Introduction
Kuyambitsa kampani yanuyanu ndi ntchito yabwino kwa anthu ambiri ndipo amabwera ndi maubwino angapo. Komabe, zomwe (zamtsogolo) zamalonda zimawoneka kuti sizinyalanyaza, ndikuti kuyambitsa kampani kumabweretsanso zovuta komanso zoopsa. Kampani ikakhazikitsidwa mwanjira yovomerezeka, chiwopsezo cha owongolera chimakhalapo.
Bungwe lovomerezeka ndi bungwe lazamalamulo losiyana lomwe lili ndi munthu wovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, bungwe lovomerezeka limatha kuchita zovomerezeka. Kuti izi zitheke, bungwe lazamalamulo likufunika thandizo. Popeza bungwe lovomerezeka limakhalapo pamapepala, silingathe kugwira ntchito palokha. Bungwe lalamulo liyenera kuimiridwa ndi munthu wachibadwa. M'malo mwake, bungwe lovomerezeka limayimiridwa ndi komiti ya otsogolera. Otsogolera atha kuchita zamalamulo m'malo mwa bungwe lovomerezeka.
Wotsogolera amangomanga bungwe lovomerezeka ndi izi. Kwenikweni, wotsogolera alibe udindo pa ngongole za bungwe lovomerezeka ndi katundu wake. Komabe, nthawi zina udindo wa otsogolera ukhoza kuchitika, pamene wotsogolera adzakhala ndi udindo. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mangawa a otsogolera: mangawa amkati ndi akunja. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zokhalira otsogolera.
Mlandu wamkati mwa owongolera
Udindo wamkati umatanthauza kuti director adzakhala ndi udindo ndi bungwe lovomerezeka lokha. Udindo wamkati umachokera ku nkhani ya 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Director akhoza kukhala ndi udindo wamkati akakwaniritsa ntchito zake molakwika. Kulephera kukwaniritsa ntchito molakwika kumaganiziridwa ngati mlandu waukulu ungaperekedwe motsutsana ndi director. Izi zikuchokera ku nkhani ya 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Kuphatikiza apo, director mwina sanachite zinthu mosasamala kuti apewe kuchititsa kuti kayendetsedwe kosayenera kachitike. Kodi ndi liti pamene timalankhula za mlandu waukulu? Malinga ndi malamulo a milandu izi ziyenera kuyesedwa poganizira zochitika zonse za mlanduwo.[1]
Kuchita mosemphana ndi zolemba za bungwe lalamulo amadziwika kuti ndizovuta kwambiri. Ngati ndi choncho, udindo wa owongolera udzaganiziridwa. Komabe, wotsogolera akhoza kubweretsa zowona komanso zochitika zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchita zosemphana ndi zomwe zidaphatikizidwazo sikubweretsa mlandu waukulu. Ngati ndi choncho, woweruzayo akuyenera kuphatikizaponso izi pakuweruza kwake. [2]
Milandu ingapo yamkati ndi chowonjezera
Ngongole yochokera pamutu 2:9 Dutch Civil Code ikutanthauza kuti otsogolera onse ali ndi udindo wambiri. Choncho, akuluakulu onse a bungweli adzaneneza kwambiri. Komabe, pali zosiyana ndi lamuloli. Wotsogolera atha kudzichotsera ('kuwiringula') ku udindo wa otsogolera. Kuti achite izi, wotsogolera ayenera kusonyeza kuti mlanduwo sungakhale wotsutsana naye komanso kuti sananyalanyaze kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kupewa kuwongolera kosayenera.
Izi zimachokera ku nkhani 2:9 Dutch Civil Code. Kudandaula pa kuchotsedwa sikungalandiridwe mosavuta. Woyang'anira akuyenera kuwonetsa kuti adachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti apewe kuyang'anira kosayenera. Mtolo wa umboni uli ndi wotsogolera.
Kugawidwa kwa ntchito m'bungwe la owongolera kumatha kukhala kofunikira kudziwa ngati director ali ndi udindo kapena ayi. Komabe, ntchito zina zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwa owongolera onse. Atsogoleri akuyenera kudziwa zina ndi zina. Kugawidwa kwa ntchito sikusintha izi. Kwenikweni, kusachita bwino sikuli chifukwa chodzichitira. Atsogoleri amayembekezeka kudziwitsidwa bwino ndikufunsa mafunso. Komabe, nthawi zina zitha kuchitika zomwe sizingayembekezeredwe kwa director. [3] Chifukwa chake, ngati director atha kudzilimbitsa yekha, zimadalira zenizeni komanso momwe zinthu zilili.
Ngongole zakunja kwa owongolera
Ngongole zakunja zimabweretsa kuti wotsogolera ali ndi udindo woloza nawo ena. Ngongole zakunja zimaboola chophimba. Bungwe lalamulo silitchinjiriza anthu achilengedwe omwe akuwongolera. Zoyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi owongolera zakunja ndizoyang'anira zosayenera, kutengera nkhani 2: 138 Dutch Civil Code ndi nkhani 2: 248 Dutch Civil Code (mkati mwa bankirapuse) ndi mchitidwe wozunzidwa kutengera nkhani 6: 162 Dutch Civil Code (kunja kwa bankirapuse ).
Zowongolera zakunja kwa owongoletsa mkati mwa bankrupt
Zovuta za owongolera zakunja mkati mwa bankirapuse zimagwiranso ntchito kumakampani omwe ali ndi ngongole zochepa (Dutch BV ndi NV). Izi zikuchokera palemba 2: 138 Dutch Civil Code ndi 2: 248 Dutch Civil Code. Oyang'anira akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa bankirapuse idayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kusayang'anira kapena zolakwa za bolodi la otsogolera. Curator, yemwe akuimira onse omwe atenga ngongole, akuyenera kufufuza kuti awongolere ngati awongoleredwe.
Ngongole zakunja za bankirapuse zitha kuvomerezedwa ngati bungwe la owongolera likwaniritsa mosayenera ntchito zake ndipo kukwaniritsidwa kosayenera kumeneku ndiye chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri cha bankirapuse. Kulemera kwaumboni ponena za kukwaniritsidwa kosayenera kwa ntchito kuli kwa woyang'anira; akuyenera kupanga zomveka kuti wotsogolera woganiza bwino, munthawi yomweyi, sakadachita izi. [4] Zochita zomwe zimasokoneza omwe amabweza ngongole zimabweretsa kasamalidwe kosayenera. Kuzunzidwa ndi owongolera kuyenera kupewedwa.
Wopanga malamulo aphatikizanso malingaliro ena a umboni m'nkhani 2:138 sub 2 Dutch Civil Code ndi nkhani 2:248 sub 2 Dutch Civil Code. Pamene bungwe la otsogolera silikugwirizana ndi nkhani 2:10 Dutch Civil Code kapena nkhani 2:394 Dutch Civil Code, lingaliro la umboni limakhalapo. Pamenepa, zikuganiziridwa kuti kusamalidwa kosayenera kwakhala chifukwa chachikulu cha bankirapuse. Izi zimasamutsa katundu wa umboni kwa wotsogolera.
Komabe, otsogolera akhoza kutsutsa malingaliro a umboni. Kuti achite izi, wotsogolera ayenera kuwonetsa kuti kutayika sikunayambe chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe kosayenera, koma ndi mfundo zina ndi zochitika. Woyang'anira akuyeneranso kuwonetsa kuti sananyalanyaze kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kupewa kusamalidwa kosayenera.[5] Kuphatikiza apo, wosunga ndalama amatha kungopereka chiwongolero kwazaka zitatu chisanachitike. Izi zimachokera ku nkhani 2:138 sub 6 Dutch Civil Code ndi nkhani 2:248 sub 6 Dutch Civil Code.
Milandu ingapo yakunja ndi kudalirana
Woyang'anira aliyense ali ndi udindo waukulu pakuwongolera kosayenera mu bankirapuse. Komabe, owongolera amatha kuthawa ngongole zingapo izi podzikweza. Izi zimachokera ku Article 2: 138 sub 3 Dutch Civil Code ndi Article 2: 248 sub 3 Dutch Civil Code. Wowongolera akuyenera kutsimikizira kuti kukwaniritsidwa kosayenera kwa ntchito sikungamutsutse. Akhozanso kukhala kuti sananyalanyaze kuchitapo kanthu kuti apewe zovuta zakusakwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito. Kulemera kwa umboni posangalatsidwa kuli ndi wotsogolera. Izi zimachokera pazolemba zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa ndipo zimakhazikitsidwa pamilandu yaposachedwa ya Khothi Lalikulu ku Dutch. [6]
Ngongole zakunja zochokera pakuzunza
Oyang'anira amathanso kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chozunza, zomwe zimachokera palemba 6: 162 Dutch Civil Code. Nkhaniyi imapereka zifukwa zambiri zangongole. Milandu yowongolera potengera chizunzo chimatha kupemphedwa ndi munthu amene mwamukongoletsa.
Khoti Lalikulu la ku Dutch limasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya mangawa a otsogolera kutengera zochita zachipongwe. Choyamba, udindo ukhoza kulandiridwa pamaziko a muyezo wa Beklamel. Pamenepa, wotsogolera wachita pangano ndi munthu wina m'malo mwa kampaniyo, pamene ankadziwa kapena momveka bwino kuti amvetsetse kuti kampaniyo sikanatha kutsatira zomwe zili mu mgwirizanowu.[7] Mtundu wachiwiri wa udindo ndi kukhumudwa kwa chuma.
Pamenepa, mkulu wina anachititsa kuti kampaniyo siilipire ongongole ake ndipo ikulephera kukwaniritsa zolipirira zake. Zochita za wotsogolera nzosasamala, kotero kuti akhoza kumuimba mlandu woopsa.[8] Mtolo wa umboni mu izi uli ndi wobwereketsa.
Mlandu wa oyang'anira bungwe lalamulo
Ku Netherlands, munthu wachilengedwe komanso bungwe lazovomerezeka likhoza kukhala wotsogolera bungwe lazovomerezeka. Kupangitsa zinthu kukhala zosavuta, munthu wachilengedwe yemwe ndi wotsogolera azitchedwa director director ndipo bungwe lalamulo lomwe ndi director director limatchedwa director director mundime iyi. Sikuti bungwe lalamulo likhoza kukhala wotsogolera, sizitanthauza kuti udindo wa owongolera ukhoza kupewedwa mwa kusankha bungwe lovomerezeka ngati director. Izi zikuchokera pamutu 2:11 Dutch Civil Code. Wotsogolera bungwe akakhala kuti ali ndi mlandu, chiwongolero ichi chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi owongolera zachilengedwe a director director.
Ndime 2:11 Dutch Civil Code ikugwira ntchito pazochitika zomwe otsogolera amaganiziridwa potengera nkhani 2:9 Dutch Civil Code, nkhani 2:138 Dutch Civil Code ndi nkhani 2:248 Dutch Civil Code. Komabe, mafunso adabuka ngati nkhani ya 2:11 Dutch Civil Code ikugwiranso ntchito paudindo wa otsogolera kutengera kuzunza. Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku Dutch lagamula kuti izi ndi zoona. Pachigamulochi, Khoti Lalikulu la ku Dutch likuloza mbiri yazamalamulo.
Ndime 2:11 Dutch Civil Code ikufuna kuletsa anthu achilengedwe kubisala kumbuyo kwa oyang'anira mabungwe kuti apewe udindo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhani 2:11 Dutch Civil Code ikugwira ntchito pazochitika zonse zomwe wotsogolera bungwe angayimbidwe mlandu malinga ndi lamulo.[9]
Kutaya kwamabungwe owongolera
Zowongolera zomwe owongolera atha kubweza zitha kupulumutsidwa ndikupereka zotulutsira komiti ya owongolera. Kutulutsa kumatanthawuza kuti ndondomeko ya gulu la owongolera, momwe ikuchitidwira mpaka mphindi yakuchotsedwa, ivomerezedwa ndi bungwe lalamulo. Kutulutsa ndikuchotsa zovuta pazomwe akuwongolera. Kutulutsa si nthawi yomwe ingapezeke pamalamulo, koma nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa pazophatikiza zophatikizika zovomerezeka. Kutulutsa ndikutchingira mkati. Chifukwa chake, kutulutsa kumangogwira ntchito pakubweza kwamkati. Zipani zachitatu zimatha kudzetsa owongolera.
Kutulutsa kumangokhudza zowona ndi zochitika zomwe zimadziwika ndi omwe ali ndi masheya panthawi yomwe amalandila. [10] Zovuta pazinthu zosadziwika zidzakhalapobe. Chifukwa chake, kutulutsa sikutetezedwa kwathunthu ndipo sikumapereka chitsimikizo kwa owongolera.
Kutsiliza
Kuchita bizinesi kumatha kukhala ntchito yovuta komanso yosangalatsa, koma mwatsoka imadza ndi zoopsa. Mabizinesi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amatha kupatula udindo pokhazikitsa bungwe lovomerezeka. Awa azamalonda adzakhala okhumudwitsa; Pazinthu zina, udindo wa owongolera ungagwire ntchito. Izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu; wotsogolera adzalembetsa ngongole z kampaniyo ndi zinthu zake zachinsinsi. Chifukwa chake, zoopsa zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa cha chiwongolero cha owongolera siziyenera kuchepetsedwa. Chingakhale chanzeru kuti otsogolera mabungwe azovomerezeka azitsatira malamulo onse ndikuwongolera bungwe lovomerezeka mwanjira yotseguka komanso mwadala.
Mtundu wathunthu wa nkhaniyi ukupezeka kudzera pa ulalo
Lumikizanani
Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena ndemanga mutawerenga nkhaniyi, chonde lemberani a Ruby van Kersbergen, loya pa Law & More kudzera [imelo ndiotetezedwa], kapena Tom Meevis, loya pa Law & More kudzera [imelo ndiotetezedwa], kapena imbani +31 (0)40-3690680.
[1] ECLI: NL: HR: 1997: ZC2243 (Staleman / Van de Ven).
[2] ECLI: NL: HR: 2002: AE7011 (Berghuizer Papierfabriek).
[3] ECLI: NL: GHAMS: 2010: BN6929.
[4] ECLI: NL: HR: 2001: AB2053 (Panmo).
[5] ECLI: NL: HR: 2007: BA6773 (Blue Tomato).
[6] ECLI: NL: HR: 2015: 522 (Glascentrale Beheer BV).
[7] ECLI: NL: HR: 1989: AB9521 (Beklamel).
[8] ECLI: NL: HR: 2006: AZ0758 (Ontvanger / Roelofsen).
[9] ECLI: NL: HR: 2017: 275.
[10] ECLI: NL: HR: 1997: ZC2243 (Staleman / Van de Ven); ECLI: NL: HR: 2010: BM2332.
