Udindo wa kampani motsatira malamulo aku Dutch: mgwirizano, kuphwanya malamulo ndi owongolera

Kampani ku Netherlands ikhoza kukhala ndi mlandu pazifukwa zitatu: kuswa pangano, kuphwanya malamulo (chinthu chosaloledwa) ndi udindo wokhwima, wotchedwa udindo wa qualitative kwa antchito ake, makontrakitala, zinthu ndi zinthu. Zonse zitatu zili mu Buku 6 la Dutch Civil Code (BW); mlandu womwe ungalephereke pazifukwa zina ukhoza kupambana pazifukwa zina, ndipo owongolera nthawi zina angaonekenso kuti ali ndi mlandu payekha.

Ndi njira ziti zopezera udindo zomwe zilipo malinga ndi lamulo la Dutch?

Udindo wa pangano umachitika pamene chipani chalephera kukwaniritsa udindo womwe chinatenga. Udindo wa kuphwanya malamulo motsatira Nkhani 6:162 BW umachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse, pamene khalidwe sililoledwa ndipo lingatchulidwe kwa munthu amene wachitapo kanthu. Udindo wa umwini umagwirizana ndi mphamvu m'malo mochita, mwachitsanzo monga wolemba anthu ntchito, mwini nyumba kapena wopanga chinthu.

Njira iliyonse yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito, zinthu zinayi zimabwereranso: kuphwanya lamulo kapena kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa, chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka ndi kulumikizana kwa chifukwa. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:98 BW, kuwonongeka komwe kungaganizidwe kuti ndi chifukwa cha chochitikacho ndi komwe kungabwezeretsedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutayika komwe kungachitike kusamapezeke. Cholakwa cha wovulalayo chimachepetsa mphothoyo (Nkhani 6:101 BW).

Kodi kampani ingakhale ndi mlandu liti chifukwa chophwanya pangano?

Munthu amene walephera kuchita bwino ntchito yake ndiye amene ali ndi mlandu pa kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika motsatira Nkhani 6:74 BW, pokhapokha ngati kulepherako sikungachitike chifukwa cha zimenezo. Mphamvu yoopsa (overmacht) motsatira Nkhani 6:75 BW ndi yochepa: kusowa kwa antchito, wogulitsa amene amakulepheretsani kapena ndalama zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala chiopsezo chanu, pokhapokha ngati gawo la mgwirizano wa mphamvu yoopsa likunena zosiyana.

Ndalama zomwe zawonongeka chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ngongole yokhayo wobwereketsa akalephera kulipira ngongole (verzuim). Izi nthawi zambiri zimafuna chidziwitso cholembedwa cha kulephera kulipira ngongole (ingebrekestelling) chopereka nthawi yoyenera yolipira, pokhapokha ngati nthawi yomaliza inali yoopsa, wobwereketsayo adati sangakwanitse kulipira ngongoleyo, kapena ntchitoyo yakhala yosatheka. Wobwereketsa amene amadumpha sitepe iyi nthawi zambiri amataya nthawi yomweyo.

Wolandira cholakwika ayeneranso kuchitapo kanthu. Malinga ndi Article 6:89 BW, wogula kapena kasitomala ayenera kudandaula mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera atapeza, kapena kupeza, cholakwikacho; madandaulo ochedwa amathetsa pempholi. Kuthetsa (kuletsa) n'kotheka pa kuphwanya kulikonse malinga ndi Article 6:265 BW, pokhapokha ngati kuphwanyako kuli kochepa kwambiri, ndipo kungaphatikizidwe ndi kuwonongeka.

Kodi ndi liti pamene khalidwe limaletsedwa mu mlandu?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162, khalidwe la BW ndi losaloledwa ngati likuphwanya ufulu, likuphwanya udindo walamulo, kapena likusemphana ndi zomwe zili zoyenera m'gulu la anthu motsatira malamulo osalembedwa. Gulu lachitatu limenelo limakhudza mikangano yambiri yamalonda: malo osatetezeka, mawu osokeretsa kwa mnzake, kapena kupitiriza ntchito yomwe wogwiritsa ntchito mosamala akanayimitsa.

Pazochitika zoopsa, makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chigamulo cha Kelderluik cha Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) cha pa 5 Novembala 1965, ECLI:NL:HR:1965:AB7079. Mafunso ndi akuti kodi kusasamala kuli bwanji, kodi ngozi ndi yotani, zotsatira zake zingakhale zoopsa bwanji komanso momwe njira zodzitetezera zikanakhala zovuta bwanji. Zinthu zinayi zimenezi zimagwira ntchito ngati mndandanda wamkati wa malo, makina ndi zochitika.

Kodi kampani imakhala ndi udindo pa anthu ake ndi katundu wake liti?

Udindo wa udindo umagwira ntchito ngakhale oyang'anira atachita mosamala. Malinga ndi Article 6:170 BW, olemba ntchito ali ndi udindo kwa anthu ena chifukwa cha zolakwa za antchito awo ngati ntchitoyo yawonjezera chiopsezo cha cholakwikacho ndipo olemba ntchito ali ndi ulamuliro pa khalidwelo. Article 6:171 BW imawonjezera izi kwa makontrakitala omwe sali pansi pa ogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito pa bizinesi ya kampaniyo.

Mwiniwake ali ndi udindo pa zinthu zosunthika zomwe zili ndi vuto malinga ndi Nkhani 6:173 BW, pa nyumba ndi nyumba zomwe zili ndi vuto malinga ndi Nkhani 6:174 BW komanso pa zinthu zoopsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu bizinesi malinga ndi Nkhani 6:175 BW. Kwa eni nyumba, eni malo ndi oyang'anira malo, zinthuzi zimakhala ngati udindo wosamalira.

Kodi bwana ayenera kulipira chiyani kwa antchito ake?

Kwa antchito ake, bwana ali ndi udindo wosamalira motsatira Article 7:658 BW: ayenera kukonza malo ogwirira ntchito, zida ndi ntchito kuti wantchito asawonongeke akugwira ntchito. Ngati kuwonongeka kukuchitika panthawi ya ntchito, bwanayo ali ndi udindo pokhapokha ngati atsimikizira kuti wakwaniritsa udindowo, kapena kuti kuwonongekako kudachitika chifukwa cha cholinga cha wantchitoyo kapena kusasamala kwadala.

Udindo uwu ndi wofunikira: Nkhani 7:658(3) BW imaletsa kusokoneza wantchito. Udindo wokhala bwana wabwino motsatira Nkhani 7:611 BW wagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofuna inshuwaransi yokwanira kwa antchito omwe amagwira ntchito pamsewu chifukwa cha ntchito yawo. Timayang'anira mbali ya malamulo a ntchito pamilandu iyi; mlandu wovulala umayendetsedwa ndi katswiri wodziwa za kuvulala.

Kodi udindo wa malonda umagwira ntchito bwanji?

Udindo wa katundu ukulamulidwa ndi Nkhani 6:185 mpaka 6:193 BW, zomwe zimakhazikitsa lamulo la udindo wa katundu ku Ulaya. Wopangayo ali ndi udindo pa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chilema, popanda umboni wa cholakwika; munthu wovulalayo amatsimikizira chilemacho, kuwonongekako ndi mgwirizano womwe umayambitsa vutoli. Otumiza kunja ku EU ndi mabizinesi omwe amaika chizindikiro chawo pa chinthu amaonedwa ngati opanga.

Malinga ndi Article 6:191 BW, pempholi limakhala loletsedwa patatha zaka zitatu kuchokera pamene wovulalayo adadziwa kapena ayenera kudziwa za kuwonongeka, chilemacho ndi wopanga. Ufuluwo umatha ntchito patatha zaka khumi kuchokera pamene malondawo adayikidwa. Lamulo latsopano la EU Product Liability Directive, Directive (EU) 2024/2853, likukulitsa dongosololi ku mapulogalamu ndipo liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pofika pa 9 Disembala 2026; mpaka lamulo la Dutch implementation litayamba kugwira ntchito, nkhani zomwe zilipo pano zikugwira ntchito.

Kodi director amakhala ndi udindo paokha liti?

Kampani yachinsinsi yokhala ndi malire (besloten vennootschap, BV) imateteza eni ake, koma nthawi zina si owongolera ake. Kwa kampaniyo, wotsogolera amakhala ndi mlandu motsatira Nkhani 2:9 BW pokhapokha ngati pali chitonzo chachikulu pa munthu payekha; chisankho cha bizinesi chomwe chingachitike molakwika sichikwanira.

Kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole, director akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu pa mlandu, mwachitsanzo akamalemba maudindo m'malo mwa kampani pomwe akudziwa kuti kampaniyo singagwire ntchito ndipo sangapereke thandizo lililonse. Pakulephera kugwira ntchito, Article 2:248 BW imapatsa director aliyense udindo wogwirizana komanso payekhapayekha pa ngongoleyo ngati bungweli lidachita bwino ntchito zake ndipo ichi chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha kulephera kugwira ntchito.

Kulephera kusunga maakaunti oyenera (Nkhani 2:10 BW) kapena kufalitsa maakaunti apachaka pa nthawi yake (Nkhani 2:394 BW) kumawerengedwa ngati kusagwira bwino ntchito ndipo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro lakuti ndi komwe kunayambitsa bankirapuse. Chikalatachi chimangokhudza kusagwira bwino ntchito m'zaka zitatu bankirapuse isanafike (Nkhani 2:248(6) BW).

Kodi mungachepetse bwanji udindo wanu?

Pakati pa mabizinesi pali mwayi waukulu wogawa chiopsezo pogwiritsa ntchito pangano: malire pa zowonongeka, kuchotsedwa kwa kutayika komwe kungachitike, nthawi yochepa yodziwitsa. Zigawo zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo, koma khothi siligwiritsa ntchito kuchotsedwa komwe kudalira sikuvomerezeka pansi pa nzeru ndi chilungamo (Nkhani 6:248(2) BW), nthawi zambiri pomwe oyang'anira adayambitsa kuwonongekako mwadala kapena mosasamala.

Malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse zimamanga mbali ina, koma gawo likhoza kuthetsedwa ngati malamulowo sanaperekedwe mgwirizano usanachitike kapena pamapeto pake (Nkhani 6:233 ndi 6:234 BW). Kwa ogula, mndandanda wakuda ndi imvi wa zigawo zosalungama (Nkhani 6:236 ndi 6:237 BW) umagwiranso ntchito.

Inshuwaransi ndi gawo lachitatu: udindo wonse, chindapusa cha akatswiri, kubweza katundu ndi owongolera ndi akuluakulu amalipira adilesi iliyonse pachiwopsezo chosiyana. Ndondomeko zimakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yodziwitsa komanso zopatula, choncho werengani ndondomekoyi pamodzi ndi pangano lomwe likuyenera kutsatiridwa.

Ndi nthawi yomaliza iti yomwe imagwira ntchito pamene pempho lafika?

Chilango cha kuwonongeka chimakhala choletsedwa patatha zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene wovulalayo adadziwa za kuwonongekako ndi munthu wolakwayo, ndipo mulimonsemo patatha zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene chochitikacho chinachitika, motsatira Nkhani 3:310 BW. Pa chilango cha kuwonongeka, chidziwitso cholembedwa chimasokoneza nthawi yochepetsera pokhapokha ngati chitsatiridwa mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi chinthu china chosokoneza, monga kupereka chikalata kapena kuvomereza (Nkhani 3:317(2) BW).

Ngati pempho labwera, dziwitsani kampani yanu ya inshuwalansi nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa kudziwitsa mochedwa kungakuwonongereni ndalama. Sungani umboni (zolemba zopanga, zolemba zosamalira, maimelo, mawu onse omwe atumizidwa) ndipo musavomereze mlandu musanamve bwino zomwe zanenedwa ndi lamulo. Kenako yang'anani chifukwa chomwe mwaimbidwa mlandu, ngati wopemphayo adadandaula nthawi yake motsatira Article 6:89 BW komanso ngati kuwonongekako kungachitike chifukwa cha chochitikacho.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati kampani ikukumana ndi vuto?

• Pamaziko omwe pempholi limadalira: pangano, Nkhani 6:162 BW, kapena udindo wofunikira.
• Kaya munali olakwa pa mlandu musanapemphedwe kuti muwononge ndalama.
• Kaya wodandaulayo adadandaula mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera (Nkhani 6:89 BW).
• Kaya gawo lanu loletsa ndi mawu onse adaperekedwa movomerezeka.
• Kaya munadziwitsa kampani yanu ya inshuwalansi mkati mwa nthawi yomaliza ya ndondomekoyi.
• Kaya zomwe zanenedwazo zili ndi nthawi yocheperako malinga ndi Nkhani 3:310 BW kapena Nkhani 6:191 BW.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati kampani yomwe ikupereka chiphaso?

• Kaya mwatumiza chidziwitso cholembedwa chokhudza kusachita bwino ntchito yanu ndi nthawi yoyenera yoti muchite.
• Kaya munadandaula za vutolo mwachangu komanso m'malemba.
• Kaya umboni wanu wa kuwonongeka ndi chifukwa chake watsimikizika.
• Kaya director angakhale ndi udindo payekha, mwachitsanzo motsatira Article 2:248 BW.
• Kaya kalata yanu yosokoneza idzatsatiridwa mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi udindo wa kampani?

Maloya athu okhudzana ndi milandu ndi maloya amakampani amagwira ntchito mbali zonse ziwiri zokhudzana ndi milandu:

• Timawunikanso mapangano anu, mawu onse, ndi zigawo zoletsa zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito poganizira zoopsa zomwe muli nazo.
• Timalemba kalata yodziwitsa za kusachita bwino, madandaulo kapena kusokoneza.
• Timayesa zomwe zikubwera pamlingo uliwonse womwe ungatheke ndikulemba yankho.
• Timalangiza otsogolera za kukhudzidwa ndi anthu ena motsatira Nkhani 2:9 ndi 2:248 BW.
• Timachita milandu ku Khoti Lalikulu kapena ku khoti laling'ono la chigawo (kantonrechter).

Chidule

• Makampani akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu pa mgwirizano, pa milandu yokhudza milandu motsatira Article 6:162 BW komanso pamaziko okhwima kwa antchito, zinthu ndi zinthu.
• Zowonongeka pa mgwirizano nthawi zambiri zimafuna chidziwitso cha kusagwira ntchito; zolakwika ziyenera kunenedwa mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera.
• Otsogolera ali ndi udindo payekha pazochitika zinazake, kuphatikizapo kayendetsedwe kosayenera asanayambe bankirapuse (Nkhani 2:248 BW).
• Zigawo zoletsa ndi mawu wamba amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati zavomerezedwa bwino komanso zaperekedwa.
• Zopempha za kuwonongeka zimatha patatha zaka zisanu kuchokera pa chidziwitso, ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa zaka makumi awiri (Nkhani 3:310 BW).

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI