mu malamulo aku Dutch. Ngati kuyimilira ndi woyimira milandu kuli kofunikira, woyimira milandu waku Dutch ayenera kukhala nawo.

Kodi kulemba loya ku Netherlands kumawononga ndalama zingati? Palibe mtengo wokhazikika. Makampani amaika mitengo yawo ya ola limodzi, amawonjezera VAT ndipo nthawi zina ndalama za ofesi, ndipo ndalama monga griffierecht zimalipidwa. Funsani mtengo ndi malingaliro olembedwa ntchito isanayambe, ndipo onani ngati inshuwalansi ya ndalama zalamulo kapena thandizo lalamulo lothandizidwa likukugwirani ntchito.

Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti munthu akhale woimira boma? Pambuyo pa digiri ya zamalamulo ku Dutch yokhala ndi zotsatira za boma, maphunzirowa amatenga zaka zitatu pansi pa woyang'anira boma, pomwe Beroepsopleiding Advocaten wa zaka ziwiri ayenera kumalizidwa ndikuvomerezedwa.

Kodi ndingatani ngati sindikukondwera ndi loya wanga? Gwiritsani ntchito njira yopezera madandaulo amkati mwa kampani kaye. Ngati zimenezo zalephera, tengani madandaulowo kwa mkulu wa bungwe la maloya am'deralo, yemwe angawatumize ku bungwe la raad van; bungwe la hof van limamva madandaulo. Kudandaula za kutayika kwa ndalama ndi nkhani yosiyana ndi ya anthu wamba.

Kodi nthawi zonse ndimafunikira woimira milandu kuti ndipite kukhothi? Ayi. Nkhani 79 Rv imakulolani kuchitapo kanthu pamaso pa kantonrechter, yomwe imakhudza mikangano yambiri yantchito ndi yobwereka komanso zopempha ndalama mpaka malire alamulo. Pamilandu ina yonse ya anthu, pa apilo ndi pa cassation, woimira milandu amafunika.

Kugwira nawo ntchito Law and More

Law and More ndi kampani ya zamalamulo ku Netherlands yomwe imalangiza mabizinesi ndi anthu pawokha, m'Chidatchi ndi Chingerezi, pazinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa: mapangano ndi kapangidwe ka makampani, ntchito, malo, malamulo a mabanja ndi milandu yomwe ikuchitika m'makhothi aku Dutch. Poyamba tidafotokoza zomwe ntchitoyi ikuphatikizapo, zomwe zingawononge ndalama zake komanso zotsatira zake zenizeni, kuti chisankho chopitiliza chikhale chodziwitsidwa bwino. Ngati mukufuna kukambirana za mlandu, chonde titumizireni uthenga.