Woyimira milandu ku Netherlands: zomwe loya waku Dutch angachite komanso momwe angasankhire

Ku Netherlands, woimira milandu yekha ndi amene angakuchitireni milandu ya milandu pamaso pa khothi lachigawo (rechtbank), khothi la apilo (gerechtshof) kapena Khothi Lalikulu (Hoge Raad). Kupatulapo khothi lachigawo (kantonrechter): kumeneko mutha kuchitapo kanthu nokha, komwe kumakhudza mikangano yambiri yantchito ndi yobwereka komanso zopempha ndalama mpaka EUR 25,000.

Woyimira milandu ndi loya amene walumbira kukhoti la ku Netherlands ndipo walembedwa mu kaundula wa Netherlands Bar (Nederlandse Orde van Advocaden, NOvA). Udindowu ndi wotetezedwa. Woweruza milandu kapena mlangizi wa zamalamulo wamkati akhoza kulangiza, kulemba ndi kukambirana, koma sangakuyimireni pamene lamulo likufuna woyimira milandu.

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa woimira milandu ndi woweruza milandu ndi kotani?

Woyimira milandu aliyense ali ndi digiri ya zamalamulo, koma si aliyense amene wamaliza maphunziro a zamalamulo amene ndi woyimira milandu. Kusiyana kwake kuli pa kuloledwa kukhala m'Bungwe Loona za Malamulo ndi kuyang'aniridwa motsatira lamulo la Advocadenwet (Counsel Act).

Mawu akuti woweruza milandu amatanthauza aliyense amene ali ndi digiri ya zamalamulo ndipo sanena chilichonse chokhudza ufulu woweruza milandu. Woyimira milandu ali ndi digiri ya zamalamulo yaku Dutch yomwe imakwaniritsa zofunikira za nzika, walumbira kukhothi ndipo walembedwa m'kaundula wa bungwe limodzi mwa mabungwe khumi ndi limodzi a maloya. Kulembetsa kumeneko, osati digiri, kumapereka ufulu woonekera kukhothi.

Nkhani 10a ya Advocatenwet imatchula mfundo zisanu zofunika zomwe woimira aliyense ayenera kutsatira: ufulu, tsankho, ukatswiri, umphumphu ndi chinsinsi. Tsankho limatanthauza kuti woimira amachita ntchito ya kasitomala m'modzi yekha. Ngati chidwi chimenecho chikusemphana ndi zofuna za kasitomala yemwe alipo, woimirayo ayenera kukana malangizowo.

Kuyang'aniridwa kumayendetsedwa ndi mkulu wa bungwe lililonse la maloya, yemwe amafufuza madandaulo ndipo amatha kubweretsa mlandu ku makhothi olanga. NOvA imakhazikitsa malamulo aukadaulo ndikusunga kaundula wa dziko. Mlangizi wa zamalamulo wosayang'aniridwa alibe cheke chilichonse mwa izi.

Kodi ndi liti pamene muyenera kuphunzitsa woimira boma?

Mukufuna woyimira milandu pamilandu yonse yachiwembu kunja kwa kantonrechter, pa apilo komanso mu cassation. Lamuloli lili mu Article 79 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering, Rv).

Malinga ndi Article 93 Rv, kantonrechter imamva madandaulo a ndalama mpaka EUR 25,000 ndi milandu yonse ya ntchito, lendi, bungwe ndi ngongole za ogula, kaya ndalama zake ndi zingati. Chifukwa chake, mlandu wochotsa ntchito kapena mkangano wa lendi ukhoza kuyendetsedwa popanda loya. Mlandu wamalonda wa EUR 100,000, mkangano wa eni masheya kapena milandu yoletsa kwakanthawi (kort geding) kukhothi lachigawo sizingatheke. Nkhani yathu yokhudza kuyimilira kwa loya ikufotokoza izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Pa apilo kwa gerechshof, woimira milandu nthawi zonse amafunika. Pa milandu ya milandu ya anthu omwe aweruzidwa ku Hoge Raad, milandu ya anthu imayendetsedwa ndi loya wokhala ndi ziyeneretso zina zogwirira ntchito kukhothi.

Magawo awiri amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Mu malamulo oyang'anira, mutha kupereka chitsutso (bezwaar) ndi apilo nokha kapena kudzera mwa woimira aliyense wovomerezeka. Pa milandu yaupandu simukakamizidwa kuphunzitsa loya woteteza, koma muli ndi ufulu wofunsana ndi loya musanayambe komanso panthawi ya mafunso apolisi.

Kodi munthu amakhala bwanji woimira boma?

Njirayi imatenga zaka zosachepera zitatu mutamaliza digiri yoyenerera ya zamalamulo. Imakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a NOvA.

Pambuyo pa kukhala katswiri wa malamulo wa ku Netherlands wokhala ndi zotsatira za boma komanso satifiketi ya khalidwe (verklaring omtrent het gedrag, VOG), wopikisanayo amalumbira ndikukhala wophunzira (advocaat-stagiaire). Malinga ndi Nkhani 9b ya Advocatenwet, zaka zitatu zoyambirira zimakhala pansi pa kuyang'aniridwa ndi woyimira wodziwa bwino ntchito (patroon). Kuphatikiza apo, wophunzirayo amamaliza pulogalamu yophunzitsira ya Beroepsopleiding Advocaten, yomwe imatha ndi mayeso.

Pambuyo poyenerera, woyimira aliyense ayenera kupeza mfundo zosachepera 20 zamaphunziro pachaka, osachepera 10 mwa izo mwalamulo. Kuphatikiza apo pamabwera mfundo 10 zamalamulo pa gawo lililonse la malamulo zomwe zalembedwa mu kaundula wa magawo a machitidwe (rechtsgebiedenregister). Woyimira amalembetsa magawo osachepera amodzi kapena osachepera anayi. Kaundula ameneyo ndi chitsogozo chabwino kwambiri cha ukatswiri weniweni kuposa mndandanda wa madera ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi patsamba lawebusayiti.

Kodi kusunga chinsinsi kumaphimba chiyani?

Chilichonse chomwe mungauze woimira wanu pa udindo umenewo ndi chachinsinsi. Nkhani 11a ya Advocatenwet ikupereka udindowu, ndipo umapitirira nkhaniyi ikatha.

Udindowu umakhudza aliyense wogwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi advocaat. Njira yake yoyendetsera ntchito ndi ufulu wokana kupereka umboni (verschoningsrecht), wovomerezeka ndi maloya mu Nkhani 218 ya Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering) ndipo umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamilandu ya anthu. Mwachidule, kulemberana makalata ndi advocaat wanu sikungatheke kwa akuluakulu ofufuza ndi chipani chotsutsa.

Pali malire. Lamulo Loletsa Kuchotsa Ndalama ndi Kupereka Ndalama Zotsutsana ndi Zigawenga (Wwft) limagwira ntchito kwa oimira ntchito zina, monga kuthandiza kugulitsa malo kapena kuyambitsa makampani. Siligwira ntchito pamene woimira milandu akuwunika udindo wanu walamulo kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa milandu. Chinsinsi sichimaphimba kuthandiza kasitomala kuchita cholakwa.

Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti loya walembetsedwa?

Fufuzani mu kaundula wa anthu onse wa NOvA ndi dzina kapena ofesi. Chekecho chimatenga mphindi imodzi ndipo chikuwonetsa ngati kulembetsa kuli koyenera.

Kaundulayu akuwonetsanso kuyambira nthawi yomwe munthuyo waloledwa, komwe amagwira ntchito komanso magawo a zamalamulo omwe adalembetsa. Kwa maloya oyenerera kwina ku EU, European e-Justice Portal imalumikizana ndi ma regista adziko lonse. Maudindo monga uphungu wa zamalamulo, uphungu kapena paralegal satetezedwa: munthu amene akugwiritsa ntchito imodzi sali pansi pa Advocate, sali pansi pa utsogoleri wolanga ndipo alibe ufulu wokana kupereka umboni.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani musanapereke malangizo kwa woyimira milandu?

Yang'anani kulembetsa, malo ochitirako ntchito ndi mgwirizano wa ndalama musanasainire. Macheke awa amatenga nthawi yosakwana ola limodzi ndipo amaletsa mikangano yambiri yomwe ingachitike pambuyo pake.

• Kodi munthu amene walembedwa mu kaundula wa NOvA, ali ndi kaundula wapano?
• Kodi madera olembetsedwa a malamulo akugwirizana ndi vuto lanu, mwachitsanzo lamulo la ntchito kapena lamulo la kampani?
• Kodi pali kalata yolembedwa yosonyeza mtengo wa ola limodzi kapena ndalama zokhazikika, ndalama za ofesi ndi VAT?
• Kodi ndalama zolipirira khothi (griffierecht) ndi ndalama zolipirira khothi zimalipidwa bwanji?
• Kodi muli ndi inshuwalansi ya ndalama zalamulo, kapena mukuyenerera kulandira thandizo lalamulo lothandizidwa ndi ndalama?
• Ndi nthawi yomaliza iti yomwe ikugwira ntchito pa mlandu wanu, ndipo kwatsala nthawi yochuluka bwanji?

Kodi mtengo wa advocaat ndi wotani ndipo ndalama zomwe amalipiritsa zimavomerezedwa bwanji?

Palibe msonkho walamulo pa ntchito zamalamulo: Makampani a zamalamulo aku Netherlands amakhazikitsa mitengo yawo ya ola limodzi. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wolembedwa pa mtengo, ndalama zomwe zimalipidwa ndi VAT.

Ndalama zokhazikika ndi bajeti zokhazikika ndizofala pantchito yodziwika bwino, monga kuphatikiza kampani kapena kulemba mapangano. Chidule chathu cha ndalama za maloya ku Netherlands chikuwonetsa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse.

Ndalama zitatu nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa. Ndalama za khothi (griffierecht) zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo, zimalipidwa pasadakhale ndipo zimadalira khothi ndi kukula kwa zomwe zanenedwazo. Ngati mupambana, khothi limalamula wotayikayo kuti alipire ndalamazo kutengera sikelo yokhazikika (liquidatietarief), yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphimba gawo limodzi la bilu yanu yeniyeni.

Kodi mumapeza bwanji thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa ndi ndalama?

Ngati ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi katundu wanu zili zochepa, boma limalipira gawo la ndalama zomwe loya wanu amalipira kudzera mu Legal Aid Board (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand). Loya wanu amafunsira satifiketi yothandizira loya (toevoeging) m'malo mwanu.

Bungweli limayang'ana ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi katundu wanu kuyambira zaka ziwiri musanapemphe fomu, kutengera deta yochokera ku Tax Administration (Belastingdienst). Ndalama zomwe mumalandira (eigen bijdrage) zimakwera ndi ndalama zomwe mumapeza, ndipo zimapitirira malire apamwamba simukuyenerera. Malirewo amasintha chaka chilichonse ndipo amafalitsidwa ndi Raad voor Rechtsbijstand . The Legal Services Counter (Het Juridisch Loket) imapereka upangiri waulere woyamba ndipo ingakutsogolereni.

Kodi woimira boma amasiyana bwanji ndi notary wa malamulo aboma?

Notary wa malamulo aboma (notaris) alibe tsankho ndipo amasamalira aliyense amene akuchita nawo chikalata; woimira milandu amachita ntchito ya chipani chimodzi chokha. Pa milandu ina, lamulo limafuna chikalata cha notaris.

Chikalata chovomerezeka ndi notarial chikufunika, mwachitsanzo, kusamutsa nyumba kapena katundu wina wolembetsedwa, kuphatikiza kampani yachinsinsi (besloten vennootschap, BV) komanso mgwirizano wa ukwati (huwelijkse voorwaarden). Ngati mkangano ubuka pambuyo pake kuchokera ku chikalata chotere, ndi wogulitsa kapena mnzake wokhala ndi masheya, imeneyo ndi ntchito ya advocaat.

Kodi kampani ya zamalamulo ku Dutch imagwira ntchito yanji pa bizinesi?

Kwa bizinesi, ntchito ya woimira milandu imayamba nthawi yayitali mlandu uliwonse usanayambe kukhoti. Imayamba ndi kusankha njira yovomerezeka ndipo imadutsa mu mapangano, antchito ndi kutsatira malamulo.

Kuchitapo kanthu BV isanalembetsedwe kumabweretsa udindo waumwini, womwe tikufotokoza mu bukhu lathu la BV . Mapangano omwe amayendetsa bizinesiyo amatsatira: mawu wamba, mapangano ogawa ndi kupereka ndi mgwirizano wamba wantchito kwa olemba anthu aku Netherlands. Antchito akangoyamba kugwira ntchito, malamulo okhudza ntchito ku Netherlands amadzutsa mafunso ambiri, chifukwa malamulo ochotsa ntchito ndi odwala amasiyana kwambiri ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo wamba.

Kugulitsa katundu kumaphatikizapo loya wa malo ndi notary. Kuphatikiza pa zofunikira pakutsata malamulo a gawo lanu, kuyambira kutetezedwa kwa deta pansi pa GDPR mpaka kufufuza zilango. Buku lathu lotsogolera ku malamulo a bizinesi aku Dutch likuwonetsa momwe madera awa amagwirizanirana.

Kodi loya wakunja angakuchitireni mlandu ku Netherlands?

Loya wochokera ku boma lina la EEA kapena Switzerland angagwire ntchito pano pansi pa udindo wa katswiri wa kunyumba. Ngati kuimiridwa ndi loya ndikofunikira, loya ameneyo ayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi loya wa ku Dutch.

Loya wotere angapereke ntchito nthawi zina, kapena kukhazikitsa malo ogwirira ntchito nthawi zonse atalembetsa ku bungwe la maloya am'deralo. Pambuyo pa nthawi yogwira ntchito moyenera komanso yokhazikika mu malamulo aku Dutch, kuloledwa kwathunthu ku Dutch Bar n'kotheka. Maloya oyenerera kunja kwa EEA amafunikira digiri ya malamulo aku Dutch yokhala ndi zotsatira za ufulu wa anthu ndipo ayenera kumaliza maphunziro a zaka zitatu.

Ndi nthawi ziti zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasowa?

Kuchedwa ndi cholakwika chokwera mtengo kwambiri. Malamulo aku Dutch ali ndi nthawi yochepa yomwe singakulitsidwe ikadutsa.

• Masabata asanu ndi limodzi oti apereke chitsutso chotsutsa chisankho cha boma (Nkhani 6:7 ya General Administrative Law Act, Awb).
• Miyezi itatu kuti khoti lichotse kuchotsedwa ntchito kapena kupempha ndalama zosinthira (transitievergoeding) (Nkhani 7:686a(4) ya Dutch Civil Code, BW).
• Zaka zisanu pa milandu yambiri ya kuwonongeka, kuyambira tsiku lomwe mukudziwa kuwonongeka ndi munthu wolakwayo, ndi zaka makumi awiri zoyima (Article 3:310 BW).

Kodi mungatani ngati simukukhutira ndi woimira wanu?

Yambani ndi njira yolembera madandaulo amkati mwa kampani (kantoorklachtenregeling), yomwe kampani iliyonse yamalamulo yaku Dutch iyenera kukhala nayo. Ngati zimenezo sizithetsa vutoli, dandaulani kwa mkulu wa bungwe la maloya lapafupi.

Dean amafufuza ndipo akhoza kutumiza nkhaniyi ku bungwe lowongolera milandu (raad van discipline), ndi apilo ku khoti lowongolera milandu (hof van discipline). Njira zake zimayambira pa chenjezo mpaka kuchotsedwa mu kaundula. Lamulo lowongolera milandu limakhudza khalidwe, osati malipiro: pempho la kutayika kwa ndalama ndi mlandu wosiyana wa boma, ndichifukwa chake inshuwaransi yaukadaulo ndi yokakamiza. Mkangano wokhudza lamuloli ukhoza kupita kwa Geschillencommissie Advocatuur ngati kampaniyo ndi yogwirizana.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi oimira milandu aku Dutch?

Wothandizira wathu amalangiza ndi kutsutsa milandu mu Chidatchi ndi Chingerezi kwa mabizinesi ndi anthu pawokha.

• Timayesa mkati mwa tsiku limodzi logwira ntchito ngati mlandu wanu uyenera kuperekedwa kwa woimira milandu komanso khoti liti lomwe lili ndi mphamvu.
• Timakutumizirani kalata yolembedwa yokhudza chikwati ndi mtengo wake, ndalama zomwe mukuyembekezera komanso ndalama zomwe khoti lidzalipire.
• Timaona nthawi yomaliza yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mlandu wanu ndipo timauteteza.
• Timachita milandu pamaso pa kantonrechter, khoti lachigawo ndi khoti la apilo.
• Timalumikizana ndi loya wanu wakunja pamene mkangano wadutsa malire.

Chidule

• Woyimira milandu wolembetsedwa ndi NOvA yekha ndi amene angakuimireni pa milandu ya anthu kunja kwa kantonrechter, pa apilo komanso pa mlandu (Article 79 Rv).
• Musanayambe kantonrechter, ndi ndalama zokwana EUR 25,000 ndi milandu yonse ya ntchito ndi lendi, mutha kuchitapo kanthu pamasom'pamaso.
• Woyimira milandu amakakamizidwa ndi chinsinsi (Article 11a Advocatenwet) ndipo amayang'aniridwa ndi chilango.
• Yang'anani kaundula wa NOvA ndipo vomerezani ndalamazo polemba musanapereke malangizo kwa loya.
• Yang'anirani nthawi yochepa yomaliza: milungu isanu ndi umodzi yotsutsa, miyezi itatu pamilandu yochotsa ntchito.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI